PDF
Citation
Print
Bladder cancer is the sixth most prevalent cancer and ninth leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide [1]. Urothelial carcinoma comprises approximately 90% of bladder cancers, and exhibits a great propensity for divergent differentiation [2]. Reflecting this morphologic diversity, histologic variants have been proposed to define urothelial carcinoma with distinctive histomorphology that differs from that of conventional urothelial carcinoma [2,3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently classified urothelial cancers into 13 histologic variants [4]. There is also accumulating evidence regarding the clinical relevance of histologic variants with regard to prognosis and response to treatment. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to recognize the histologic variant [3,5]. Several histologic variants, including squamous differentiation, micropapillary carcinoma, plasmacytoid, sarcomatoid, and nested variants, are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes [6–11]. These histological variants frequently persist, even in metastatic tumors [6].
In addition to histologic variants, tumor budding has also been proposed as a poor prognostic indicator [12,13]. Tumor budding is defined by the presence of single tumor cells or clusters of fewer than five cancer cells at the invasive front. It has been recognized as an adverse prognostic factor in several types of cancer, especially in colorectal cancer [14–17]. Tumor budding is considered to represent the epithelial to mesenchymal transition by which tumor cells achieve migratory and invasive properties for metastasis [18].
Radical cystectomy is the gold standard treatment for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Based on recent data, patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer harboring micropapillary carcinoma or plasmacytoid variants are also considered candidates for early radical cystectomy due to the aggressive clinical course [2,6,9].
Distant metastasis occurs in 10%–29% of patients with bladder cancer during their disease course [19]. Once distant metastasis develops, the long-term prognosis is generally poor [20]. Certain histologic variants in bladder cancer, including micropapillary carcinoma, the plasmacytoid variant, and the sarcomatoid variant, are associated with a high tendency to develop distant metastasis [8,10,21,22]. However, few studies have evaluated the histopathologic parameters and prevalence of histologic variants in metastatic urothelial carcinoma of distant metastatic sites, because histologic confirmation is rarely performed in this setting.
In this study, we analyzed the histopathologic findings of 13 cases of urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder with histologically confirmed distant metastases. We studied the correlation between the histomorphology of the primary tumors and that of subsequent distant metastases with an emphasis on the histologic variants. We also assessed various histopathologic parameters, including tumor budding.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Case selection
A retrospective chart review was conducted of 477 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder who were treated by radical cystectomy at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital between 1997 and 2017. Twelve of the 477 patients with histologically confirmed distant metastasis were selected for inclusion in this study. Additionally, one patient who was diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma by transurethral resection of the bladder and needle biopsy of the liver was included. The following clinical data were obtained from the medical records: sex, age, procedure, primary tumor size, metastatic site, biopsy site, tumor stage, and follow-up data.
Histologic evaluation
All hematoxylin and eosin stained slides from the 13 patients were reviewed by two uropathologists (SP and EC). The stage, grade, and histologic variants were reclassified according to the Cancer Staging Manual of the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition and the 2016 WHO/International Society of Urologic Pathology grading system [4,23]. Histologic variants were compared between the matched primary and metastatic tumors. Data concerning lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, accompanying urothelial carcinoma in situ, and tumor budding were recorded. Tumor budding was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tumor budding was defined by the presence of isolated tumor cells or small groups of fewer than five cancer cells at the invasion front [14]. Tumor budding foci were counted in hot spots under ×200 magnification. Tumor budding was regarded as high-grade when 10 or more budding foci were identified [24].
IHC staining
Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for α-fetoprotein (AFP; 1:1,000, clone C3, mouse monoclonal, Novocastra, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) was performed on 4-um thick slides using an automated immunostainer (BOND MAX, Leica Biosystem, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) following the manufacturer’s protocol. We performed immunostaining for AFP in one case with hepatic feature. In this case, most tumor cells demonstrated cytoplasmic expression for AFP.
RESULTS
Baseline features
The clinical features of the 13 patients are summarized in Table 1. All 13 cases arose primarily from the urinary bladder. Ten patients (77%) were men, and the median age was 59 years (range, 38 to 76 years). Twelve patients were treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and one patient underwent a transurethral resection of bladder tumor with concurrent liver metastasis. The primary tumor size (maximum tumor diameter by pathological report) ranged from 0.5 to 8.5 cm (median, 3.5 cm). Clinically, eight (62%) distant metastatic lesions presented as solitary masses, while multiple metastatic lesions were detected in five cases (38%). Lymph nodes were the most frequent distant metastatic site (46%), followed by the lung (38%), liver (31%), and adrenal gland (15%). The biopsy sites of distant metastatic tumors are presented in Table 1. Regarding pathologic tumor stage (pT), 10 cases (77%) were classified as muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (pT2–T3), and three (23%) were classified as non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (pT1). The median follow-up duration was 47 months (range, 8 to 151 months). The median interval from the initial diagnosis of the primary lesion to that of distant metastasis was 25 months (range, 0 to 123 months).
Histopathologic features
The overall histopathologic findings are summarized in Table 2. Eight cases (62%) presented with conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Histologic variants were present in the pure form in one case (1/13, 8%) and mixed with conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma in four cases (4/13, 31%). Four of these mixed cases (cases 1, 4, 7, and 11) had a micropapillary carcinoma component (3%–20%) and 1 (case 4) had concurrent squamous differentiation (70%). One case was diagnosed as an AFP-producing urothelial carcinoma. Lymphovascular and perineural invasion were identified in nine cases (69%) and six cases (46%), respectively. Most cases (77%) had concomitant urothelial carcinoma in situ. High-grade tumor budding was identified in six cases (46%) (cases 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 11) (Fig. 1).
Histologic evaluation of the metastatic carcinomas was available in all 13 cases. Histologic variants were noted in the metastatic sites in five of 13 cases (38%). Most of these histologic variants (80%, 4/5) were also identified in the primary tumors. In case 1, the metastatic tumor was entirely composed of micropapillary carcinoma, which was focally present (3%) in the corresponding primary tumor (Fig. 2A, B). Although the primary tumor of case 4 had components of micropapillary carcinoma (10%) and squamous differentiation (70%), the corresponding metastatic tumor only demonstrated carcinoma cells with squamous differentiation (Fig. 2C, D). The primary tumor in case 6 was considered a plasmacytoid variant, which was maintained at the metastatic site (Fig. 2E, F). In case 10, the primary tumor was a conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma, which persisted in the corresponding metastatic tumor along with focal squamous differentiation (1%). Squamous differentiation was not identified in the corresponding primary tumor. In case 11, the primary tumor showed predominant conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma with a small micropapillary carcinoma component (3%). The corresponding metastatic tumor also revealed small amounts of micropapillary carcinoma component (1%). In case 3, both primary and metastatic tumors were AFP-producing urothelial carcinomas (Fig. 3). There were no remarkable differences in the histomorphologic findings between primary and corresponding metastatic tumors in seven cases (cases 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 13) that were primarily diagnosed as conventional high-grade urothelial carcinomas.
DISCUSSION
Regional lymph node metastasis occurs in approximately 30% of bladder cancers with muscle invasion (pT2) and 60% of bladder cancers with extravesical fat extension (pT3–pT4) [25]. The survival outcome of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (pT2–pT4) with regional lymph node metastasis is poor with an 11% 5-year survival rate [26]. Distant metastasis of bladder cancer develops in 10%–29% of patients [19]. Once distant metastasis occurs, survival outcome is very poor with a median survival time of 8.5 months [27].
A previous autopsy study of 367 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer demonstrated that the frequency of metastases was strongly associated with local tumor extension and regional lymph node metastases. There was no difference in the frequency of metastases between 308 transitional cell carcinomas and 38 squamous cell carcinomas [28].
In addition, a recent study on the metastatic patterns of bladder cancer showed that advanced T category or atypical histologic features were linked to an early occurrence of distant metastasis [29]. In this study, we confirmed that histologic variants were not uncommonly detected in urothelial carcinomas with distant metastasis. In addition, these histologic variants were usually present in both primary and accompanying metastatic tumors. Five of the 13 cases included histologic variants, one in pure form and four in mixed forms. The histologic variants of primary tumors were preserved in four corresponding metastatic tumors (4/5, 80%). The following histologic variants of the primary tumors were maintained in the metastatic tumors: micropapillary carcinoma variant (2/4, 50%), squamous differentiation (1/1, 100%), and plasmacytoid variant (1/1, 100%).
Additionally, we present a case of AFP-producing urothelial carcinoma, which has only been described before in several case reports [30,31]. In the previously reported cases, most patients had an increased level of serum AFP, which is closely correlated with tumor burden and may serve as a tumor marker. All tumors also showed aberrant AFP expression by IHC [30,31]. El-Bahrawy et al. [31] emphasized that although AFP-producing urothelial tumors are extremely rare, it is important to be aware of this tumor type because it requires a different chemotherapeutic regimen and has a different prognosis than do AFP-producing germ cell tumors.
Previous studies reported that histologic variants are associated with an advanced disease stage [32]. Recognition of histologic variants is important because they commonly persist in metastatic tumors and represent the association between primary and corresponding metastatic tumors [6,33]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior studies have evaluated the frequency of histologic variants in metastatic urothelial carcinomas compared to that of primary urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder. In this study, we confirmed that the histologic variants of urothelial carcinoma, even if focally present, frequently metastasize to distant organs. Therefore, histologic examination of urothelial carcinomas in the urinary bladder should be performed with an emphasis on the presence or absence of histologic variants.
In this study, high-grade tumor budding was detected in almost half of all cases, including five muscle-invasive and one non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas. Lymphovascular invasion was present in all five muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma cases with high-grade tumor budding. Tumor budding is a histologic phenomenon encountered at the invasive edge of various carcinomas. It represents the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by which tumor cells obtain the ability to disseminate and metastasize [15,18]. Tumor budding is associated with aggressive biologic characteristics in various types of carcinomas, including frequent lymphovascular invasion, advanced stage, and distant metastasis [15,18]. In colorectal cancer, high tumor budding has been identified as a predictive biomarker for distant metastasis at the locally advanced stage [18,34]. In this study, six cases (5 which were muscle-invasive bladder cancer) showed lymphovascular invasion that was associated with high-grade tumor budding. A few studies have investigated the clinicopathologic significance of tumor budding in bladder cancer [12,13]. In two previous reports, high tumor budding was suggested to be an adverse pathologic indicator to predict stage progression in both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancers [12,13]. Further, larger studies are needed to clarify the association between tumor budding and distant metastasis of bladder cancer.
Distant metastasis of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma is extremely rare. In a review of over 1,000 patients with bladder cancer (irrespective of stage), Metthews et al. [35] described distant metastases in only nine superficial urothelial carcinomas, including three diagnosed as stage pTa. In the current study, we describe distant metastasis in three cases of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, which were of the pT1 stage at the time of radical cystectomy. None of these cases showed lymph node metastasis or local recurrence during follow-up. All three of these cases were conventional urothelial carcinomas, and two cases exhibited concomitant carcinoma in situ. Two of the three cases presented with multifocal stromal invasion. Lymphovascular invasion was detected in one case, and high-grade tumor budding was identified in another case. These findings suggest that carcinoma in situ, multifocal stromal invasion, lymphovascular invasion, or high-grade tumor budding may be important histopathologic factors that affect distant metastasis, even in early stage bladder cancer.
There are several limitations in this study. First, the number of cases was small. Only 13 cases of metastatic urothelial carcinoma were included. The small sample size made it difficult to conduct appropriate statistical tests, which allow for adequate statistical power. In addition, we could not assess the effect of the presence or absence of histologic variants and tumor budding on distant metastasis because the current study only included patients who developed distant metastasis. Second, our study yielded limited results on the impact of tumor budding on distant metastasis in urothelial carcinoma, because this study consisted of a small number of metastatic urothelial carcinoma cases and did not investigate tumor budding in patients without distant metastasis. In contrast, few studies have evaluated the prognostic value of tumor budding in urothelial carcinomas [12,13]. In addition, there are no well-defined criteria to evaluate tumor buddings in urothelial carcinomas. Therefore, we assessed tumor budding according to the International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference criteria [24], which is a standardized scoring system for tumor budding in colorectal cancers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the presence of tumor budding in metastatic urothelial carcinomas. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to identify the impact of tumor budding on the occurrence of distant metastasis.
In conclusion, histologic variants are not uncommonly detected in distant metastatic urothelial carcinomas. Despite its rarity, the histologic variants present in primary tumors are mostly maintained in metastatic tumors. High-grade tumor budding, which is frequently found in primary tumors, seems to play a significant role in the development of distant metastasis. Therefore, it may be useful to evaluate the presence of histologic variants and tumor budding in urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder to predict distant metastasis, even in non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas.
XML Download