PDF
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and has the second highest cancer-related mortality rate worldwide [1,2]. Early detection and early treatment can significantly reduce mortality [3,4]. In Korea, with the increase in individual health examinations and the expansion of the national cancer screening program that provides upper gastrointestinal endoscopy every 2 years for people aged >40 years, the number of patients diagnosed with early gastric cancer (EGC) has increased [2,5]. Traditionally, surgical resection was the standard treatment for gastric cancer; however, in recent years, endoscopic resection has become widely used. At present, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is accepted as a standard treatment for gastric cancer in patients with a negligible risk of lymph node or distant metastasis [6-9].
Endoscopic resection of EGC is indicated on the basis of tumor differentiation, size, ulceration, and invasion depth, and its goal is “curative resection” (CR) [10]. In cases of non-curative resection (NCR), additional treatment is needed because of local recurrence and lymph node metastasis, for which the standard treatment is gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy [11-13]. However, for reasons such as an increased proportion of elderly patients owing to the increase in average life expectancy, concomitant diseases, poor general health, or a patient’s refusal to undergo surgery, patients with NCR may be treated with redo-ESD, argon plasma coagulation, or careful observation without further treatment [14-16].
Although several studies have reported the long-term clinical outcomes of NCR in patients with EGC treated with ESD, studies on large-scale populations are lacking [17-19]. The aims of this retrospective multicenter study were to investigate the risk factors associated with NCR and to assess the long-term clinical outcomes after NCR with no additional treatment in a large-scale patient population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design
We performed a retrospective multicenter study at 13 Korean institutions by using ESD registry data collected under the supervision of the ESD research group of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The study protocol adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board of each institution (2019-05-035).
Patients
We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 3,929 patients aged >20 years who underwent endoscopic resection of EGC from March 2005 to March 2018 at 13 institutions in Korea. We excluded patients who met any of the following exclusion criteria: (1) history of previous endoscopic resection (n=101), (2) history of previous abdominal surgery for stomach cancer (n=14), (3) EGC treated with endoscopic mucosal resection (n=237), (4) surgery performed immediately after ESD because of NCR or meeting the expanded criteria (n=115), or (5) loss to follow-up or <6 months of follow-up (n=368). A total of 3,094 patients were finally enrolled (Fig. 1).
Endoscopic submucosal dissection procedure
Among patients diagnosed with EGC by using standard endoscopy, ESD was performed in those who met the indications for endoscopic resection. All patients were sedated using midazolam and/or propofol with cardiopulmonary monitoring. The target lesion was identified and marking dots were placed circumferentially 2 mm outside the lesion to determine the ESD range. Thereafter, a submucosal solution, such as saline or sodium hyaluronate with epinephrine, was injected into the submucosal layer to lift it off the muscle layer and a circumferential mucosal incision was made outside the marking dots with an electrosurgical knife. The submucosal layer was then dissected with an IT-knife or an IT-knife2 while performing hemostasis on any oozing vessel or on vessels exposed both during and after the procedure.
Histopathological evaluation and curability
The endoscopically resected specimens were sectioned at 2-mm intervals and stained with hematoxylin and eosin after fixation in 10% formalin and embedding in paraffin for histopathological evaluation. At each institution, a pathologist evaluated the specimens for histopathological type, invasion depth, horizontal and vertical margins, ulcerations, and lymphovascular invasion according to the Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma [20]. Differentiated adenocarcinoma included tubular adenocarcinoma and papillary adenocarcinoma, whereas undifferentiated adenocarcinoma included poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, and mucinous adenocarcinoma. Tumoral infiltration of the submucosa (SM) was subclassified as SM1 (<500 μm from the muscularis mucosa) or SM2 (≥500 μm from the muscularis mucosa).
According to the Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines, the indications for CR are as follows: en bloc resection, tumor size ≤2 cm, histologically differentiated type, pT1a, negative horizontal margin (HM0), negative vertical margin (VM0), and no lymphovascular invasion. In addition, a resection was considered curative for the expanded indications when all of the following conditions were fulfilled: en bloc resection, HM0, VM0, no lymphovascular invasion with (1) tumor size >2 cm, differentiated, pT1a, no ulcerative findings; (2) tumor size ≤3 cm, differentiated, pT1a, ulcerative findings; (3) tumor size ≤2 cm, undifferentiated, pT1a, no ulcerative findings; and (4) tumor size ≤3 cm, differentiated, pT1b (SM1). Any resection that did not satisfy any of the above criteria (expanded indications) was considered NCR.
Follow-up and clinical outcomes
After ESD, regular follow-up was performed at 3 months, 6 months, and every year thereafter. In this study, local recurrence was defined as a recurrence of the index cancer at the site of ESD. Synchronous cancer was defined as a development of new cancer at a site other than the ESD site within 1 year after ESD. Metachronous cancer was defined as the development of new cancer beyond 1 year after ESD. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the period from the initial ESD until death due to any cause or last patient contact. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was defined as the period from the initial ESD until gastric cancer-related death or last patient contact. Disease-free survival was defined as the period from the initial ESD to local or distant recurrence of the index cancer, or death or last patient contact.
Statistical analysis
Continuous and categorical variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation and n (%), respectively. Patient characteristics were analyzed for the status of NCR by using Student’s t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate, for categorical variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for NCR. The odds ratio (OR) was considered to be statistically significant if the 95% confidence interval (CI) did not include 1.0. Cumulative local recurrence rate, OS, and DSS were calculated according to the Kaplan–Meier method and analyzed using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to calculate univariate and multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for risk factors for local recurrence in the follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and the level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics
Of the 3,094 patients with EGC treated with ESD, 661 patients (21.4%) were found to have undergone NCR. The baseline characteristics of the NCR group are shown in Table 1. No differences in age, family history, smoking history, or comorbidities were seen between the two groups; however, the proportion of male patients in the CR group was higher than that in the NCR group. Certain characteristics of EGC, including undifferentiated carcinoma, upper third location, large tumor, ulceration, and submucosal invasion, were more frequent in the NCR group. With respect to the procedure, the mean procedure time was longer and complications related to the procedure were more frequent in the NCR group. Table 2 shows the characteristics of the NCR group.
Independent risk factors for non-curative resection
Table 3 shows the risk factors for NCR after ESD in patients with EGC. In multivariate regression analysis after adjusting for confounding factors, the risk factors affecting NCR of ESD were old age (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.17–1.74; p<0.001), undifferentiated tumor (OR, 9.47; 95% CI, 7.23–12.41; p<0.001), tumor location in the upper body (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.55–3.05; p<0.001), tumor size ≥2 cm (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 3.12–4.66; p<0.001), and presence of an ulcer (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.47–2.53; p<0.001).
Local recurrence after non-curative resection
During the study, the local recurrence rate was significantly higher in the NCR group than in the CR group (10.6% vs. 2.5%, p<0.001) (Table 1). The cumulative local recurrence rate, calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, was significantly higher in the NCR group than in the CR group (Fig. 2). However, the cumulative recurrence rate at distant sites was not related to NCR (Fig. 3). Table 4 shows the risk factors affecting local recurrence. In Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, a tumor size of ≥2 cm (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.05–2.17; p<0.028), submucosal invasion (SM1: OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.13–3.51; p=0.017 and ≥SM2: OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.05–3.21; p=0.033), positive horizontal margin (OR, 3.78; 95% CI, 2.38–6.00; p<0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.33–5.01; p=0.005) were risk factors for local recurrence.
Overall survival rate and disease-specific survival rate after non-curative resection
A comparison by Kaplan-Meier analysis of the OS of the CR and NCR groups when patients received no additional surgery is shown in Fig. 4. The OS rates at 3, 5, and 10 years were 99.4%, 98.8%, and 97.1%, respectively, in the CR group and 99.4%, 98.9%, and 96.8%, respectively, in the NCR group. There was no statistically significant difference in OS between the two groups (log-rank p=0.788). Fig. 5. shows the Kaplan-Meier analysis of DSS between the two groups. The DSS rates at 3, 5, and 10 years were 100%, 99.9%, and 99.7%, respectively, in the CR group and 99.6%, 99.3%, and 99.3%, respectively, in the NCR group. DSS was significantly lower in the NCR group than in the CR group (log-rank p=0.038).
DISCUSSION
The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to analyze the risk factors associated with NCR and the long-term clinical outcomes of NCR with no additional treatment in a large-scale population of patients.
According to several studies, the incidence of NCR after endoscopic resection of EGC is approximately 11.9%–18.5% [15,19,21-23]. In our study, the incidence of NCR was 21.4%, which was somewhat higher than that reported in other studies. In Korea, the number of ESD procedures is steadily increasing because of several factors, including an increase in the number of individual health examinations and the expansion of national cancer screening programs [5]. In addition, ESD is now more frequently performed with larger lesions since the introduction of the expanded criteria for ESD of EGC [13].
The aim of endoscopic resection of EGC is CR; however, unintended NCR may occur owing to various factors. Several previous studies have analyzed the risk factors associated with NCR in endoscopic resection of EGC. In a study of 784 patients who underwent ESD, the risk of NCR was the highest in patients with a tumor size of >3 cm, the presence of an ulcer, and a tumor located in the upper body [21]. In Korea, 1,639 patients with EGC who underwent ESD were retrospectively analyzed for risk factors associated with NCR. The seven factors found to be associated with NCR in that study were large tumor size (≥2 cm), tumor location in the upper body, presence of an ulcer, fusion of gastric folds, absence of mucosal nodularity, spontaneous bleeding, and undifferentiated tumor. The higher the score, the higher the risk of NCR [24]. In addition, a study reported that a tumor size of >2 cm, a superficial elevated and depressed type, and an undifferentiated type were risk factors for NCR [25]. In addition to the characteristics of the lesion at the time of the procedure, the effects of an operator’s endoscopic technique and the pre- and post-procedure discrepancies in NCR were analyzed in one study [22]. By combining the results of these previous studies, the risk factors associated with NCR in endoscopic resection of EGC were large tumor size, tumor location in the upper body, ulceration, undifferentiated tumor, indications falling outside of the absolute and expanded indications for endoscopic resection, improper endoscopic technique, and discrepancies in diagnosis before and after the treatment. These results were not significantly different in our study.
In our study, we analyzed the local recurrence rate and its associated risk factors after ESD. Local recurrence was observed in 10.6% of the ESD sites in the NCR group during the median follow-up period of approximately 50 months, and this rate was significantly higher than the local recurrence rate of 2.5% in the CR group. The risk factors affecting local recurrence in this study were tumor size ≥2 cm, submucosal invasion, positive horizontal margin, and lymphovascular invasion. Previous studies that analyzed the risk factors for local recurrence after endoscopic resection showed similar results. A study that analyzed 152 cases of NCR of EGC reported that there was a high risk of local recurrence in cases of incomplete resection, in cases that exceeded the ESD criteria, and in cases with lymphovascular invasion [26]. A study that analyzed 222 patients with EGC treated with ESD reported that a positive horizontal margin, piecemeal resection, and lymphovascular invasion were risk factors for local recurrence [27]. In two studies in patients with a positive horizontal margin after NCR of EGC, the risk of local recurrence was the highest in patients with a positive horizontal margin of >6 mm length [11,28].
In our study, there was no difference in the OS rate between the CR and NCR groups when patients received no additional treatment, but the DSS rate was significantly lower in the NCR group than in the CR group. This means that the OS rate is offset by the difference between the two groups due to various causes of death; however, given the specificity of survival in gastric cancer, the incidence of gastric cancer-related death in the NCR group was higher than that in the CR group. In other words, additional treatment should be considered for patients with NCR because the DSS rate may be lower without additional treatment in these patients. There are several studies that support our results. In a retrospective study of EGC cases that were outside the indications for endoscopic resection, 1,799 patients who underwent gastrectomy as the first treatment were compared with 219 patients who underwent endoscopic resection as the first treatment, There was no significant difference in mortality and gastric cancer recurrence rates between patients who initially underwent gastrectomy and patients who underwent gastrectomy after NCR; however, the mortality and gastric cancer recurrence rates were significantly higher in patients who did not undergo gastrectomy after NCR than in those who underwent gastrectomy as the first treatment [29].
Our study has some limitations. First, as it is a retrospective study, there may be some bias in patient selection. However, we believe that such a bias is compensated for by the largescale multicenter design. Second, this study included data on local recurrence in the post-ESD prognosis, but no data were collected on lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis after ESD. Third, in the survival analysis, the survival rate was analyzed only in patients with CR and in those who received no additional treatment after NCR. We believe that it is also necessary to analyze the survival rate in patients who received additional treatment, such as redo-ESD or gastrectomy after NCR.
In summary, the risk factors for NCR were older age, undifferentiated tumor, upper location of the tumor, tumor size >2 cm, and presence of an ulcer. The local recurrence rate was significantly higher in NCR, and the risk factors for local recurrence are tumor size >2 cm, submucosal invasion, horizontal margin positive, and lymphovascular invasion. In terms of survival, the DSS rate was significantly lower in NCR without further treatment than in CR. Therefore, if patients can tolerate surgical treatment, additional surgery is recommended in cases of NCR after ESD for EGC.
XML Download