1. Jeon WH, Park GW, Lee JH, Jeong HJ, Sim YJ. Association between location of brain lesion and clinical factors and findings of videofluoroscopic swallowing study in subacute stroke patients. Brain Neurorehabil. 2004; 7:54–60.

2. Cunningham ET, Donner MW, Jones B, Point SM. Anatomical and physiological overview. In : Jones B, Donner MW, editors. Normal and abnormal swallowing. New York: Springer;1991. p. 7–32.
3. Miller AJ. Characteristics of the swallowing reflex induced by peripheral nerve and brain stem stimulation. Exp Neurol. 1972; 34:210–22.

4. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Stroke: national clinical guideline for diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA). London: Royal College of Physicians;2008.
5. Hannawi Y, Hannawi B, Rao CP, Suarez JI, Bershad EM. Stroke-associated pneumonia: major advances and obstacles. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013; 35:430–43.

6. Finlayson O, Kapral M, Hall R, Asllani E, Selchen D, Saposnik G, et al. Risk factors, inpatient care, and outcomes of pneumonia after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2011; 77:1338–45.

7. Sellars C, Bowie L, Bagg J, Sweeney MP, Miller H, Tilston J, et al. Risk factors for chest infection in acute stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2007; 38:2284–91.
8. Chumbler NR, Williams LS, Wells CK, Lo AC, Nadeau S, Peixoto AJ, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical system for predicting pneumonia in acute stroke. Neuroepidemiology. 2010; 34:193–9.

9. Lakshminarayan K, Tsai AW, Tong X, Vazquez G, Peacock JM, George MG, et al. Utility of dysphagia screening results in predicting poststroke pneumonia. Stroke. 2010; 41:2849–54.

10. Smithard DG, O’Neill PA, Parks C, Morris J. Complications and outcome after acute stroke. Does dysphagia matter? Stroke. 1996; 27:1200–4.
11. Mo SJ, Jeong HJ, Han YH, Hwang K, Choi JK. Association of brain lesions and videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale parameters on patients with acute cerebral infarctions. Ann Rehabil Med. 2018; 42:560–8.

12. Zhou Z, Vincent F, Salle JY, Antonini MT, Aliamus V, Daviet JC. Acute stroke phase voluntary cough and correlation with maximum phonation time. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012; 91:494–500.

13. Harraf F, Ward K, Man W, Rafferty G, Mills K, Polkey M, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation study of expiratory muscle weakness in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2008; 71:2000–7.

14. Ward K, Seymour J, Steier J, Jolley CJ, Polkey MI, Kalra L, et al. Acute ischaemic hemispheric stroke is associated with impairment of reflex in addition to voluntary cough. Eur Respir J. 2010; 36:1383–90.

15. Saito J, Koyama T, Domen K. Long-term outcomes of FIM motor items predicted from acute stage NIHSS of patients with middle cerebral artery infarct. Ann Rehabil Med. 2018; 42:670–81.

16. Ali M, Fulton R, Quinn T, Brady M; VISTA Collaboration. How well do standard stroke outcome measures reflect quality of life? A retrospective analysis of clinical trial data. Stroke. 2013; 44:3161–5.
17. Rangaraju S, Haussen D, Nogueira RG, Nahab F, Frankel M. Comparison of 3-month stroke disability and quality of life across Modified Rankin Scale categories. Interv Neurol. 2017; 6:36–41.

18. Rosenbek JC, Robbins JA, Roecker EB, Coyle JL, Wood JL. A penetration-aspiration scale. Dysphagia. 1996; 11:93–8.

19. Eisenhuber E, Schima W, Schober E, Pokieser P, Stadler A, Scharitzer M, et al. Videofluoroscopic assessment of patients with dysphagia: pharyngeal retention is a predictive factor for aspiration. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002; 178:393–8.
20. Houston JG, Fleet M, Cowan MD, McMillan NC. Comparison of ultrasound with fluoroscopy in the assessment of suspected hemidiaphragmatic movement abnormality. Clin Radiol. 1995; 50:95–8.

21. Boussuges A, Gole Y, Blanc P. Diaphragmatic motion studied by m-mode ultrasonography: methods, reproducibility, and normal values. Chest. 2009; 135:391–400.
22. Resman-Gaspersc A, Podnar S. Phrenic nerve conduction studies: technical aspects and normative data. Muscle Nerve. 2008; 37:36–41.

23. Voyvoda N, Yucel C, Karatas G, Oguzulgen I, Oktar S. An evaluation of diaphragmatic movements in hemiplegic patients. Br J Radiol. 2012; 85:411–4.

24. Mitchell RA, Berger AJ. Neural regulation of respiration. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975; 111:206–24.

25. Nathan PW. The descending respiratory pathway in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1963; 26:487–99.

26. Abdala AP, Rybak IA, Smith JC, Zoccal DB, Machado BH, St-John WM, et al. Multiple pontomedullary mechanisms of respiratory rhythmogenesis. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009; 168:19–25.

27. Fregosi RF, Fuller DD. Respiratory-related control of extrinsic tongue muscle activity. Respir Physiol. 1997; 110:295–306.

28. van Lunteren E, Dick TE. Intrinsic properties of pharyngeal and diaphragmatic respiratory motoneurons and muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992; 73:787–800.

29. Martin BJ, Logemann JA, Shaker R, Dodds WJ. Coordination between respiration and swallowing: respiratory phase relationships and temporal integration. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994; 76:714–23.

30. Selley WG, Flack FC, Ellis RE, Brooks WA. Respiratory patterns associated with swallowing. Part 2. Neurologically impaired dysphagic patients. Age Ageing. 1989; 18:173–6.

31. Leslie P, Drinnan MJ, Ford GA, Wilson JA. Swallow respiration patterns in dysphagic patients following acute stroke. Dysphagia. 2002; 17:202–7.
