In this study, 46 patients represented the retrospective methods used in patients treated within 6 h post-stroke. All patients were admitted to our center between May 2013 and December 2014. For inpatients with unknown timing of onset, the last time the patient was intact was defined as the onset. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) No surgical removal of the hematoma was performed; (2) supratentorial ICH, which is defined as sudden bleeding in the brain parenchyma located in the supratentorial region, which may extend to the ventricles and/or subarachnoid space, identified by computed tomography (CT) scan and clinical history; (3) neurological status of seven points or higher on the Glasgow coma scale (GCS). The following exclusion criteria were applied: (1) the onset time of symptoms could not be reliably evaluated; (2) fluctuation of neurological symptoms or progressively increasing volume of hematoma was observed; (3) previously diagnosed intracranial neoplasm, trauma, intracranial aneurysms, arteriovenous malformation had been documented; or (4) ICH was located in the ventricle only, or the infratentorial space, such as the cerebellum or brainstem; (5) any history of coagulopathy or bleeding diathesis or medications promoting coagulopathy; and (6) any history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, kidney failure, or blood sugar levels below 50 mg/dL or over 300 mg/dL.

The target BP of the treatment group was systolic BP (SBP) ＜140 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) ＜100 mmHg for the first 24 h after symptom onset. The treatment was initiated using IV nicardipine (10 mg/h) if necessary, and when the target BP was not reached, the dosage was increased by 2.5 mg/h every 15 min to the maximum allowable dose (15 mg/h), or until nicardipine side effects restricted the use of the regimen till the full dose of medication was reached. Oral nicardipine was not used during BP maintenance.

The protocol was made available in the form of preprinted order sheets and, after the initial assessment, was inserted into the chart as routine orders. BP was tracked for 7 days using an automated cuff inflator or an intra-arterial catheter at the physician’s discretion. If the BP decreased below a specific level and the symptoms corresponding to or likely worsened due to hypoperfusion, administration of nicardipine was discontinued and further management was performed followed by the attending physician.

Data for all patients treated following the hypertension treatment protocol were recorded using a standard questionnaire. From the medical records of eligible patients, we obtained relevant information, including age, sex, and the existence of any of the following risk factors before the occurrence of ICH: previous cerebral stroke, heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. The initial GCS score was used to evaluate the neurological condition at presentation, as recorded in the initial examination. The location of ICH was confirmed using CT and recorded for all patients, including the basal ganglia, thalamus, and lobar (Fig. 1). The functional outcome of all patients was assessed 6 months after treatment using the modified Rankin scale (mRS).

The patients were positioned on a standard hospital bed in a 30˚ recumbent position. TCD monitoring was performed using digital equipment (Spencer Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA) with Power M-ModeTM technology. A 2-MHz probe was used to instigate the proximal segments of the MCA over a depth of 66 mm. The system was used in conjunction with the head frame of the Spencer Technologies Marc series for long-term monitoring. Spontaneous fluctuations were recorded for 10 min after stabilization of the hemodynamic parameters.

The following parameters were continuously recorded: (1) MCA flow velocity (MFV), the value was obtained when the Doppler probe was placed on the temporal region of the head insonating MCA (Fig. 2), and the mean MFV was calculated directly by the modality (Fig. 3); (2) PI calculated directly by the equipment based on Gosling’s formula ([peak systolic CBF velocity–end-diastolic CBF velocity]/mean CBF velocity) (Fig. 3). The PI and mean MFV were recorded for the ipsilateral affected MCA and contralateral normal side. In all patients who had asymmetric ICH distributions determined using CT scans, a Doppler probe was placed on the side with a greater volume of hematoma, and the parameters of the ipsilateral MCA were evaluated.

Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression analysis (SPSS 21.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables are expressed as the mean±-standard deviation (range), and categorical variables are expressed as the number of patients (percentage). Statistical significance was set at p＜0.05.

The TCD enables hemodynamic evaluation of the MCA region, which predominantly reflects cerebral cortical arterioles. By applying TCD, the presence of mass lesions can lead to deformation of the affected MCA. In this circumstance, the CBF velocity signal from the MCA still reflects downstream arteriolar resistance. Significant deformation can lead to compression or torsion of the affected MCA, resulting in a stenotic signal with a turbulent, elevated CBF velocity. The PI was obtained based on the Gosling formula. PI is routinely used to evaluate resistance to intracerebral blood flow in diagnostic TCD studies of patients with stroke. Arterial wave reflections in low-resistance vascular beds, such as the brain, are likely to be insignificant. Therefore, CBF pulsatility is likely to be primarily determined by wave reflections reflected from other vessel beds with high resistance. Thus, it was hypothesized that while CBF decreases, PI increases due to the elevation of cerebral artery stiffness, pressure pulsatility, and wave reflection [4,7,8,22,25,26,28].

Cerebral stroke, which includes ICH and ischemic lesions, has long been considered to result from mechanical insults to cerebral microcirculation, particularly affected by hemodynamic pulsatility. One previous study has shown that in patients with ischemic stroke, the diffuse intracranial arterial disease is frequently found and can be reliably predicted by abnormal cerebral parameters on TCD. In particular, under the presence of high PI, low MFVs have been reported to be associated independently with diffuse intracranial arterial disease when assessed using invasive angiogram [1,24].

Another study found that in this specific TCD pattern, the severity of diffuse intracranial arterial disease, indicated by the values of PI and MFV measured using TCD, is an independent prognostic factor for recurrent vascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke [28]. However, a different study that evaluated the prognostic value of PI in acute ICH found that the PI value of the unaffected hemispheres was correlated with patient mortality. Therefore, we concluded that PI may be a predictor of mortality in patients with acute ICH [15].

The acute appearance of a new mass (ICH) temporarily impairs intracerebral blood flow in the affected region of the brain. As ICP increases, CPP decreases, diastolic and mean CBF decreases, and PI increases. Our results in patients with spontaneous ICH showed higher PI and lower MFV on the affected side throughout the course of the study, even at baseline levels, before administration of nicardipine HCl. Compensation of blood flow, which restores cerebral perfusion in the reversible tissues surrounding the hematoma on the affected side of the brain, may explain the lower MFV measured in this study, as described for functional neuroimaging in the penumbra area; however, in our case, it was during the acute and subacute stages of cerebral ischemia. The previously observed lower MFV in the affected MCA was identified using TCD. However, we can assume that diseased cerebral tissues near the hematoma persist, requiring re-perfusion. Further, PI is an indirect measurement of distal microvascular resistance that can be affected by the local mass effect produced by the hematoma. In this study, the mass effect induced by hematoma and perihematomal edema may not be the result of the high PI observed in the affected hemisphere. A higher PI on the affected MCA may indicate preserved pulsatility and cerebral hemodynamics in the affected hemisphere. Our findings demonstrate that autoregulation of the brain sustained in the acute phase of ICH temporarily delines, and is restored secondarily after nicardipine HCl administration, which is related to higher PI and lower MFV. In a previous study [9]. it was mentioned that the brain was able to maintain autoregulation in the appearance of small- to medium-sized hematomas. However, even with a larger volume of hematoma, MFV was consistently depressed and PIs were elevated, while the PI ratio showed no relationship with the hematoma volume.

PI strongly reflects the increased flow resistance downstream, particularly in patients with cerebral small vessel disease and diffuse atherosclerosis caused by chronic hypertension. Thus, TCD results can be influenced by other pathophysiological correlations, such as small and large-vessel atherosclerosis. This can also elucidate why there was a significant link between the TCD resistance index, such as arterial hypertension, and PI, as the former plays a critical role in the development of cerebral small vascular disease. The PI also rises when the measured vessel segment has a barrier. This is likely to be associated with increased ICP, which is expected in the early stages of ICH. Previous studies have found a negative correlation between MCA blood flow velocity, particularly the end-diastolic blood flow velocities, and clinical scores obtained during acute and chronic stages of acute stroke [1]. The link between end-diastolic blood velocity and favorable functional outcomes is consistent with recent studies. Unlike the peak systolic velocity, the increase in end-diastolic velocity is related to early neurological improvements and favorable functional outcomes. PI measured using TCD in the intracranial artery can act as a surrogate parameter for ICP. It also serves as a reliable predictor of functional outcomes in patients with ICH. PI, which is one of the indices measured using TCD, can play a role in predicting positive clinical and functional outcomes. In this sense, we suggest that this test should be performed in all patients with ICH.

There are several limitations to the design of our study. The first limitation was related to patient selection criteria. This included small- to medium-sized ICH and relatively good GCS scores. Patients with large-sized ICH were excluded, and the results of this study may not accurately reflect ICH. In addition, individuals with large ICH may have increased ICP correlated with a secondary elevation of systemic BP. Since cerebral perfusion is the difference between systemic BP and ICP; therefore, a drop in systemic BP may induce impaired cerebral perfusion. This can be worsened in patients with hypertension. Compared to smaller hematomas, larger hematomas are correlated with lower intracranial conformity and higher intracranial pressure. The lower the compliance, the stiffer the affected brain tissues, which may damage the fast-responding myogenic response. Dynamic brain autoregulation deterioration was greater in the higher ICP group than in the lower ICP group. As aforementioned, IICP has been thought to be related to PI; however, in this study, the relationship between the volume of hematoma and PI was relatively low (Table 3). Although several factors are related to IICP, preexisting brain atrophy, presence of encephalomalacia, and location and volume of hematoma are factors that also affect ICP. This might be as the number of patients with large-sized ICH was relatively small compared to cases with small- to medium-sized ICH, as most of the patients with large-sized ICH underwent surgical removal of hematoma, which does not meet the inclusion criteria. Therefore, future studies should target a larger number of patients to include a sufficient number of patients with large-sized ICH. The second limitation of this study is that the number of cases (46 cases) is relatively small and is not assumed to be sufficient to conclude the importance of PI as a diagnostic modality. Moreover, the existence of unknown and confusing variables that were not accounted for in the final result cannot be excluded. Additionally, it is not possible to exclude the possibility that the dynamic cerebral autoregulation in the ICH group had already been damaged before bleeding due to underlying vascular risk factors such as hypertension. For patients who have not been treated for hypertension, a static cerebral autoregulatory curve is known to shift to the right. Thus, our findings on ICH patients’ bilateral dynamic cerebral autoregulation impairment might be caused by a patient’s history of hypertension. Third, the PI was estimated from the amplitude of the CBF waveform for the mean value. This method allows the direct comparison of CBF pulsatility between individuals with different CBF levels; however, further studies should determine whether the CBF pulsatility amplitude is more clinically related to brain structure and function. Finally, some well-known confounding factors of TCD for evaluating cerebral autoregulation are difficult to control outside the intensive care unit settings. Severe intracranial or extracranial arterial stenosis and underlying conditions (asymptomatic infarction, diabetes, and chronic hypertension) can also confuse the evaluation of cerebral autoregulation.