PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
A tracheostomy is performed for long term mechanical ventilation, central nervous system disorders, excessive respiratory secretion resolution, bypass surgery is required for upper airway obstruction.1,2 However, problems with a tracheostomy include: aspiration and dysphagia even though purpose of it's placement may be to prevent aspiration.3,4 Actually, aspiration is observed in 50 to 83% of patients with tracheostomy placement.5-7
Other complications linked to tracheostomy have been reported as hypokinesia and hypoesthesia which may occur in the swallowing mechanism.8 Dysphagia and aspiration may occur due to insufficient laryngeal elevation and desensitization of larynx, both of which can be caused by: an obstruction of upper esophagus due to the pressure of the tracheostomy tube and laryngeal hypoesthesia and hypokinesia due to tracheal mucosal injury or respiratory airflow abnormality.9 A hypothesis has been suggested in previous reports that a tracheostomy may affect pharyngeal structure movements, such as laryngeal elevation, and causes aspiration and dysphagia. Nevertheless, few studies have been conducted with a sufficient number of subjects, and moreover, quantitative analysis data has been insufficient as required.10-16
Aspiration and dysphagia are known to occur during the pharyngeal stage in the swallowing process. It has recently been possible to make a quantitative analysis of kinematic indicators by videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS).17-20 In this study, VFSS were conducted on 19 patients before and after a tracheostomy procedure, and a two-dimensional quantitative analysis was made of kinematic indicators including the movements of the hyoid bone and the laryngeal prominence to investigate whether removal of the tracheostomy tube would cause changes in kinematic indicators, especially in the movements of the hyoid bone and the laryngeal prominence, during the swallowing process.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
This study was conducted between March 2009 and April 2011 on stroke patients who required tracheostomies and were diagnosed with dysphagia by scoring less than or equal to 5 in 'American Speech-Language Hearing Association National Outcomes Measurements System Swallowing Scale (ASHA-NOMS)'.21 Prior to decannulation, we checked tracheal patency with an otolaryngologist and investigated: whether mechanical ventilation could be stopped, whether respiration could be maintained for 48 hours or longer with the tube corked, and whether the patient could perform spontaneous sputum expectoration.8
A total of 19 patients were included in this study. The exclusion criteria included: patients who scored consider less than or equal to 9 in the JFK Coma Recovery Scale (JFK-CRS) Score22 (patients in vegetative states); patients that had a history of medical diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute respiratory distress syndrome), and patients that had diseases which may lead to dysphgia (such as spinal cord injuries or spinal cord tumors, head and neck tumors, muscular diseases, hereditary diseases). The group of subjects had a mean age of 52.0. They were composed of 12 men and 7 women. Among the 19 patients, 16 had a hemorrhagic stroke and 3 had an cerebral infarction. The average length of time from tracheostomy to decannulation were performed 289.7 days and 460.6 days after symptom onset respectively. The ASHA-NOMS score averaged 2.8 which means degree of dysphagia.
Methods
Basic examinations
The period between symptom onset and tracheostomy placement and between symptom onset and decannulation were measured. Subjects were checked for cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage in a brain CT or MRI, and took 'Korean Version of Mini-Mental State Exam (K-MMSE)' and JFK-CRS,22 in addition to ASHA-NOMS21 to gather basic information on dysphagia (Table 1).
Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS)
VFSS were performed at: 2 weeks before (T0), within 24 hours before (T1), within 24 hours after (T2) and 2 weeks after (T3) decannulation. The results of 2 weeks before decannulation (T0) was compared with those of within 24 hours before decannulation (T1) in order to check out whether neurologic recovery was affected or a change occurred in the movements of the hyoid bone and the laryngeal prominence, and a comparison was made within 24 hours before decannulation (T1) and within 24 hours after decannulation (T2) to reveal a change that occurred immediately after decannulation. In addition, 2 weeks after decannulation (T3) was compared with within 24 hours before decannulation (T1) to prove out delay effects (Fig. 1). VFSS were performed 18 times in all and 3 times of each with 3 types of thickness (liquid, semisolid and solid) and 2 types of amount (5 cc and 15 cc). By use of a laser ranger finder DLE50 (Bosch, Stuttgart, Germany), the radiation generator was so kept that it might be within 50 cm from the external auditory meatus and the deviation could be minimized. All the images of VFSS were recorded on DVDs at 30 frames per second by digital files.
Two-dimensional kinematic analysis
The images of videofluoroscopies were analyzed by the use of a two-dimensional kinematic analysis program 'GraphClick (Arizona-Software, Phoenix, USA)'. The images were analyzed by one other than VFSS performers in order that errors could be minimized. The anterior region of the hyoid bone and the laryngeal prominence were marked separately on each frame. In accordance with the method of Logemann et al.,19 the anteroinferior part of the fourth cervical vertebra was defined as the zero point, from where a line was drawn to the anteroinferior part of the second cervical vertebra. The line was defined as the y-axis. Another line, perpendicular to the y-axis, was defined as the x-axis. The results of VFSS, performed four times for each patient, were corrected in reference to the anterior length of the fourth cervical vertebra, which is a fixed length (Fig. 2). The maximal movements of the hyoid bone and the laryngeal prominence were calculated on the basis of x and y-axes. Pharyngeal transition time was defined as the time it took for a bolus to pass through the upper esophageal sphincter via line between the mandibular ramus and the lingual base. Stage transition duration was defined as the time it took for the larynx to be lifted after the bolus head reached the line between the lingual base and the lower boundary of the mandible; the time was regarded as minus when the larynx was lifted before the head of a bolus reaches the line between the lingual base and the lower boundary of the mandible. 23 A calculation was made of maximal hyoid movement 'c' on the basis of x and y-coordinates worked out in regards to the position taken before hyoid movement (A) and the position where it was maximal displacement (B). Likewise, maximal laryngeal movement 'c' was calculated with x and y-coordinates worked out as regards the position taken before laryngeal movement (A) and the position of maximal movement (B) (Fig. 3).
A statistical analysis was made of the kinematic differences among periods (T1, T2, T3) by use of the repeated ANOVA test, and inter-period differences (T1-T2, T2-T3 and T2-T4) were analyzed through the paired t-test. The data were finally verified with Bonfenoni correction. All data were analyzed by use of the 'Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS; version 17.0)' program and the significance level was defined as where the p-value was less than 0.05.
RESULTS
Quantitative comparison of kinematic data before decannulation
In comparing pharyngeal transition time and stage transition duration, there were no statistically significant differences 2 weeks before, within 24 hours before, within 24 hours after and 2 weeks after decannulation (Table 2).
No statistically significant differences in the maximal, horizontal and vertical movements of the hyoid bone, 2 weeks before and within 24 hours before decannulation (Fig. 4). In the maximal, horizontal and vertical movements of the laryngeal prominence, statistically significant differences were not observed 2 weeks beforeand within 24 hours before decannulation (Fig. 5).
Quantitative comparison of kinematic data after decannulation
On the repeated ANOVA test conducted on the maximal and vertical movements of the hyoid bone, statistically significant differences were observed within 24 hours before, within 24 hours after and 2 weeks after decannulation (p=0.001, 0.007). In horizontal hyoid movement, however, there was no significant difference within 24 hours before, within 24 hours after and 2 weeks after decannulation (p=0.462). The horizontal and vertical movements of the laryngeal prominence showed statistically significant difference (p=0.003, 0.003, 0.002).
Maximal hyoid movement was calculated at 24.2±1.1 within 24 hours before decannulation and at 27.5±1.2 within 24 hours after decannulation, and thus a statistically significant increase was observed on the paired t-test (p=0.006). In horizontal movement, significant differences were not observed within 24 hours before and after decannulation. However, the vertical movement significantly increased from 21.5±1.0 (within 24 hours before decannulation) to 24.9±11.5 (within 24 hours after decannulation), (p=0.002) (Fig. 4).
Maximal laryngeal movement was calculated at 26.1±1.1 within 24 hours before decannulation and at 31.9±1.3 24 hours after it, and increased significantly in the paired t-test (p=0.000). In horizontal movement, there was no significant difference at the two time points. On the other hand, the vertical movement significantly increased from 24.5±10.9 to 30.3±1.3 at respective timepoints (p=0.000) (Fig. 5).
Maximal laryngeal movement tended to decrease after decannulation, but it significantly increased 2 weeks after decannulation on the paired t-test (26.1±1.1, 29.6±1.1) (p=0.001). The horizontal movement was calculated at 7.7±0.5 immediately before decannulation and increased to 10.0±0.6 after 2 weeks, showed a statistically significant increase (p=0.000). Moreover, the vertical movement significantly increased from 8.5±1.9 to 24.5±10.8 (p=0.016). In hyoid movement, any significant differences were not observed within 24 hours before decannulation, 2 weeks after decannulation (Fig. 3, 4).
Pharyngeal transition time and stage transition duration did not show any significant differences within 24 hours before, within 24 hours after and 2 weeks after decannulation (Table 2).
Correlation between severity of dysphagia and change of kinematic data
Significant correlations were not observed in the ASHA-NOMS scores measured within 24 hours before decannulation, pharyngeal transition time taken within 24 hours before and after it, and stage transition duration taken at the same time points. All indicators, relevant to hyoid and laryngeal movements, did not show significant correlations with severity of dysphagia.
DISCUSSION
It has been reported that aspiration occurs in 50 to 83% of patients who underwent tracheostomies.11,24 Cha et al.,25 who conducted VFSS on stroke patients having tracheostomy and ones who did not, reported that the two did not show significant differences during the oral stage and the laryngeal stage, but that asymptomatic aspiration occurred much more in patients who underwent tracheostomy.
The hyoid bone protects the airway, in order to prevent aspiration in a swallowing process, the suprahyoid muscle contracts anterosuperiorly and covers the epiglottis. In case of the decrease of hyoid bone movement, it heightens the risk of aspiration, disturbes the relaxation of cricopharyngeous muscle, and retards the transit of boluses.26,27
Bonanno10 researched into hyoid lifts before and after tracheostomy in 3 patients, and reported that the tracheostomy tube hindered effective deglutition because it fixed the larynx to the tissue around the neck, so disturbed elevation of hyoid-mandibular complex, anterior displacing of the larynx, and hindered the relaxation of cricopharyngeous muscle. Also consider long term VFSS on patients was conducted by Elpern et al.28 showed aspirations after undergoing tracheostomies and ones who did not, and reported that inactive laryngeal elevations were more frequent in patients who showed aspirations, which implies that inactive laryngeal elevation is a principal factor of aspiration that occurs after tracheostomy. Ding and Logemann11 reported that inactive laryngeal elevation and abnormal aspiration increased more significantly when the cuff of the tracheostomy tube was inflating than when it was deflating. Furthermore, a hypothesis has been formulated in many reports that the tracheostomy tube may inhibit laryngeal elevation.29,30
On the contrary to the a fore mentioned, Terk et al.,15 who made a quantitative analysis of pharynx-hyoid distance and maximal hyoid movement in 7 patients, and represented that there were no significant differences between patients who were having tracheostomy tubes placed in their tracheas and ones who did not.
In this quantitative analysis study, the use of kinematic indicators during the laryngeal stage, showed that maximal and vertical hyoid movements and laryngeal movement significantly increased immediately after decannulation compared to before it. For reference, horizontal hyoid movement and laryngeal movement did not show significant differences. Laryngeal movement increased significantly 2 weeks after decannulation. These results were similar to those of previous studies.4,10,29,30 What is remarkable is that this study and that of Terk et al.15 showed different results though they were similar in measurement. Possible reasons are as follows: the study of Terk et al.15 was a limit to small number of subjects, and this study was conducted on patients with dysphagia, whereas their study on patients who were able to take oral foods and had no dysphagia in spite of tracheostomy.
The results of this study support the hypothesis that the tracheostomy tube fixes the larynx to the tissue around the neck and hinders laryngeal movements and hyoid and laryngeal movements during the normal swallowing process, but Logemann et al.31 reported that when the upper esophageal sphincter opened, maximal laryngeal and hyoid lifts could be improved just by the tracheostomy tube's being stopped up by hand. To sum them up, it appears that the tracheotomy tube directly disturbes laryngeal movements.
Goldsmith32 reported that the tracheostomy tube itself is fixed the larynx, could not form sublingual pressure, and caused delayed effects relevant to muscular damage and disuse atrophy. In this study VFSS, conducted immediately after and 2 weeks after decannulation, showed that changes occurred in most movements excluding horizontal laryngeal movement, and that delayed effects were observed partially.
In addition, it is known that the tracheostomy tube causes disturbance of oral movement, changes in anatomical structure, decrease of sensation, the obstruction of airway obstruction related to the traheostomy and impairment of motor coordination,12 and that it changes pharyngeal aerodynamics, precludes positive subglottic air pressure, and disturbed the larynx defense reflex.18,31,33 The tracheostomy tube cuffinflation is not the absolute solution to aspiration,13 an increase in cuff pressure heightens swallowing pressure, which may end in tissue necrosis and tracheal wall injury.35 Accordingly, there is the need to conduct future research into the influence of tracheostomy on dysphagia and aspiration.
In this study there was a limit to sample size. Thus, it future studies should be conducted with a sufficient number of subjects. Also there were no significant differences in all the indicators checked 2 weeks before and immediately before decannulation, but the problem is that the comparison was limited to kinematic indicators and the influences of various variables might not be ruled out completely. In this regard, a randomized and controlled study needs to be conductedso that more accurate results may be produced afterward.
CONCLUSION
In this quantitative analysis study using of kinematic indicators that indicated during the pharyngeal stage. The results showed that after decannulation, laryngeal and hyoid movements were improved in the swallowing process, which may be admissible as evidence to support the hypothesis that tracheostomy may disturb laryngeal and hyoid movements.
XML Download