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INTRODUCTION
Stroke is a leading cause of disability; therefore, it is important to develop individualized care plans for post-stroke patients to minimize the impact of stroke for successful rehabilitation outcomes. Because a hemiplegic patient's quality of life depends on her or his ability to ambulate and to do activities of daily living (ADL), predicting functional recovery at the acute stage is very important. There has been extensive research on prediction of functional recovery [1]. Most research was based on multifactorial assessments, comparing the patients' state at admission and at discharge, age at onset, previous stroke history, urinary incontinence, mental status and orientation at onset, severity of paralysis at onset, ability to do ADL at onset, and sitting balance at onset as predictors for functional recovery [2,3]. However, half of stroke patients were able to ambulate within the first 3 months [4,5], and improved significantly in most ADL within the first 6 months [5]. Therefore, we hypothesized that predicting the patients' functional outcomes in the first 6 months could be useful for a clinician to plan and treat stroke patients in their rehabilitation stages.
There are few reports predicting prognosis at subacute stage, but in 2003 Meijer et al. [6] found that urinary incontinence, initial ADL disability, ambulation, high age, severe paresis or paralysis, impaired swallowing, apraxia and stroke complication are possible predictors in the subacute stage in the systemic review. Sitting balance, one of the initial predictors, was positively correlated with final disability in stroke patients, and there was a positive correlation between sitting balance improvement and disabilities during the hospitalization [7]. There are, however, not many clinical tools to assess sitting balance of acute stroke patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate "sitting-unsupported" Berg Balance Scale (SUB), a subcomponent of the Korean version of Berg Balance Scale (K-BBS), as a predictor of functional outcome at subacute stage [8,9] (Table 1).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The medical records of thirty patients from October 2006 to February 2010 were reviewed. The protocol of this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, approval number HC11RISI0114. Inclusion criteria were first stroke attack, either cerebral infarct or cerebral hemorrhage, undergoing rehabilitation at our institution and having follow-up evaluation at 6 months post-stroke. Exclusion criteria were any orthopedic problem like fractures or any other combined neurologic diseases. Thirty patients (11 females and 19 males) were included in this study. Seven patients suffered from an ischemic accident, and 23 had a hemorrhagic stroke. The median age was 57.5 years, ranging from 34 to 89 years (Table 2).
The initial mental status of the patient was evaluated using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and cognitive function was tested by Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). Dysphagia was evaluated by videofluorographic swallowing study (VFSS). Functional ability was measured using the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). In addition, the following were extracted from the patients' hospital records: initial K-BBS including SUB and K-MBI at onset and at 6 months, K-MMSE, GCS at onset and other functional parameters known to affect functional outcome.
Cases were divided into low (score ≤2; group I) and high (score ≥3; group II) initial SUB score groups. Correlation and regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between the initial SUB on the K-MBI at 6 months (Table 2).
The data were analyzed using the statistical package for the SAS ver. 9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The differences between clinical functional parameters of groups I and II were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed rank test and chi-square test. To evaluate the distribution of initial functional parameters according to K-MBI after 6 months, the patients were divided into two groups according to K-MBI score at 6 months (cutoff value, 75). The difference was tested by using Wilcoxon ranks test and Fisher's exact test. The correlations between K-MBI and other functional parameters were tested using Spearman rank correlation coefficients and logistic regression. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was selected because of the BBS's ordinal data scale.
RESULTS
This study included 30 stroke patients (group I, 18; group II, 12), divided into groups I and II by the initial SUB scores (group I, score ≤2; group II, score ≥3). The demographic and clinical variables of participants are summarized in the Table 2. The differences were tested by using Wilcoxon ranks test and Fisher's exact test. Correlation and regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between the initial SUB on the K-MBI at 6 months (Table 2). The mean±standard deviation score of initial SUB/K-MBI at 6 months of groups I and II were 0.056±0.236/26.89±32.48, 3.58±0.515/80.25±18.78, respectively, and differed significant (p<0.05).
To show the relationship of variables to the functional performance measurements, Spearman correlation coefficients were evaluated. K-MBI at 6 months showed high correlations with initial GCS, SUB, K-BBS, K-MMSE, and initial K-MBI except age (p<0.05) (Table 3). In multiple linear regression analysis, only initial SUB and GCS scores remained significantly associated with K-MBI at 6 months (R2=0.69, p<0.001). Other functional outcome measurements and K-MBI at 6 months did not show significant relationships in the multiple linear regression analysis.
To present the distribution of initial functional parameters according to K-MBI at 6 months, the patients were divided into two groups according to K-MBI score at 6 months (cutoff value, 75). Either Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon ranks test was done on initial SUB, initial K-BBS, initial K-MBI, K-MMSE, dysphagia, and GCS. According to the distribution, there were significant relationships between K-MBI at 6 months and the initial functional parameters including initial SUB, K-BBS, K-MBI, K-MMSE, GCS and dysphagia (Table 4).
A univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that initial SUB (p=0.004, odds ratio [OR]=16), initial K-BBS (p=0.015, OR=19), K-MBI (p=0.012, OR=9.3), dysphagia (p=0.004, OR=16), GCS (p=0.015, OR=16.7), and K-MMSE (p=0.036, OR=6), were all significant predictors of K-MBI scores at 6 months (Table 5). Group II (initial SUB ≥3) had 16 times higher probability for K-MBI at 6 months to improve above 75, compared with the Group I (initial SUB <3) (Table 5). In addition, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was done, and only initial MMSE was a significant predictor.
DISCUSSION
The aim of this present study was to evaluate the impact of the initial SUB, the specific trunk control parameter, on the patients' functional outcome as assessed by K-MBI at 6 months. We reviewed the medical records of all patients and recorded their initial K-BBS and K-MBI score at the time of admission and again at 6 months. As mentioned, initial SUB score was one of the significant predictors for functional improvement. It is important for a clinician to establish an individualized rehabilitation plan for a patient, predicting abilities to ambulate and to do ADL. Especially predicting the patients' functional outcomes at first 6 months is helpful for a clinician to set individualized goals in the treatment of stroke patients during rehabilitation.
Trunk balance control is an essential motor ability for the execution of many functional tasks. The BBS was originally designed to evaluate balance in older adults [9]. The BBS involves minimal equipment and space and does not require special training. Although it allows quantitative assessment of balance for acute stroke patients, it is limited in that not all of the 14 items can apply to patients with complete loss of trunk balance or comatose patients. In this present study, we used early assessment of sitting balance (SUB) only to predict the functional outcome of stroke patients, and found a statistically significant relationship between SUB and K-MBI at 6 months.
As analyzing the data, there was a stronger relationship between initial SUB and K-MBI at 6 months than between K-BBS and K-MBI. This might be because K-MBI assesses ADL, which requires sitting balance for feeding and dressing. There are several studies that evaluated sitting balance as a predictor of the functional outcome [10-12]. While several tools have been developed to assess sitting balance, there are no satisfactory tools available presently [13]. There are a number of scales including classic static, dynamic position balance, Trunk Impairment Scale [14], Clinical Outcome Variables Scale [15], Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke [16], and K-BBS. The BBS is a commonly used outcome tool in clinical practice [17], and the clinical usefulness of Korean version has also been proven [9]. Sitting unsupported position can be easily accessed by observing a patient sitting on a bed or a mat without support. It is scored from 0 to 4, with a score of 0 representing the inability to sit without support and a score of 4 representing the ability to sit safely and securely for 2 minutes (Table 1). The SUB can easily be administered to all stroke patients with minimal space and time. Therefore, according to the results of this study, SUB can be helpful to predict the functional outcome of stroke patients.
There have been several published studies that stated K-BBS is a reliable measurement for stroke patients with internal consistency. Jung et al. [8] stated that K-BBS was useful in predicting functional status at discharge in stroke patients, with a high relationship to Functional Independence Measure score. However, in this study, only K-MMSE has a statistically significant relationship with the K-MBI at 6 months on multivariate logistic regression analysis. This might be due to the characteristics of the study subjects, who had lower average K-BBS scores compared to those in other studies. In fact, patients with cognitive dysfunction were excluded in other studies [9]. Because our study included more severe stroke patients, as reflected by the low K-MMSE score, we believe that the SUB is more helpful in predicting the functional outcome of the patients than initial K-BBS for severe stroke patients as mentioned in the study of Juneja et al [18].
The limitations of the current study include possible selection bias due to its retrospective nature and the small number of study subjects. Therefore, we suggest a prospective randomized controlled test needs to be conducted. An additional limitation might be based on a small number of patients. As multivariate logistic regression was used to examine several possible predicting factors on K-MBI at 6 months, there was no statistically significant relationship between K-MBI at 6 months and SUB. However, Spearman correlation coefficients and the multiple linear regression analysis indicated that initial SUB remained statistically significant to K-MBI at 6 months. Therefore, it seems that the small number of patients included in this study influenced the results of the multivariate logistic regression test. Furthermore, a large-scale prospective study should be conducted.
In this present study, we evaluated the impact of initial SUB, the specific trunk control parameter, on patients' functional outcome, K-MBI at 6 months. Besides, K-BBS, K-MBI, K-MMSE, dysphagia, and initial GCS score have a positive correlation with the functional outcome. Among several prognostic indicators, SUB can be used to evaluate balance abilities of acute stroke patients and as a predictor for subacute functional outcome with convenience. Further studies with concurrent controls and a larger sample group are recommended to fully establish this tool.
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