Does C5 or C6 Radiculopathy Affect the Signal Intensity of the Brachial Plexus on Magnetic Resonance Neurography?

Tae Gyu Seo; Du Hwan Kim; In-Soo Kim; Eun Seok Son

doi:10.5535/arm.2016.40.2.362

Abstract

Patients with C5 or C6 radiculopathy complain of shoulder area pain or shoulder girdle weakness. Typical idiopathic neuralgic amyotrophy (INA) is also characterized by severe shoulder pain, followed by paresis of shoulder girdle muscles. Recent studies have demonstrated that magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) of the brachial plexus and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the shoulder in patients with INA show high signal intensity (HSI) or thickening of the brachial plexus and changes in intramuscular denervation of the shoulder girdle. We evaluated the value of brachial plexus MRN and shoulder MRI in four patients with typical C5 or C6 radiculopathy. HSI of the brachial plexus was noted in all patients and intramuscular changes were observed in two patients who had symptoms over 4 weeks. Our results suggest that HSI or thickening of the brachial plexus and changes in intramuscular denervation of the shoulder girdle on MRN and MRI may not be specific for INA.

INTRODUCTION

Cervical radiculopathy (CR) is a common pain syndrome characterized by sensorimotor deficits due to cervical nerve root compression and inflammation [1]. In C5 or C6 radiculopathy, the proximal shoulder girdle muscles are commonly involved and it may be difficult for the patients to raise their shoulder [1]. The diagnosis of CR is based on clinical findings, imaging studies, and electrodiagnostic testing.

There are some disorders that mimic C5 or C6 radiculopathy. Idiopathic neuralgic amyotrophy (INA) is typically characterized by severe pain in the shoulder girdle and subsequent weakness of shoulder girdle muscles [2]. Thus, it is very difficult to distinguish C5 or C6 radiculopathy from INA because of similar manifestations. Previous reports suggested that the findings such as thickening and hyperintensity of the brachial plexus on magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) may help in early diagnosis of INA [3 4].

However, we hypothesized that previous MRN findings suggestive of INA could also be present in C5 or C6 radiculopathy patients because nerve root enhancement and thickening on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reported in lumbar disc herniation [5]. There have been few reports on MRN findings in C5 or C6 radiculopathy. We report MRN and conventional MRI findings in four patients with C5 or C6 radiculopathy.

CASE REPORT

A summary of the findings in four patients is presented in Tables 1 and 2. Case 1 has been described in detail.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 illustrate brachial plexus MRN and cervical or shoulder MRI in each patient. Coronal T2 short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) image of brachial plexus MRN showed high signal intensity (HSI) or thickening of a single spinal nerve, which coincided with the level of herniated disc or stenosis in all four patients. T2-weighted image of shoulder MRI also revealed increased signal intensity or atrophy of shoulder girdle muscles in two patients who had symptoms over 4 weeks.

Case 1

A 40-year old male presented with a 6-week history of sudden-onset left shoulder girdle pain and intermittent radicular pain in the distal arm. At the onset, pain was too severe to allow rotation of the neck. Two weeks later, he noticed that he could not elevate his shoulder. At the first visit, pain severity was 5 according to the visual analog scale. There was atrophy of the left shoulder girdle muscles. Medical Research Council grade of the shoulder abductor, external rotator, and elbow flexor muscles was 2/5. Sensory examination revealed abnormal sensation to light touch over the thumb area. The Spurling test was positive and radicular pain was relieved by shoulder abduction (Table 1).

Electrodiagnostic testing was performed at 6 weeks after the onset of pain. The sensory nerve conduction studies (NCSs) were normal. Motor NCSs of the suprascapular nerve and the axillary nerve showed markedly reduced amplitude in comparison with the unaffected side. Needle electromyography revealed abnormal spontaneous activity in the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, brachioradialis, deltoid, and C6 paraspinal muscle. The presence of anti-ganglioside antibody was not assessed (Table 2).

Cervical spine MRI and brachial plexus MRN were performed using a 1.5-T scanner (Avanto; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Cervical spine MRI showed herniation of the C5–6 intervertebral disc compressing the C6 root. Coronal T2 weighted STIR image (TR, 3800 ms; TE, 206 ms) of brachial plexus MRN demonstrated HSI in the C6 spinal nerve. T2 weighted STIR image (TR, 4030 ms; TE, 35 ms) of shoulder MRI revealed HSI in the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and deltoid (Table 2, Fig. 1).

A diagnosis of C6 radiculopathy due to C5–6 herniated disc was made according to the clinical manifestations, physical examination, electrodiagnostic testing, and imaging study. He received surgical treatment with C5–6 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Six months after surgery, pain had completely subsided and weakness had improved.

DISCUSSION

We made a diagnosis of CR in the four cases on the basis of history taking, physical examination, cervical MRI, and electrodiagnostic testing. Although only clinical presentations are not sufficient to distinguish CR from INA, CR typically presents with neck posture-dependent radiating pain and multiple provocation maneuvers (Spurling test, shoulder abduction test, and upper limb tension test) are more reliable in providing an accurate diagnosis of CR [1]. The characteristics of pain in INA are acute, very severe (numeric rating scale >7) and anything that the patient had not experienced before [6]. If not, one should consider alternative diagnosis rather than INA [6]. All patients had a positive Spurling sign and relief of radicular pain with shoulder abduction although their symptoms lasted for 3 weeks, suggesting mechanical compression of cervical roots. Cases 1 and 2 had obvious herniation of intervertebral discs. Dramatic improvement after C5–6 ACDF in case 1 favored the diagnosis of C6 radiculopathy rather than INA. Gradual onset, pain severity and improvement after surgery in case 3 also favored the diagnosis of C5 radiculopathy. Prominent stenosis at the concordant level, pain severity and the absence of abrupt-onset pain suggested the diagnosis of CR in case 4. All patients had abnormal spontaneous activity in the paraspinal muscle, which also suggested the diagnosis of CR.

When the physician encounters a patient with suddenonset severe shoulder pain and subsequent wasting of shoulder girdle muscles, the diagnosis becomes challenging. Although INA is a very discrete entity, the diagnosis of INA should be made when explainable lesions are ruled out [2]. It is sometimes impossible to distinguish INA from CR, especially if the patient has multilevel cervical spondylosis. However, early differential diagnosis of the two diseases is important because both delayed decompression in compressive C5 radiculopathy and unnecessary surgery for INA should be avoided.

Previous studies have demonstrated that HSI or thickening of the brachial plexus and edematous or atrophic change in shoulder girdle muscles were observed on brachial plexus MRN and conventional shoulder MRI of patients with INA [3 4 7 8]. The diagnosis of INA is suggested when there is an abnormality of shoulder girdle muscles and other causes such as trauma, excessive overhead activity, myopathy, myositis and tumor can be excluded [7]. However, our results suggest that abnormal signal intensity in the affected muscles might not be specific to INA and it only reflects the denervation process. Denervation in CR may cause an abnormal signal change on conventional MRI. Previous studies have revealed that in patients with acute or subacute INA, the brachial plexus was thickened and hyperintense on MRN [3 4]. However, our cases suggest that these findings do not guarantee the diagnosis of INA. We emphasize that both brachial plexus MRN and shoulder MRI should be taken with the consideration of clinical history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic testing.

Park et al. [4] reported that three of four patients with INA had HSI in both C5 and C6 roots and one patient had HSI only in the C5 root. All our patients with C5 or C6 radiculopathy had HSI in only a single spinal nerve, which coincided with the level of herniated disc or stenosis. Further larger studies are needed to clarify whether the number of involved roots can distinguish CR from INA. We infer the clinical usefulness of brachial plexus MRN in CR based on case 3. In this patient, who had multilevel foraminal stenosis, determination of the affected level was difficult. In case 3, we detected HSI only in the C5 root and spinal nerve. Pain and weakness markedly improved after single-level decompression. Brachial plexus MRN might also be helpful in the management of multilevel cervical spondylosis.

We reported four patients with C5 or C6 radiculopathy who had definite weakness of shoulder girdle muscles. Our cases may not be typical because C5 or C6 radiculopathy without definite weakness is more common. Further investigation is needed to assess whether patients with relatively mild weakness or no weakness have similar patterns on brachial plexus MRN.

In conclusion, signal abnormality in the brachial plexus and shoulder girdle muscles on MR can be present in C5 or C6 radiculopathy. One should be careful about putting too much emphasis on brachial plexus MRN and shoulder MRI in the diagnosis of shoulder girdle pain and subsequent weakness. Brachial plexus MRN may be clinically useful for determination of the decompression level in patients with mutilevel foraminal stenosis.