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Renal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Korean males [1]. Among the types of renal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most common. CCRCC can exhibit various histologic features [2], but most tumors are golden yellow due to the abundant lipid contents of the cells, and microscopically, the tumor cells have a clear cytoplasm similar to adipocytes [3]. The tumor cells have abundant cytoplasmic lipids in addition to glycogen, as revealed by an ultrastructural study [4]. For this reason, CCRCC is presumed to be associated with adipogenic differentiation. Until recently, although three studies have shown that CCRCC is associated with adipogenic differentiation [5-7], the association of tumorigenesis with clear cell morphology is still required at the molecular level.
In recent studies, histone modification has been confirmed to be important in adipogenesis. In particular, the function of histone demethylase plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2), as it maps to human chromosome 9q22 [8], has been noted [9,10]. PHF2 is a dimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) demethylase [10] that acts both in gluconeogenesis of hepatocytes and in signaling for regulation of immune and homeogenesis of macrophages in vitro [11,12].
The physiological role of PHF2 in vivo is not yet clear, but it may be a co-activator with multiple transcription factors [10]. To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have investigated the association of PHF2 expression with human cancers, such as breast cancer, esophageal cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck [13-15]. A recent study has shown that PHF2 can act as a tumor suppressor through epigenetic regulation of p53 and shows reduced expression in colon cancer and stomach cancer tissues [16]. However, there has been no report of PHF2 expression in CCRCC.
In this study, we investigated the relationship between the expression level of PHF2 and clinicopathological factors and prognosis in CCRCC patients using immunohistochemical staining of CCRCC specimens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and tissue microarray
We examined 254 CCRCCs and 56 non-neoplastic renal tissues including the cortex and medulla from patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy between 2000 and 2003 in Seoul National University Hospital. Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks containing representative tumor and non-neoplastic tissue core sections (2 mm in diameter) were prepared from each formalin-fixed paraffin block (SuperBioChips Laboratories, Seoul, Korea). All available hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides were reviewed to assess the validity of the diagnosis, and tumors were graded from 1 to 4 according to the Fuhrman nuclear grade system. Clinical and pathological information was collected from electronic medical records and pathological reports. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 163 months, and the median follow-up period was 84.5 months. This study was approved by Seoul National University Hospital’s Institutional Review Board (IRB).
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemical staining for PHF2 was performed on 4 μm-thick sections taken from TMA. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the Ventana Benchmark XT automated dyeing system (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA). Polyclonal rabbit anti-PHF2 antibody (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA) was diluted 1:200. Immunohistochemically stained TMA slides were individually reviewed by two pathologists without clinicopathological information.
In non-neoplastic renal tissue, PHF2 was commonly expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the proximal tubular epithelium, but only in the nucleus of the distal tubular epithelium and podocytes of the glomerulus (Fig. 1). The expression of PHF2 was assessed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of CCRCCs and classified as high when nuclear expression was observed in more than 10% of the tumor cells, regardless of cytoplasmic expression (Fig. 2).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program SPSS ver. 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The chi-squared test was used to analyze the relationship between PHF2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival rate differences were compared using the log-rank test. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the importance of various variables for survival. p-values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.
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RESULTS
Basic clinicopathological characteristics
Of the 254 patients in this study, 187 (73.6%) were males and 67 (26.4%) were females. The age at diagnosis was between 28 and 82 years old. The mean age±standard deviation (SD) and median age were 56.2±11.3 years and 57 years, respectively. We have classified them into two groups: older than 57 years or not. The Fuhrman nuclear grade distribution was 16 cases in grade I (6.3%), 113 cases in grade II (44.5%), 93 cases in grade III (36.6%), and 32 cases in grade IV (12.6%). The tumor size ranged from 1.0 to 22.0 cm and the mean±SD size was 5.6±3.5 cm. At the time of diagnosis, 23 patients (9.1%) had metastatic cancers and 231 (90.9%) did not. According to the prognostic classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition [17], the T stage was as follows: T1 was 164 cases (64.6%), T2 was 38 cases (15.0%), T3 was 50 cases (19.7%), and T4 was two cases (0.8%). Additionally, the overall stage was 162 cases in stage I (63.8%), 31 cases in stage II (12.2%), 37 cases in stage III (14.6%), and 24 cases in stage IV (9.4%) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Relationship between PHF2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics
Immunohistochemical result of PHF2 and relationship with clinicopathological characteristics
Of the 254 cases, 150 cases (59.1%) showed high expression, and 104 cases (40.1%) showed low expression. The high expression of PHF2 was associated with a younger age group (p=.006) and significantly correlated with low Fuhrman nuclear grade, small tumor size and low overall stage (p<.001, p<.001, and p=.003, respectively) (Table 1). However, there was no association with the patients’ sex, T stage, or metastasis at diagnosis.
The association between PHF2 expression and survival time of the patients
To assess prognostic value, we evaluated the association between PHF2 expression and patient survival by a log-rank test using Kaplan-Meier analysis. We observed that high expression of PHF2 was significantly associated with longer cancer-specific survival (p=.002) and progression-free survival (p<.001) in CCRCC patients (Fig. 3).
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of cancer-specific survival and progression-free survival
Univariate cox regression analysis showed significant correlation with age (less than 57 or not), Fuhrman nuclear grade, tumor size (less than 5 cm or not), T stage, metastasis at diagnosis, overall stage, PHF2 expression status, cancer-specific survival (p=.009 for age, p=.003 for PHF2 expression status, and p<.001 for the others), and progression-free survival (p=.001 for age and p<.001 for the others) (Table 2). However, multivariate analysis adjusted for age, Fuhrman nuclear grade and overall stage showed that high expression of PHF2 was not an independent prognostic factor in CCRCC patients with cancer-specific survival (p=.566) and progression-free survival (p=.099) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of cancer-specific and progression-free survival
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DISCUSSION
In this study, we analyzed the association of PHF2 expression with other clinicopathological parameters and survival time of the CCRCC patients. High expression of PHF2 was associated with a young age group and correlated significantly with low Fuhrman nuclear grade and overall stage. We also observed that high expression of PHF2 was significantly correlated with longer cancer-specific survival and progression-free survival in patients. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, Fuhrman nuclear grade and overall stage showed that high expression of PHF2 was not an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival and progression-free survival in CCRCC patients.
PHF2 is a type of histone demethylase, and histone modification is known to be important in adipogenesis [9,10,18]. PHF2 has been shown to play a role in gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes of fasted mice [11] and proinflammatory gene regulation in macrophages in vitro [12]. In a recent study, PHF2 was shown to play an important role in adipogenesis in transgenic mice [9]. PHF2 demethylates the AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5B (ARID5B) and binds the promoter regions of target genes by forming a complex with demethylated ARID5B [10,11]. PHF2 interacts with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA), one of the major regulators of adipogenesis, and promotes adipogenesis by demethylating H3K9me2 in the promoter region of CEBPA target gene. These results indicate that PHF2 promotes adipogenesis by coactivation of CEBPA and that PHF2 is a novel histone methylation-modifying enzyme that modulates adipogenesis [9,10].
As mentioned earlier, some studies have shown that adipogenic differentiation is associated with CCRCC [5-7]. One study showed that gene expression patterns and IHC results in CCRCC tissues were associated with adipogenesis [7]. They also found that CCRCC cells undergo adipogenic transdifferentiation, based on the observation that the clear cell morphology of CCRCC cells disappeared in standard cell culture media and was redeveloped in adipogenic media [7]. This study concluded that adipogenesis was a type of epithelial mesenchymal transition [7]. Another study has shown that adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) expression is increased at both mRNA and protein levels of CCRCC compared to non-neoplastic renal tissues and other types of renal cell carcinoma [5]. ADFP was originally known as a protein associated with lipid metabolism, highly expressed in adipocytes and variably expressed in other cells [19,20]. Higher ADFP levels in CCRCC were associated with a lower grade, lower stage and better prognosis, while higher ADFP levels were an independent good prognostic factor in multivariate analysis [5,6].
In previous studies, CCRCC with low nuclear grade showed a typical clear cell morphology, but CCRCC with a higher nuclear grade showed reduced clear cell morphology and other morphological features that are relatively frequently observed in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, such as eosinophilic cytoplasm and rhabdoid feature [2,21]. These results suggest that clear cell morphology due to adipogenesis in CCRCC is associated with low nuclear grade and good prognosis. In this regard, our findings suggest that adipogenic differentiation by histone modification is a new tumorigenic mechanism that reflects the clear cell morphology in CCRCC. In addition, the loss of PHF2 expression seems to be correlated with tumor progression and a poor prognosis of CCRCC due to the loss of adipogenic differentiation.
The role of PHF2 in tumorigenesis is not yet well understood, and only a few studies have examined the association between human cancer and PHF2 expression. The expression of PHF2 in breast cancer was not correlated with patient prognosis [13]. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, PHF2 was overexpressed in cancer cells compared to the non-neoplastic epithelium, and high cytoplasmic expression of PHF2 tended to be associated with decreased overall survival of the patients, but there was no statistical significance [14]. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, loss of heterozygosity was observed in the chromosomal 9q22 locus located in the PHF2 gene in relation to dysplastic lesions, but it was not related to the clinicopathological index or patient survival rate [15,22].
A recent study showed that PHF2 can modulate p53 by demethylating H3K9me2, and down-regulation of PHF2 expression occurs in colon and stomach cancer [16]. In the study, they suggested that PHF2 acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating the function of p53 [16]. Even p53-positive colon cancer cells have a malignant phenotype associated with the suppression of p21, a downstream molecule of p53 [16]. They also suggested that PHF2 expression levels could help predict patient outcomes in tumors expressing functional p53 [16]. These results provide another perspective on the role of PHF2 in CCRCC, although the role of p53 in the progression of CCRCC remains controversial [23-25].
Our study showed the clinicopathological significance of PHF2 expression in CCRCC. Low expression of PHF2 is associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis of CCRCC, and this effect of PHF2 may be related to the role of PHF2 in adipogenesis or the regulation of p53. More functional studies will help clarify the role of PHF2 in the development and progression of CCRCC.
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