1. Racz GB, Heavner JE, Diede JH. Waldman SD, Winnie AP, editors. Lysis of epidural adhesions utilizing the epidural approach. Interventional Pain Management. 1996. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders;p. 339–51.
2. Racz GB, Holubec JT. Racz GB, editor. Lysis of adhesions in the epidural space. Techniques of Neurolysis. 1989. Boston: Kluwer Academic;p. 57–72. DOI:
10.1007/978-1-4899-6721-3_6.

3. Lee SC, Oh WS, Kim JK, Roh CJ, Son JC. Epidural adhesiolysis in low back pain. Korean J Pain. 1997; 10:214–9.
4. Waldman SD, Winnie AP. Interventional Pain Management. 1996. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co;p. 144–5.
5. Devulder J, Bogaert L, Castille F, Moerman A, Rolly G. Relevance of epidurography and epidural adhesiolysis in chronic failed back surgery patients. Clin J Pain. 1995; 11:147–50. DOI:
10.1097/00002508-199506000-00011. PMID:
7549172.

6. Lee SI, Kim KT, Hwang JK. Endoscopic and non-endoscopic epidural adhesiolysis in FBSS patient. Korean J Anestheisol. 2004; 46:329–35.

7. LaRocca H, Macnab I. The laminectomy membrane: Studies in its evolution, characteristics, effects and prophylaxis in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974; 56B:545–50. PMID:
4421702.
9. McCarron RF, Wimpee MW, Hudkins PG, Laros GS. The inflammatory effect of nucleus pulposus. A possible element in the pathogenesis of low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1987; 12:760–4. DOI:
10.1097/00007632-198710000-00009.
10. Benner B, Ehni G. Spinal arachnoiditis. The postoperative variety in particular. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1978; 3:40–4. DOI:
10.1097/00007632-197803000-00009.
11. Fan YF, Chong VF, Tan SK. Failed back surgery syndrome: differentiating epidural fibrosis and recurrent disc prolapse with Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI. Singapore Med J. 1995; 36:153–6. PMID:
7676258.
12. Saberski LR, Kitahata LM. Review of the clinical basis and protocol for epidural endoscopy. Conn Med. 1996; 60:71–3. PMID:
8820630.
13. Song SO, Lim HJ. Clinical experience of epidural adhesiolysis in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2004; 47:547–52.

14. Cyriax P. Illustrated manual of orthopaedic medicine: the sacroiliac, buttock and hip. 1983. London: Geigy Pharmaceuticals;p. 210.
16. Chen C, Cavanaugh JM, Ozaktay AC, Kallakuri S, King AI. Effects of phospholipase A2 on lumbar nerve root structure and function. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997; 22:1057–64. DOI:
10.1097/00007632-199705150-00002.

17. Choi KH, Lee SH, Kim TS, Kim HS, Kim KM, Kim DS. A study of the effects of neuroplasty by spinal endoscopy in herniated nucleus pulposus patients for therapeutic purpose. Korean J Anesthesiol. 1999; 37:848–53.

18. Benzon HT. Epidural steroid injections for low back pain and lumbosacral radiculopathy. Pain. 1986; 24:277–95. DOI:
10.1016/0304-3959(86)90115-6.

19. Hollmann MW, Durieux ME. Prolonged actions of short-acting drugs: local anesthetics and chronic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000; 25:337–9. DOI:
10.1053/rapm.2000.7606.

21. Lake DA, Barnes CD. Effects of changes in osmolality on spinal cord activity. Exp Neurol. 1980; 68:555–67. DOI:
10.1016/0014-4886(80)90109-0.

22. Jewett DL, King JS. Conduction block of monkey dorsal rootlets by water and hypertonic saline solutions. Exp Neurol. 1971; 33:225–37. DOI:
10.1016/0014-4886(71)90116-6.

23. Oh WS, Hong KH, Lee SC. Comparative study for analgesic and adverse effects of 8% and 10% hypertonic saline in epidural adhesiolysis. J Korean Pain Soc. 2000; 13:74–8.
24. Heavner JE, Racz GB, Raj P. Percutaneous epidural neuroplasty: Prospective evaluation of 0.9% NaCl versus 10% NaCl with or without Hyaluronidase. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999; 24:202–7. DOI:
10.1016/S1098-7339(99)90128-1. PMID:
10338168.
25. Gerdesmeyer L, Wagenpfeil S, Birkenmaier C, Veihelmann A, Hauschild M, Wagner K, et al. Percutaneous epidural lysis of adhesions in chronic lumbar radicular pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2013; 16:185–96. PMID:
23703406.
26. Manchikanti L, Rivera JJ, Pampati V, Damron KS, McManus CD, Brandon DE, et al. One day lumbar epidural adhesiolysis and hypertonic saline neurolysis in treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind trial. Pain Physician. 2004; 7:177–86. PMID:
16868590.
27. Park EJ, Park SY, Lee SJ, Kim NS, Koh do Y. Clinical outcomes of epidural neuroplasty for cervical disc herniation. J Korean Med Sci. 2013; 28:461–5. DOI:
10.3346/jkms.2013.28.3.461. PMID:
23487574. PMCID:
PMC3594612.

28. Moon DE, Park HJ, Kim YH. Assessment of clinical outcomes of cervical epidural neuroplasty using a Racz-catheter and predictive factors of efficacy in patients with cervical spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2015; 18:E163–70. PMID:
25794215.
29. Park CH, Lee SH, Lee SC. Preliminary results of the clinical effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis using a Racz catheter in the management of chronic pain due to cervical central stenosis. Pain Physician. 2013; 16:353–8. PMID:
23877451.
30. Veihelmann A, Devens C, Trouillier H, Birkenmaier C, Gerdesmeyer L, Refior HJ. Epidural neuroplasty versus physiotherapy to relieve pain in patients with sciatica: a prospective randomized blinded clinical trial. J Orthop Sci. 2006; 11:365–9. DOI:
10.1007/s00776-006-1032-y. PMID:
16897200.

31. Kim HJ, Rim BC, Lim JW, Park NK, Kang TW, Sohn MK, et al. Efficacy of epidural neuroplasty versus transforaminal epidural steroid injection for the radiating pain caused by a herniated lumbar disc. Ann Rehabil Med. 2013; 37:824–31. DOI:
10.5535/arm.2013.37.6.824. PMID:
24466517. PMCID:
PMC3895522.

32. Lee JH, Lee SH. Clinical effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis versus transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with postlumbar surgery syndrome. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014; 39:214–8. DOI:
10.1097/AAP.0000000000000073. PMID:
24646624.

33. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Datta S. A comparative effectiveness evaluation of percutaneous adhesiolysis and epidural steroid injections in managing lumbar post surgery syndrome: a randomized, equivalence controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2009; 12:E355–68. PMID:
19935992.
34. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Singh V, Benyamin R. The preliminary results of a comparative effectiveness evaluation of adhesiolysis and caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain secondary to spinal stenosis: a randomized, equivalence controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2009; 12:E341–54. PMID:
19935991.
35. Manchikanti L, Pakanati RR, Bakhit CE, Pampafi V. Role of adhesiolysis and hypertonic saline neurolysis in management of low back pain: evaluation of modification of the Racz protocol. Pain Digest. 1999; 9:91–6.
36. Helm Ii S, Benyamin RM, Chopra P, Deer TR, Justiz R. Percutaneous adhesiolysis in the management of chronic low back pain in post lumbar surgery syndrome and spinal stenosis: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2012; 15:E435–62. PMID:
22828693.
37. Hayek SM, Helm S, Benyamin RM, Singh V, Bryce DA, Smith HS. Effectiveness of spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis in post lumbar surgery syndrome: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2009; 12:419–35. PMID:
19305488.
38. Trescot AM, Chopra P, Abdi S, Datta S, Schultz DM. Systematic review of effectiveness and complications of adhesiolysis in the management of chronic spinal pain: an update. Pain Physician. 2007; 10:129–46. PMID:
17256027.
39. Chopra P, Smith HS, Deer TR, Bowman RC. Role of adhesiolysis in the management of chronic spinal pain: a systemic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain Physician. 2005; 8:87–100. PMID:
16850047.
41. Epter RS, Helm S 2nd, Hayek SM, Benyamin RM, Smith HS, Abdi S. Systematic review of percutaneous adhesiolysis and management of chronic low back pain in post lumbar surgery syndrome. Pain Physician. 2009; 12:361–78. PMID:
19305485.
42. Oh WS, Lee SJ, Hong KH. Fulminant headache after epiduroscopy. Korean J Pain. 2000; 13:130–3.
43. Royakkers AA, Willigers H, van der Ven AJ, Wilmink J, Durieux M, van Kleef M. Catheter-related epidural abscess -- don’t wait for neurological deficits. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002; 46:611–5. DOI:
10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460523.x. PMID:
12027860.
45. Barsa J, Bartra M, Fink BR, Sumi SM. A comparative in vivo study of local neurotoxicity of lidocaine, bupibacaine, 2-chloroprocaine and a mixture of 2-chloroprocaine and bupivacaine. Anesth Analg. 1982; 61:961–7. DOI:
10.1213/00000539-198212000-00001. PMID:
7149299.
46. Bainton CR, Strichartz GR. Concentration dependence of lidocaine-induced irreversible conduction loss in frog nerve. Anesthesiology. 1994; 81:657–67. DOI:
10.1097/00000542-199409000-00020.

48. Song YK, Kim YD, Kim JH. Acute allergic reaction caused by hyaluronidase used in the pain management: a case report and literature review: a case report. Anesth Pain Med. 2014; 9:174–8.
49. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Fellows B, Rivera JJ, Damron KS, Beyer C, et al. Effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis with hypertonic saline neurolysis in refractory spinal stenosis. Pain Physician. 2001; 4:366–73. PMID:
16902683.
50. Manchikanti L, Bakhit CE. Percutaneous lysis of epidural adhesions. Pain Physician. 2000; 3:46–64. PMID:
16906207.

51. Manchikanti L, Staats PS, Singh V, Schultz DM, Vilims BD, Jasper JF, et al. Evidence-based practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2003; 6:3–81. PMID:
16878163.