Journal List > Ann Rehabil Med > v.45(3) > 1150875

Kim, Lee, Kim, Park, and Lee: Should We Delay Urodynamic Study When Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Have Asymptomatic Pyuria?

Abstract

Objective

To assess the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) with post-urodynamic study (post-UDS) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and study its relationship with pre-UDS pyuria.

Methods

Patients with SCI who were hospitalized and underwent UDS during a 4-year period were reviewed. Patients with pre-test lower urinary tract symptoms were excluded. Urinalysis and urine culture were performed before and 24 hours after UDS. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered for 5 days starting from the morning of the UDS. UTI was defined as bacteriuria with accompanying symptoms.

Results

Of 399 patients reviewed, 209 (52.4%) had pyuria in pre-UDS urinalysis, and 257 (64.4%) had bacteriuria in pre-UDS culture. Post-UDS UTI occurred in 6 (1.5%) individuals who all complained of fever: 5 (2.4%) of the post-UDS UTI cases occurred in patients with pre-UDS pyuria, and 1 (0.5%) in a person without. The differences between groups were not statistically significant (p=0.218). Of 221 patients with bacteriuria (gram-negative isolates) on pre-UDS culture, resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMT) was noted in 52.9% (117 cases), 57.0% (126 cases), and 38.9% (86 cases), respectively.

Conclusion

No difference was found in the prevalence of post-UDS UTI based on the presence of pyuria in pre-UDS urinalysis. UDS may be performed even in SCI cases of pre-UDS pyuria without increasing the prevalence of post-UDS UTI if prophylactic antibiotics are administered. TMP/SMT could be used as a first-line antibiotic for the prevention of post-UDS UTI in Korea.

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) is high in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) [1]. Although mortality due to UTI has decreased from 43% in the 1940s to 10% in the 1980s and 1990s [2], UTI remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with SCI [3]. Regular urodynamic study (UDS) is essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to UTI in patients with SCI. It is recommended to perform UDS every 3 months during the first year after injury, then at 1-year intervals thereafter [4]. While UDS is useful to identify abnormalities in the lower urinary tract, it is an invasive procedure and hence causes UTI and bacteriuria post-procedure [5]. Despite its invasiveness, every patient with SCI should still undergo UDS periodically. However, because the prevalence of post-UDS UTI has been reported to be as high as 8.6%, even in cases where sterile urine is confirmed [6], UDS is frequently delayed or canceled to prevent post-UDS UTI if asymptomatic bacteriuria or pyuria is found before the examination. This makes it difficult to reliably perform the procedure. Regarding safety, whether it is acceptable to perform the UDS when there is preUDS asymptomatic bacteriuria or pyuria in SCI patients is debatable because of these concerns. This is important, as it takes approximately 4–7 days to receive the results of urine culture. It is therefore more expeditious and useful to confirm the presence of pyuria using urinalysis, the result of which may determine whether UDS could be carried out safely. In the case of sterile pyuria, i.e., pyuria without bacteriuria, it is difficult to proceed with the test, as it is not thought to be safe. Nevertheless, there are only a few studies on the incidence of post-UDS UTI based on the presence of pyuria on urinalysis.
Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the difference in the incidence of post-UDS UTI between patients with and without pyuria on pre-UDS urinalysis, the result of which can be confirmed easily and rapidly in clinical circumstances. We also aimed to determine whether the use of prophylactic antibiotics for 5 days after UDS is beneficial for preventing UTI including cases of pre-UDS pyuria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study setting and population

This is a retrospective study of all adult patients with SCI who were admitted to our hospital from August 2015 to December 2018 and underwent UDS. Patients who had inaccurate or unknown nursing records before and after UDS, did not receive all standard tests, or had pre-UDS lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as fever, chilling, and dysuria, were excluded. Accordingly, UDS was conducted only if urinalysis performed before the examination showed sterile results, asymptomatic pyuria, or asymptomatic bacteriuria.
At the time of UDS, data of sex, age, diagnosis, injury type, neurologic level of injury (NLI), onset, duration, etiology, tetraplegia/paraplegia, underlying disease, and medication history were recorded for all patients.
Every patient received prophylactic antibiotics for 5 days beginning on the morning of the UDS regardless of the urinalysis and urine culture results. The antibiotics were ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily, cefaclor 250 mg three times daily, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMT) 400/80 mg twice daily.
Urinalysis and urine culture were performed in the morning and UDS was carried out in the afternoon. Because it takes 4–7 days to confirm culture results, only urinalysis results were available on the previous day of UDS. UDS was performed using the standard technique in a sterile setting. Urinalysis and urine culture were repeated 24 hours after UDS. LUTS, which includes, fever, chills, increasing spasticity, dysuria, and leukocytosis, were recorded for up to 7 days after UDS [7].
All study procedures were approved by Institutional Review Board at the National Rehabilitation Center and Hospital (NRC-2019-03-009), and the informed consent was wavied. We certify that all applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research.

Data definitions

Bacteriuria was defined as a colony count of >105 colony forming units/mL [8]. Because the specimen used in urinalysis was centrifuged urine, pyuria was defined when >5 white blood cells per high-power field were identified by microscopy [8-10]. Post-UDS UTI was diagnosed if bacteriuria occurred within 1 week after UDS [6] along with accompanying symptoms including fever, increasing incontinence and spasticity, malaise, or cloudy urine [11].
Voiding methods were analyzed and categorized as follows: indwelling catheters, subdivided into suprapubic and transurethral; intermittent catheterization; all other cases of urination without a catheter [12].

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Antibiotic resistance testing was performed on preand post-UDS urine cultures. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, and TMP/SMT was identified in each cultured bacterium. If sensitive, the result was defined as sensitive, and if resistant or intermediate, the results were defined as being resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin or TMP/SMT was based on the corresponding antibiotics, and that to cephalosporin was based on cefuroxime axetil.

Statistical analysis

Categorical data were presented as frequency (%) and numerical data as mean±standard deviation. For general characteristics of groups with and without pre-UDS pyuria, categorical data, such as sex, neurological level, and voiding method, were analyzed as chi-square test, and numerical data such as mean age and mean time since injury were analyzed as t-test. For determining the association of the incidence of symptomatic UTI with pyuria and bacteriuria, Fisher exact test was performed because all variables were categorical data and the expected value of some cells of the contingency table was found to be less than 5. p<0.05 was defined as statistically significant. For antibiotic resistance analysis, the chi-square test was performed in triplicate between two groups each among the three groups (ciprofloxacin, cefaclor, TMP/SMT), in which p<0.01 was defined as statistically significant to adjust for inflated type I error from multiple comparisons. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical analysis software, version 20.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Study population

From a total of 426 patients, 11 patients were excluded due to insufficient test records, 4 were excluded who missed pre-UDS culture, and 12 were of pre-adult age. A total of 399 patients with SCI (283 males and 116 females) were included in the final analysis. The general characteristics of groups with and without pre-UDS pyuria are summarized in Table 1.

Association between the pyuria and bacteriuria

Because patients with pre-UDS LUTS were excluded, all patients in the study were asymptomatic. Of the 399 patients, 209 patients (52.4%) had pyuria on pre-UDS urinalysis, and 257 (64.4%) had bacteriuria on pre-UDS culture (Table 2). In addition, 187 patients (46.9%) had concurrently both bacteriuria and pyuria in pre-UDS urinalysis and urine culture; 22 patients (5.5%) presented with pyuria only, 70 (17.5%) bacteriuria only, and 120 (32.6%) neither. Taken together, prediction of the presence of bacteriuria using the presence of pyuria had a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 63.2%.

Association between the incidence of post-UDS UTI and the presence of pre-UDS pyuria or bacteriuria

Post-UDS UTI occurred in 6/399 (1.5%) patients. In pre-UDS urinalysis, post-UDS UTI was observed in 5/209 (2.4%) patients with pre-UDS pyuria and in 1/190 (0.5%) patients without pre-UDS pyuria (Table 3). The difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.218). On pre-UDS culture, post-UDS UTI was found in 4/257 (1.6%) patients with bacteriuria and 2/142 (1.4%) patients without bacteriuria. The difference between two groups was also not statistically significant (p=1.000).

Characteristic of post-UDS UTI patients

Six patients with post-UDS UTI comprised 5 patients with pyuria and 1 without pyuria on pre-UDS urinalysis. Of the 6 patients, 4 had bacteriuria and 2 did not on preUDS culture. This is shown in the summarized characteristics of the patients (Supplementary Table S1). Bacteria grown on cultures included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All 6 patients complained of fever and received ciprofloxacin as antibiotic treatment. One patient presented with a bladder detrusor pressure higher than 40 mL/cmH2O. All 6 patients showed normal bladder capacity. A history of UTI within 1 month was recorded in one patient.
Risk factor evaluation was performed by comparing the 6 patients with post-UDS UTI (UTI group) to the other patients (no UTI group). No statistically significant differences in risk factors were found for the following variables: a history of UTI within 1 month, previous autonomic dysreflexia (AD), urinary incontinence, post-void residue, pyuria, bacteriuria, bladder emptying method, compliance, maximal detrusor pressure, or bladder capacity (Supplementary Table S2).

Microbiology and prophylactic antibiotics

Prophylactic antibiotics were administered for 399 patients, which were as follows: 291 (72.9%), 75 (18.8%), 15 (3.8%), and 18 (4.5%) patients received ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, TMP/SMT, and other antibiotics, respectively (Fig. 1). A total of 6 post-UDS UTI cases occurred from 291 patients prescribed ciprofloxacin.
Twenty-seven tests of 257 patients with pre-UDS bacteriuria showed non-specific results regarding antibiotic resistance and were excluded. Thus, regardless of the type of bacteria cultured, the results of antibiotic resistance testing for ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, and TMP/SMT were analyzed in a total of 230 cases (Table 4). Among gram-negative strains (221 cases), resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, and TMP/SMT were confirmed to be 52.9% (117 cases), 57.0% (126 cases), and 38.9% (86 cases), respectively. The results of intergroup chi-square test (Fig. 2) showed a significantly lower resistance to TMP/SMT than to ciprofloxacin (p<0.001); lower resistance to ciprofloxacin than to cephalosporin (p<0.001); and lower resistance to TMP/SMT than to cephalosporin (p=0.001). E. coli (109 cases) accounted for the highest number of cultured strains, and the remainder included K. pneumonia, Enterococcus spp., P. aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis.

DISCUSSION

Because there are many SCI cases with asymptomatic pyuria and bacteriuria unrelated to UTI, clinicians often face a difficult choice on whether they should delay UDS in cases of pre-UDS pyuria or bacteriuria. In a retrospective study of 84 patients with SCI [13], 44.1% showed asymptomatic pre-UDS bacteriuria. Likewise, in our study, pre-UDS pyuria and bacteriuria were found in 209/399 (52.4%) and 257/399 (64.4%) patients, respectively. If UDS had been delayed in all patients with pyuria, more than a half of the total cases would have been deferred. Therefore, our study was undertaken to determine whether UDS could be performed as planned even in patients with SCI showing asymptomatic pyuria or bacteriuria.
Pre-UDS pyuria and bacteriuria are two predictive parameters for post-UDS UTI. Compared with bacteriuria, pyuria is easily clinically assessed, and can predict bacteriuria with a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 63.2%, as seen in our study. This supports the findings of a similar prospective study of 56 patients with SCI, in which pyuria showed the highest sensitivity (82.8%) and positive predictive value (93.8%) for UTI [14]. Taken together, pyuria is clinically easy to detect and, due to its high predictive ability for bacteriuria and UTI, supports urinalysis for pre-UDS screening because it is an easier and more rapid procedure than is culture. Further, bacteriuria has several limitations as a marker for UTI in patients with SCI. Symptoms such as dysuria, which can be masked in patients with SCI due to sensory impairment in those with lower NLI affecting the urinary tract sensory function [9,15], and urinary symptoms, such as urinary incontinence, can occur together, even in cases without UTI. In addition, it takes 4–7 days to confirm the result of culture. To date, studies regarding the association with post-UDS UTI have used bacteriuria as a parameter, and few studies have investigated the association of pyuria. A study of 133 patients with SCI showed that the incidence of post-UDS UTI in the pre-UDS sterile group and the pre-UDS bacteriuria group was 8.6% and 32.5%, respectively, suggesting that pre-UDS bacteriuria is a risk factor for post-UDS UTI [6]. Conversely, another study of 72 patients with SCI demonstrated converse incidence of postUDS UTI in the pre-UDS sterile group and the pre-UDS bacteriuria group at 13.2% and 0%, respectively, concluding that pre-UDS bacteriuria had a negligible effect on the occurrence of post-UDS UTI [16].
In our study, the prevalence of post-UDS UTI was investigated based on pre-UDS pyuria. Although 209 patients (52.4%) had pyuria on pre-UDS analysis of 399 patients with asymptomatic SCI, no difference in the incidence of post-UDS UTI was significantly related to the presence of pre-UDS pyuria. The results of univariate analysis for risk factor evaluation suggested that pre-UDS pyuria was not a risk factor for post-UDS UTI. In a study analyzing risk factors for UDS in 140 patients with SCI [17], pyuria or bacteriuria was not found to be a risk factor for post-UDS UTI, which was consistent with the results of our study. However, since the incidence of UTI was much lower in our study than in other studies, there may be a possibility that no statistically significant result could be identified concerning risk factors for post-UDS UTI.
Although there is no consensus regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics before UDS, it is recommended that prophylactic antibiotics should be used before all invasive procedures, including UDS in high-risk groups for UTI, similar to patients with SCI [9,18-22]. Conversely, a retrospective study of 661 patients with SCI [23] showed no significant difference in the incidence of post-UDS UTI between groups using and not using prophylactic antibiotics, and concluded that prophylactic antibiotics should not be used. Although an exact comparison is limited by the study design, the incidence of post-UDS UTI in our study (1.5%) was markedly lower than that in other studies (9.7%–15.8%) [6,16]. This may probably be due to prophylactic antibiotics used in the protocol. Moreover, the study not using prophylactic antibiotics showed a higher incidence rate than our study, even though UDS was performed only in cases that were sterile in pre-UDS analysis. Therefore, considering that patients with SCI are at a high risk for UTI, use of prophylactic antibiotics pre-UDS should be considered in this population.
In utilizing prophylactic antibiotics, the selection of appropriate antibiotics is important. According to an analysis of multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms from 2,629 culture samples collected between 2001 and 2013 [24], the incidence of MDR organism growth showed a gradually increasing trend, which was verified in another study [25]. In addition, MDR organisms were found more in patients with SCI than in the general population [26,27] and were associated with increased mortality and poor outcomes in the long-term care of patients with SCI [28]. Hence, it is important to choose antibiotics that do not lead to MDR organism growth in patients with SCI; nevertheless, there is no consensus on the ideal antibiotic selection. It is difficult to decide first-line antibiotic choices because bacterial susceptibility patterns differ depending on geographical factors, although fluoroquinolone resistance has been found to increase regardless of geographic factors in several studies [25]. In the 230 cases with preUDS bacteriuria observed in our study, the resistance to TMP/SMT was 38.9%, which was lower than that of both ciprofloxacin and cephalosporin, with statistically significant differences. Although TMP/SMT has a high tissue concentration and shows a therapeutic effect similar to ciprofloxacin, its use decreased due to growing resistance in Korea which started around the 2000s. However, bacterial resistance to TMP/SMT has recently declined in Korea, which might result from the long period of decreased use [29]. This result agrees with the result of a 6-year research on antibiotic resistance that noted a decreased resistance to antibiotics as the prescription frequency of the antibiotics decreased [30]. Considering the results of our study, the therapeutic effect of TMP/SMT on UTI, and a decreased resistance to TMP/SMT in Korea, TMP/SMT may be considered for first-line antibiotic treatment in Korean patients with SCI.
Our study has three advantages. First, unlike other studies, pyuria was used as an associated parameter in the incidence of post-UDS UTI. Second, considering that aseptic procedures by an examiner are most important to prevent post-UDS UTI, this was an exceptional study that minimized potential confounding factors, possibly due to different procedure protocols in different centers, by including a large number of patients with SCI (n=399) from a single center using an identical protocol. Finally, this study included only hospitalized patients, which made it possible to scrutinize the signs, symptoms, and course related to the occurrence of post-UDS UTI for up to 7 days after the procedure.
Nevertheless, there are some limitations in this study. The number of patients with UTI was too small (n=6) for risk factor evaluation. Because UDS was performed before release of the results of pre-UDS culture, ciprofloxacin, cefaclor or TMP/SMT were used as prophylactic antibiotics regardless of the results in all cases. In addition, because this was not a therapeutic comparative study, analysis of the type and duration of prophylactic antibiotic therapy was not performed. Further studies comparing the duration, type, and dose of antibiotic administration are needed to recommend accurate guidelines.
In conclusion, UDS is an essential examination for patients with SCI although it is an invasive procedure. No difference in the incidence of post-UDS UTI was observed related to the presence of pre-UDS pyuria. Therefore, when UDS is scheduled in patients with SCI, there is no need to delay the procedure, even in cases of pre-UDS pyuria. In addition, TMP/SMT may be considered for first-line antibiotics to prevent post-UDS UTI in Korea.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Conceptualization: Lee BS. Methodology: Lee BS. Formal analysis: Lee HJ, Kim OY, Park IS, Kim EY. Project administration: Kim EY, Park IS. Visualization: Kim EY. Writing-original draft: Kim EY, Lee BS. Writing-review and editing: Kim EY, Lee BS. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Supplementary materials can be found via http://doi.org/10.5535/arm.20241.
Table S1.
Characteristics of symptomatic UTI persons
arm-20241-suppl1.pdf
Table S2.
Risk factor for post-UDS UTI
arm-20241-suppl2.pdf

REFERENCES

1. Albayrak I, Caliskan A Levendoglu F, Ozerbil OM, Dagi HT. Characteristics of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injuries hospitalized at a rehabilitation centre. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2016; 1:17–21.
crossref
2. Whiteneck GG, Charlifue SW, Frankel HL, Fraser MH, Gardner BP, Gerhart KA, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and psychosocial outcomes of persons spinal cord injured more than 20 years ago. Paraplegia. 1992; 30:617–30.
crossref
3. Edokpolo LU, Stavris KB, Foster HE Jr. Intermittent catheterization and recurrent urinary tract infection in spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012; 18:187–92.
crossref
4. Khanna R, Sandhu AS, Doddamani D. Urodynamic management of neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury. Med J Armed Forces India. 2009; 65:300–4.
crossref
5. Tsai SW, Kung FT, Chuang FC, Ou YC, Wu CJ, Huang KH. Evaluation of the relationship between urodynamic examination and urinary tract infection based on urinalysis results. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 52:493–7.
crossref
6. Bothig R, Fiebag K, Thietje R, Faschingbauer M, Hirschfeld S. Morbidity of urinary tract infection after urodynamic examination of hospitalized SCI patients: the impact of bladder management. Spinal Cord. 2013; 51:70–3.
crossref
7. Yang SO. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm. 2013; 8:73–82.
crossref
8. Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo L. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 20th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill;2018.
9. Rahimkhani M, Nikfallah A, Saberian M, Mordadi A, Varmazyar S, Tavakoli A. Urinary tract infection in spinal cord injuries. Asian J Phama Clin Res. 2014; 7:178–82.
10. Tambyah PA, Maki DG. The relationship between pyuria and infection in patients with indwelling urinary catheters: a prospective study of 761 patients. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160:673–7.
crossref
11. Goetz LL, Cardenas DD, Kennelly M, Bonne Lee BS, Linsenmeyer T, Moser C, et al. International spinal cord injury urinary tract infection basic data set. Spinal Cord. 2013; 51:700–4.
crossref
12. Oh SW, Jung JH, Cho IK, Lee HJ, Kwon SH, Lee BS. Changes in the trend in bladder emptying methods in patients with spinal cord injury: a 20-year single-center retrospective study. Ann Rehabil Med. 2020; 44:228–37.
crossref
13. Amaral DM, Pereira AM, Rodrigues MR, Gandarez MF, Cunha MR, Torres MS. Urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury after urodynamics under fosfomycin prophylaxis: a retrospective analysis. Porto Biomed J. 2019; 4:e56.
crossref
14. Massa LM, Hoffman JM, Cardenas DD. Validity, accuracy, and predictive value of urinary tract infection signs and symptoms in individuals with spinal cord injury on intermittent catheterization. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009; 32:568–73.
crossref
15. Pannek J. Treatment of urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury: guidelines, evidence, and clinical practice: a questionnaire-based survey and review of the literature. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011; 34:11–5.
16. Pannek J, Nehiba M. Morbidity of urodynamic testing in patients with spinal cord injury: is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary? Spinal Cord. 2007; 45:771–4.
crossref
17. Hwang SI, Lee BS, Han ZA, Lee HJ, Han SH, Kim MO. Factors related to the occurrence of urinary tract infection following a urodynamic study in patients with spinal cord injury. Ann Rehabil Med. 2016; 40:718–24.
crossref
18. Cameron AP, Campeau L, Brucker BM, Clemens JQ, Bales GT, Albo ME, et al. Best practice policy statement on urodynamic antibiotic prophylaxis in the non-index patient. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017; 36:915–26.
crossref
19. Litza JA, Brill JR. Urinary tract infections. Prim Care. 2010; 37:491–507.
crossref
20. Wagenlehner FM, Wagenlehner C, Schinzel S, Naber KG; Working Group “Urological Infections” of German Society of Urology. Prospective, randomized, multicentric, open, comparative study on the efficacy of a prophylactic single dose of 500 mg levofloxacin versus 1920 mg trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole versus a control group in patients undergoing TUR of the prostate. Eur Urol. 2005; 47:549–56.
21. Hirakauva EY, Bianchi-Ferraro AM, Zucchi EV, Kajikawa MM, Girao MJ, Sartori MG, et al. Incidence of Bacteriuria after Urodynamic Study with or without Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Women with Urinary Incontinence. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2017; 39:534–40.
crossref
22. Ditunno JF, Donovan WH, Oleson CV. History of spinal cord medicine. In : Kirshblum S, Lin VW, editors. Spinal cord medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Demos Medical;2018. p. 2–10.
23. da Silva MT, Barboza AL, Pijoan MM, Beraldo PS. Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to urodynamic study in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: is there an indication? Int Braz J Urol. 2019; 45:347–53.
24. Kang MS, Lee BS, Lee HJ, Hwang SW, Han ZA. Prevalence of and risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacteria in urine cultures of spinal cord injury patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015; 39:686–95.
crossref
25. Fitzpatrick MA, Suda KJ, Safdar N, Burns SP, Jones MM, Poggensee L, et al. Changes in bacterial epidemiology and antibiotic resistance among veterans with spinal cord injury/disorder over the past 9 years. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018; 41:199–207.
crossref
26. Suda KJ, Patel UC, Sabzwari R, Cao L, Ramanathan S, Hill JN, et al. Bacterial susceptibility patterns in patients with spinal cord injury and disorder (SCI/D): an opportunity for customized stewardship tools. Spinal Cord. 2016; 54:1001–9.
crossref
27. Yoon SB, Lee BS, Lee KD, Hwang SI, Lee HJ, Han ZA. Comparison of bacterial strains and antibiotic susceptibilities in urinary isolates of spinal cord injury patients from the community and hospital. Spinal Cord. 2014; 52:298–301.
crossref
28. Ramanathan S, Fitzpatrick MA, Suda KJ, Burns SP, Jones MM, LaVela et al. Multidrug-resistant gramnegative organisms and association with 1-year mortality, readmission, and length of stay in Veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders. Spinal Cord. 2020; 58:596–608.
crossref
29. Kim HY, Lee SJ, Lee DS, Yoo JM, Choe HS. Microbiological characteristics of unresolved acute uncomplicated cystitis. Microb Drug Resist. 2016; 22:387–91.
crossref
30. Kitagawa K, Shigemura K, Nomi M, Takami N, Yamada N, Fujisawa M. Use of oral third generation cephalosporins and quinolones and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant strains in the neurogenic bladder (NB) outpatient setting: a retrospective chart audit. Spinal Cord. 2020; 58:705–10.
crossref

Fig. 1.
Types of antibiotics prescribed before urodynamic study (UDS). UTI, urinary tract infection; TMP/SMT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
arm-20241f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Pre-urodynamic study results of urine culture resistance for ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMT) in gram-negative isolates.
arm-20241f2.tif
Table 1.
General characteristics of study population
Variable Pre-UDS
p-valuea)
Pyuria (n=209) No pyuria (n=190)
Sex 0.047
 Male 139 (66.5) 144 (75.8)
 Female 70 (33.5) 46 (24.2)
Neurological level 0.035
 Tetraplegia 113 (54.1) 82 (43.2)
 Paraplegia 96 (45.9) 108 (56.8)
AIS 0.000
 A 74 (35.4) 53 (27.9)
 B 42 (20.1) 16 (8.4)
 C 45 (21.5) 26 (13.7)
 D 48 (23.0) 94 (49.5)
 E 0 (0) 1 (0.5)
Mean age (yr) 49.9±17.1 50.1±17.9 0.492
Mean time since injury (mo) 28.0±69.7 21.0±57.7 0.105
Voiding method 0.000
 Voiding without catheter 36 (17.2) 88 (46.3)
 Intermittent catheterization 93 (44.5) 89 (46.8)
 Transurethral indwelling catheter 61 (29.2) 11 (5.8)
 Suprapubic indwelling catheter 19 (9.1) 2 (1.1)

Values are presented as number of patients (%).

UDS, urodynamic study; AIS, American Spinal cord Injury Association Impairment Scale.

a) Chi-square test for categorical data and t-test for numeric data.

Table 2.
Correlation between pre-UDS pyuria and pre-UDS bacteriuria (n=399)
Pyuria No pyuria Total
Bacteriuria 187 (46.9) 70 (17.5) 257 (64.4)
No bacteriuria 22 (5.5) 120 (32.6) 142 (38.1)
Total 209 (52.4) 190 (48.1) 399 (100)

Values are presented as number of patients (%).

UDS, urodynamic study.

Table 3.
Symptomatic UTI incidence association with pyuria, bacteriuria (n=399)
Subgroup Post-UDS
p-valuea)
No UTI UTI
Pre-UDS urinalysis
 Pyuria (n=209) 204 (97.6) 5 (2.4) 0.218
 No pyuria (n=190) 189 (99.5) 1 (0.5)
Pre-UDS urine culture
 Bacteriuria (n=257) 253 (98.4) 4 (1.6) 1.000
 No bacteriuria (n=142) 140 (98.6) 2 (1.4)

Values are presented as number of patients (%).

UTI, urinary tract infection; UDS, urodynamic study.

a) Fisher exact test.

Table 4.
Pre-UDS results of urine culture resistance for ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin and TMP/SMT
Uropathogens Ciprofloxacina) Cephalosporina) TMP/SMTa) Pre-UDS culture (n=230)
Escherichia coli 70/109 (64.2) 52/109 (47.7) 40/109 (36.7) 109 (47.4)
Klebsiella pneumoniae 24/48 (50.0) 23/48 (47.9) 19/48 (39.6) 48 (20.9)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4/12 (33.3) 12/12 (100) 12/12 (100) 12 (5.2)
Proteus mirabilis 9/12 (75.0) 8/12 (66.7) 9/12 (75.0) 12 (5.2)
Others 14/49 (28.6) 31/49 (63.3) 10/49 (20.4) 49 (21.3)
Total 121/230 (52.6) 126/230 (54.8) 90/230 (39.1) 230 (100)
Gram-negative bacteria 117/221 (52.9) 126/221 (57.0) 86/221 (38.9) 221 (96.1)

Values are presented as number of patients (%).

UDS, urodynamic study; TMP/SMT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; GNB, gram-negative bacteria.

a) Results of the number of resistance tests/total number of available tests.

TOOLS
Similar articles