Journal List > Clin Endosc > v.50(4) > 1151437

Amin, Yang, Lucas, Gonzalez, and DiMaio: There Is No Advantage to Transpapillary Pancreatic Duct Stenting for the Transmural Endoscopic Drainage of Pancreatic Fluid Collections: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background/Aims

Options for the endoscopic management of symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) include transmural drainage (TM) alone, transpapillary drainage (TP) alone, or a combination of both drainage method (CD). There have been conflicting reports about the best method. This study performed a meta-analysis to determine whether CD presents an added clinical benefit over TM.

Methods

The included studies compared TM with CD and reported clinical success for both methods. A random-effects model was used to determine the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the following outcomes: technical success, clinical success, complications, and recurrence.

Results

Nine studies involving a combined total of 604 drainage procedures—373 TMs (62%) and 231 CDs (38%)—were included. CD showed no additional benefit over TM in terms of technical success (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.37–3.37; p=0.85), clinical success (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.65–1.89; p=0.70), recurrence (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.53–4.21; p=0.45), or complications (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.61–2.18; p=0.67).

Conclusions

Pancreatic duct (PD) stenting provides no additional clinical benefit for the TM of PFCs (particularly pseudocysts). Patients undergoing the TM of symptomatic pseudocysts may not require endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP).

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) may be caused by acute or chronic pancreatitis (CP), trauma, surgery, or malignancy. Depending on the time of formation and the presence or absence of solid debris, the 2012 revised Atlanta classification defines PFCs as acute peripancreatic fluid collections, acute necrotic collections, pseudocysts, or walled-off necroses [1]. Indications for the drainage of PFCs include pain, gastric outlet obstruction, infection, and biliary obstruction [2-4].
The endoscopic management of symptomatic PFCs, particularly pseudocysts, is safe and effective [5-7]. Options for endoscopic management include transmural drainage (TM) alone, involving either a cyst-gastrostomy or cyst-duodenostomy, transpapillary drainage (TP) alone, involving an endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) procedure, or a combination of both drainage method (CD). As CD involves an ERP procedure in addition to endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), it may carry risks of additional complications such as ERP-associated pancreatitis, bleeding, and perforation beyond those associated with TM alone. There have been conflicting reports about the optimal method. Whereas in 2006, Hookey et al. found no significant difference in the treatment success rate of 116 patients who had undergone CD versus TM alone (91% vs. 95%), in 2010, a subsequent study of 110 patients by Trevino et al. did show an advantage from CD (97.5% vs. 80%; adjusted relative risk (RR)=1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.29; p=0.04) [4,8].
The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of the existing literature to determine the optimal method for the endoscopic drainage of symptomatic PFCs in terms of technical success, clinical success, recurrence, and complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our study used the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines [9], which provide a checklist for the reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology.

Identification and retrieval of primary studies

We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase for articles written in English reporting the clinical success rates of both transmural and combined drainage of PFCs. The databases were searched from their inception until February 2016, and were queried according to the following search strategy: “Pancreatic pseudocyst/therapy” (medical subject headings [MeSH]), “PFC and drainage”, “pancreatic pseudocyst and combined drainage”, “pancreatic pseudocyst and transpapillary”, or “pancreatic pseudocyst and transmural”. The abstracts from major gastrointestinal meetings (i.e., the Digestive Diseases Week and the American College of Gastroenterology Annual Meeting) held between 2009 and 2015 were searched in order to identify any further unpublished studies that may otherwise have been missed. Articles were selected for a full text review based on their title and abstract. A further review of the references listed in the retrieved studies was performed to increase the number of potentially relevant studies.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The eligible studies included case series, cohort studies, or case control studies that compared the routes for the drainage of symptomatic PFCs. To be included, studies had to define and report the clinical success rates of both the TM and CD of PFCs. The majority of the PFCs in the included studies needed to be pseudocysts. Studies including pediatric patients, post-traumatic pseudocysts, or those whose series overlapped with that of an already included study were excluded.

Study selection and data extraction

Two authors (SA and DJY) worked independently to determine which studies met the inclusion criteria, to assess the methodology of the included studies, and to extract the demographic and outcome data. Any discrepancies were resolved by reviewing the given study jointly. If no consensus was reached, a third author (CJD) served as an arbitrator. For each study, we extracted data on the research design, the year of publication, the country of publication, the total number of cases (TM, CD, and TP), the average age of the study participants, the average PFC size, the types of PFCs included (according to the Atlanta classification), the follow-up months, and the proportion of patients with various outcomes (technical success, clinical success, recurrence rate, and complications). In the case of studies published within the last 5 years in which the data for a particular outcome were not available, the corresponding author was contacted to check whether the missing data could be provided (2 studies) [8,10].

Quality assessment

The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the observational studies in the analysis [11]. The NOS uses a “star system” to judge studies based on three broad categories: the selection of the study groups, the comparability of the groups, and the ascertainment of the exposure or outcome of interest. A maximum of nine stars can be awarded (4 for selection, 3 for comparability, 2 for exposure), and a score of 7 or greater suggests a high-quality study. The study quality was assessed independently by two of the authors (SA and DJY), and any discrepancies were reconciled through a joint re-evaluation of the study in question.

Statistical analysis

A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% CIs of the outcomes of interest. The random-effects model was chosen for the baseline differences in the study populations and in the outcome measurements of the included studies. The data were pooled if at least 3 studies provided data on the outcome of interest. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 statistic. The publication bias was not evaluated, as our analysis included fewer than ten studies. In such cases, the powers of the Egger test and of other types of funnel plot asymmetry tests are too low to distinguish chance from real asymmetry [12]. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the analyses were conducted with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA).

Outcome measures

The primary outcome was the clinical success of TM vs. CD of PFCs. Although clinical success was defined slightly differently by each study, it generally involved either complete pseudocyst resolution at a defined time point or partial pseudocyst resolution with complete symptom resolution. The other outcomes analyzed were the technical success, recurrence rate, and complications. Technical success was universally defined as the successful placement of an endoprosthesis to facilitate initial drainage. The recurrence rate was influenced by the follow-up period in each study. The complications were those that occurred as a direct result of endoscopic management, including stent migration, bleeding, or post-ERP pancreatitis.

RESULTS

A total of 1,388 records were retrieved based on our search strategy (Fig. 1). After first excluding 208 review articles, the titles and abstracts of the remaining articles were reviewed to eventually select 11 articles for a full text review. After the full text review, one article was excluded as it contained a series of PFCs that overlapped with those in a previously published study. In total, 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis: 2 prospective observational studies, and 7 retrospective observational studies [4,8,10,13-18]. There have been no case control studies or randomized control trials published on PFC drainage.
The study characteristics of the 9 included observational studies are given in Table 1. The included studies contained populations from Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Brazil, and the United States. The mean age of the patients ranged from 38 to 57 years. The mean PFC diameter ranged from 6 to 13 cm. The majority of the studies received a NOS score of 5, with 2 studies scoring 7 or higher (Tables 1, 2). Two of the studies included patients with PFCs other than pseudocysts; however, the majority of the PFCs included in these studies were pseudocysts (81% and 71%) [4,8]. There were no data available in these studies to select only the pseudocyst cases for inclusion in the analyses.
A total of 604 drainage procedures were included in the analysis: 373 (62%) TMs and 231 (38%) CDs. All of the studies reported the rates of clinical success, technical success, recurrence, and complications; however, not all studies stratified these data by drainage route. Therefore, only certain studies could be included for each outcome of interest.
After applying a random-effects model to the data, the CD of PFCs was not shown to be superior to TM alone for any of the four outcomes (Figs. 2-5). With regards to the technical success of the procedures, four studies were included in the analysis, with a pooled OR of 1.12 (95% CI, 0.37–3.37; p=0.85) (Fig. 2). For the primary outcome (clinical success), all 9 studies were included in the model. The resultant pooled OR of 1.11 (95% CI, 0.65–1.89) was not statistically significant (p=0.70) (Fig. 3). An I2 value of 26.94% suggested minimal heterogeneity (Fig. 3). For the recurrence rate, 6 studies were included, with a pooled OR of 1.49 (95% CI, 0.24–1.90; p=0.45) (Fig. 4). Finally, no difference was noted between the complications from CD and those from TM (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.61–2.18; p=0.67); however, relevant data were only available from four studies (Fig. 5).

DISCUSSION

The results of this meta-analysis suggested that transpapillary stenting provides no added clinical benefit for the TM of PFCs. The TM and CD methods were statistically equivalent in terms of technical success, clinical success, recurrence, and complication rates.
Our findings have several explanations and implications. First, the TM drainage of PFCs is associated with a high technical success rate, particularly when performed under EUS guidance. In the studies included in our meta-analysis, the technical success of TM drainage alone varied from 82% to 97%. By contrast, the technical success rate of TP drainage, if defined as the placement of a stent across a pancreatic duct (PD) disruption/leak, is much lower. In two recent studies by the same group, bridging PD stents were successfully placed in only 42%–49% of patients with pseudocysts, and in 5%–17% of patients with walled-off necrosis [8,19]. Common reasons for failure include complete ductal disruption, gastric or duodenal obstruction, failed PD cannulation, or an altered surgical anatomy [8,10]. As such, the majority of the benefits from CD may come from the TM component of the procedure. Even among patients in whom bridging PD stents had been successfully placed, a sub-group analysis of the above series using a multivariate logistic regression showed no additional clinical benefit from PD stenting (OR, 1.699; 95% CI, 0.561–5144; p=0.34) [19]. The mechanistic explanation proposed by Hookey et al. is that pure TM may allow the cyst-enterostomy fistula to remain open longer and therefore to mature, whereas the addition of a transpapillary stent may hinder this process [4].
This study had several strengths. We used a rigorous search strategy to summarize and integrate the results from 8 observational studies using a validated methodology (NOS and MOOSE). This allowed us to compensate for the small sample sizes of the individual studies and to reconcile the conflicting published results. Furthermore, minimal heterogeneity was encountered in our analysis.
The study also presented limitations. Most importantly, we were unable to control for patients with a PD leak on the pancreatogram. In the majority of the included studies, an ERP was performed prior to the attempted TM. If a PD leak was observed on the pancreatogram, the patient underwent transpapillary stent placement, with a stent placed either across the defect or into the PFC itself. Conversely, if no leak was seen on the pancreatogram, the endoscopist would proceed to TM. The decision to perform CD or TM was highly personalized, and was not a random decision. Second, due to the varying follow-up lengths, there was considerable heterogeneity in the definitions of clinical success and recurrence in the studies. As such, studies that adopted less stringent criteria may have reported higher rates of success for all procedures. Nevertheless, as these definitions were consistent within the studies, the relative ratios of success between CD and TM were preserved, and they were accurately reflected in the ORs. However, conclusions about specific time points cannot be inferred from our study. Third, the data were primarily compiled from retrospective observational studies, as there have been no randomized, prospective trials to evaluate the utility of combined modality drainage. Fourth, two of the included studies contained PFCs other than pseudocysts [4,8]. Although the majority of the PFCs included in these studies were indeed pseudocysts (81% and 71%, respectively), data were not available to stratify the outcomes by PFC type and drainage route. We chose not to exclude these studies, as they are large studies that are frequently cited as evidence to support divergent answers to the question at hand. Finally, some of the earlier studies included in the meta-analysis did not use EUS guidance for TM. However, several prospective studies and one meta-analysis have now reported that EUS guidance achieves higher rates of technical success without greater clinical success or more complications than non-EUS guided drainage [20-23].
In conclusion, this meta-analysis supports the notion that TP provides no additional clinical benefit over TM of PFCs, particularly pseudocysts. As a consequence of this finding, patients undergoing TM of symptomatic pseudocysts may not require an ERP procedure, and may therefore be spared the risks associated with it, notably that of post-ERP pancreatitis. Nevertheless, our study is not without limitations, and it is impossible to draw causal links based on this analysis. Future prospective studies should place an emphasis on randomization to ensure that the patients undergoing TM and CD have similar baseline characteristics, particularly in terms of the presence or absence of pancreatic ductal disruption.

Notes

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Conference Presentation: This work was presented as an oral presentation at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2015.

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Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of studies included in the meta-analysis.
ce-2016-091f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Technical success of transmural alone vs. combined drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CD, combination of both drainage method; TM, transmural drainage.
ce-2016-091f2.tif
Fig. 3.
Clinical success of transmural alone vs. combined drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CD, combination of both drainage method; TM, transmural drainage.
ce-2016-091f3.tif
Fig. 4.
Recurrence rate of transmural alone vs. combined drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CD, combination of both drainage method; TM, transmural drainage.
ce-2016-091f4.tif
Fig. 5.
Complications of transmural alone vs. combined drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CD, combination of both drainage method; TM, transmural drainage.
ce-2016-091f5.tif
Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis
Study Type Year Country Cases, n Population Age, yr PFC Size, cm PFC Type (Atlanta Classification) Quality Score (NOS)
Binmoeller et al. [13] Retrospective 1995 Germany 29 TP 47 (mean) 7 (mean) Pseudocyst 5
20 TM
4 CD
Smits et al. [14] Retrospective 1995 Netherlands 12 TP 50 (mean) 7 (mean) Pseudocyst 6
17 TM
8 CD
Cahen et al. [15] Retrospective 2005 Netherlands 25 TP 49 (median) 7 (median) Pseudocyst 5
54 TM
10 CD
Hookey et al. [4] Retrospective 2006 Belgium 15 TP 56 AP, 47 CP (medians) 6 (median) 5 APFC 5
60 TM 8 Necrosis
41 CD 94 Pseudocyst
9 Pancreatic abscess
Trevino et al. [8] Retrospective 2010 USA 70 TM 51.7 (mean) 10–11 (median) 67 Pseudocyst 7
40 CD 17 Abscess
11 Necrosis
Shrode et al. [10] Retrospective 2013 USA 36 TP 51.3 (mean) NA Pseudocyst 8
36 TM
33 CD
Libera et al. [16] Prospective 2000 Brazil 8 TP 38 (mean) 9 (mean) Pseudocyst 5
12 TM
5 CD
Penn et al. [17] Prospective 2012 USA 9 TM 57 (mean) 13 (mean) Pseudocyst 6
11 CD
Yang et al. [18] Retrospective 2016 USA 95 TM 52.7 (mean, TM), 51.4 (mean, CD) 9 (mean) Pseudocyst 6
79 CD

PFC, pancreatic fluid collection; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa scale; TP, transpapillary drainage; TM, transmural drainage; CD, combination of both drainage method; AP, acute pancreatitis; CP, chronic pancreatitis; NA, not available; APFC, acute pancreatic fluid collection.

Table 2.
Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Score of Included Studies
Study R S E ONP C OA FL FA Score (max 9)
Binmoeller et al. (1995) [13] 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 5
Smits et al. (1995) [14] 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 6
Cahen et al. (2005) [15] 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 5
Hookey et al. (2006) [4] 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 5
Trevino et al. (2010) [8] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 7
Shrode et al. (2013) [10] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
Libera et al. (2000) [16] 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 5
Penn et al. (2012) [17] 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 6
Yang et al. (2016) [18] 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 6

R, representativeness; S, selection; E, exposure; ONP, outcome not present; C, comparability; OA, outcome assessment; FL, follow-up length; FA, follow-up adequacy (1-year).

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