Prevalence of Bladder Pain Syndrome-like Symptoms: a Population-based Study in Korea

Jeong Woo Lee; Koo Han Yoo; Hoon Choi

doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e293

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Lee, Yoo, and Choi: Prevalence of Bladder Pain Syndrome-like Symptoms: a Population-based Study in Korea

Original Article

Urology

Journal of Korean Medical Science 2021; 36(46): e293.

Published online: 15 October 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e293

Prevalence of Bladder Pain Syndrome-like Symptoms: a Population-based Study in Korea

Jeong Woo Lee¹

, Koo Han Yoo²

, Hoon Choi³

¹Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

³Department of Urology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea.

Address for Correspondence: Hoon Choi, MD, PhD. Department of Urology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Daewon-gu, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea. doc71377@naver.com

Received 6 August 2021 Accepted 7 October 2021

The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of bladder pain syndrome (BPS)-like symptoms in the general population of South Korea.

Methods

Between April 16, 2016 and April 29, 2016, we conducted an online survey and computer-assisted personal interviews with adults aged 40–79 years in Korea using structured questionnaires. The sample size was 3,000 (95% confidence level standard error ± 1.79%), and the sampling method was simple randomization according to sex, age, and residential area in proportion to the resident registration demographics of the Korean Ministry of Interior and Safety as of March 2016. All participants were surveyed using the Korean version of the Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The primary outcome was the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms, defined as a total PUF score of ≥ 12.

Results

Overall, the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms was 16.4% (483 of 3,000 participants). Women (21.4%) had a significantly higher prevalence of BPS-like symptoms than men (10.7%) (P < 0.01). The prevalence by age was significantly higher in the 70s group than in the other age groups (P < 0.01), and increased significantly with the increasing severity of depression on the GDS (P < 0.01). The prevalence of BPS-like symptoms according to the marital status was significantly different, that is, the prevalence among divorced/bereaved individuals was higher than those of married or unmarried individuals (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our large, representative population-based study showed that BPS-like symptoms are widespread among the general population of South Korea. BPS is considered a disease that deserves greater attention as it is far more common than previously thought and can negatively affect many people's quality of life.

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Graphical Abstract

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Keywords: Bladder Pain Syndrome, Prevalence, Population, Questionnaire

INTRODUCTION

Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory bladder disorder that and has a significant negative impact on quality of life.1 The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, characterized by persistent or recurrent chronic pelvic pain, pressure, or discomfort, accompanied by at least one urinary symptom, such as urgency or frequency, without other pathologic findings that could cause these symptoms.1 2 3 Although multiple national and international guidelines have been published on the diagnosis and management of BPS, a global consensus on its definition, the nomenclature used, and criteria for its diagnosis and treatment are lacking.1 The inconsistency in the definition of the disease and its diagnostic criteria has made epidemiological investigations challenging,4 several of which have reported mixed results due to non-standard diagnostic criteria (such as physician-confirmed diagnoses or the use of various questionnaires) and different survey methods (medical records, phone, or mail).4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Recent studies on the prevalence of BPS have screened patients with BPS-like symptoms using validated questionnaires such as the O'Leary-Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptom and Problem (OLS) index and the Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale.4 8 11 12 13 14 15 Prevalence studies using the OLS questionnaire reported that the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms among women is 0.26–0.57%.8 11 12 13 14 In a population-based study,11 the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms among US women was 0.57% when based on the OLS questionnaire results, but much higher at 12.6% when based on the PUF scale scores. The PUF scale is a symptom questionnaire for screening BPS in the general population and is useful for assessing pelvic pain, such as that caused by symptoms related to sexual intercourse, as well as urinary symptoms (urgency/frequency).16 The PUF scale is closely related to the results of the potassium sensitivity test (PST), which is a specific test for detecting interstitial cystitis (IC) in the general population.16 This suggests that BPS may be underdiagnosed and substantially more common than previously thought.4 15 In 2010, a Korean version of the PUF questionnaire was developed using linguistic validation.17

To the best of our knowledge, there have been few studies on population-based symptom prevalence of BPS among Korean adults using the PUF scale. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms in the general population of South Korea between the ages of 40 and 79 years using the PUF Patient Symptom Scale.

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METHODS

Study design and population

To investigate a reliable estimate of the prevalence and identify sufficient cases to describe the characteristics of people with the disease, we commissioned a survey from Hankook Research, the nation's largest marketing and opinion research firm in Korea. Between April 16, 2016 and April 29, 2016, we conducted an online survey and computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI) with adults aged 40–79 years who live in 15 metropolitan cities in Korea, using structured questionnaires. For respondents aged ≥ 60 years, the self-written CAPI was administered by trained interviewers, considering their limited online access and understanding of questionnaire items. The sample size was 3,000 (95% confidence level standard error ± 1.79%), and the sampling method was simple randomization according to sex, age, and residential area in proportion to the resident registration demographic data of the Korean Ministry of Interior and Safety as of March 2016.

On obtaining consent, all participants were surveyed using the Korean version of the PUF Patient Symptom Scale17 to determine the prevalence and severity of BPS-like symptoms. Additional questionnaires for demographic characteristics were investigated as follows: sex, age, residential area, marital status, education level, current smoking and alcohol consumption status, history of taking antimicrobials related to urinary problems in the preceding 1 month, and diagnosis/treatment for IC. To assess the relationship between the degree of depression and the PUF scale, all participants were examined using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), a self-reported assessment tool for identifying depression in the elderly.

Definitions and outcome measures

The primary outcome of the present study was the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms, defined as a total PUF score of ≥ 12.18 The GDS scores can be divided into four groups: normal, 0–4; mild depression, 5–8; moderate depression, 9–11; and severe depression, 12–15.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS version 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical comparisons of the PUF scores between groups were conducted using the independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance test for continuous variables. For categorical variables, the Z-test was performed to compare the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms (PUF score ≥ 12) between the groups. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethics statement

The present study was approved by the Kyung Hee University Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB numbers: 2021-07-050) and followed the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki (revised, Edinburgh 2000). This study is based only on retrospective analysis of results of online survey and CAPI with adults, and there is no minimum risk to subjects during the study. Therefore, this study was exempted from obtaining informed consent after IRB review.

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RESULTS

Sample description

We analyzed a sample of 3,000 adults who participated in the survey among the panels owned by Hankook Research. Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the participants. There were 1,479 (49.3%) males and 1,521 (50.7%) females. A total of 1,037 (34.6%) participants were in their 40s, 982 (32.7%) were in their 50s, 608 (20.3%) were in their 60s, and 373 (12.4%) were in their 70s, respectively. Based on the marital status, 2,427 (80.9%) participants were married, 258 (8.6%) were unmarried, and 315 (10.5%) were divorced/bereaved. Among the participants, 144 (4.8%) had a history of taking antimicrobials related to urinary problems in the last 1 month, and 258 (8.6%) had a history of having been previously diagnosed with or treated for IC.

Table 1

Participant demographic characteristics

Characteristics		Values
Sex
	Male	1,479 (49.3)
	Female	1,521 (50.7)
Age
	40s	1,037 (34.6)
	50s	982 (32.7)
	60s	608 (20.3)
	70s	373 (12.4)
Residential area
	Seoul	588 (19.6)
	Capital region	879 (29.3)
	Metropolitan city	606 (20.2)
	Local small city	927 (30.9)
Marital status
	Married	2,427 (80.9)
	Unmarried	258 (8.6)
	Divorced/Bereaved	315 (10.5)
Education level
	No college	1,374 (45.8)
	College grade or beyond	1,626 (54.2)
Cigarette smoking
	Current smoker	756 (25.2)
	Current non-smoker	2,244 (74.8)
Alcohol consumption
	Never drinker	966 (32.2)
	2–4 times a month	1,323 (44.1)
	2–3 times a week	552 (18.4)
	≥ 4 times a week	159 (5.3)
History of taking antimicrobials related to urinary problems in the last 1 month
	Yes	144 (4.8)
	No	2,856 (95.2)
History of having been previously diagnosed with or treated for interstitial cystitis
	Yes	258 (8.6)
	No	2,742 (91.4)

Categorical variables are shown as number (%).

Relationship of BPS symptom severity to sex, age, and GDS

Fig. 1 presents the PUF scores according to sex, age, and GDS. The mean PUF score was significantly higher for women than for men (7.46 ± 5.11 vs. 5.35 ± 4.65, P < 0.01). The mean PUF score by age was the lowest in the 60s, and significantly higher in the 70s than in the other age groups (P < 0.01). The mean PUF score tended to increase significantly as the severity of depression increased on the GDS (P < 0.01).

Fig. 1

PUF Patient Symptom Scale according to sex, age, and the Geriatric Depression Scale (Total respondents, n = 3,000; Unit: points). Statistical significance of the difference in the PUF Patient Symptom Scale: independent t-test, analysis of variance (^**P < 0.01). Arrows indicate that there is a linearly significant difference.

PUF = Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency.

Prevalence of BPS-like symptoms according to the PUF Patient Symptom Scale

Fig. 2 shows the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms based on the PUF scale. Overall, the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms was 16.4% (483 of 3,000 participants). Women (21.4%) had a significantly higher prevalence of BPS-like symptoms than men (10.7%) (P < 0.01). The prevalence by age was the lowest in the 60s and significantly higher in the 70s than in the other age groups (P < 0.01), and was 15.2% in the 40s, 18.0% in the 50s, 8.6% in the 60s, and 26.0% in the 70s, respectively. The prevalence of BPS-like symptoms increased significantly with the increasing severity of depression on the GDS (P < 0.01). The prevalence was 5.9% in the normal group, 16.3% in the mild depression group, 31.6% in the moderate depression group, and 48.1% in the severe depression group, respectively. The prevalence of BPS-like symptoms based on marital status was significantly different; that is, the prevalence among divorced/bereaved individuals (22.3%) was higher than that among married (15.7%) or unmarried individuals (12.7%, P < 0.01). Participants who had a history of taking antimicrobials related to urinary problems in the last 1 month (58.6% vs. 14.0%, P < 0.01) or who had a history of having been previously diagnosed with or treated for IC (42.5% vs. 13.6%, P < 0.01) had a higher prevalence than those who did not.

Fig. 2

Prevalence of bladder pain syndrome-like symptoms according to the PUF Patient Symptom Scale (Base: Total respondents, n = 3,000; Unit: %). Statistical significance of the difference in the PUF Patient Symptom Scale: Z-test (^**P < 0.01). Bladder pain syndrome-like symptoms was defined as the PUF total score ≥ 12.

PUF = Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency.

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DISCUSSION

Many epidemiological studies have determined the prevalence of BPS.4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 However, even the terms describing this condition have not been standardized, and the inconsistency in the definitions and diagnostic criteria makes it challenging to assume that the results of previous studies indicate the actual prevalence of the disease.1 4 Since BPS is a chronic disorder diagnosed from its clinical symptoms, recent studies have screened BPS-like symptoms using validated symptom questionnaires such as the OLS index and PUF scale; however, these may be limited in terms of completely screening the disease.4 8 11 12 13 14 15

The OLS index was developed to identify pain and voiding symptoms that are commonly complained in patients with IC; however, it does not address pelvic pain or sexual intercourse-related symptoms other than bladder pain; therefore, the prevalence of BPS may have been underestimated.4 16 Most population-based studies using the OLS index found that the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms was 0.26–0.57% among women.8 11 12 13 In a study using the OLS index for the general population of South Korea, the prevalence of BPS-like urinary symptoms among adult women was 0.26%, which was apparently lower than that in the United States and Europe, and similar to that in Japan.14

Parsons et al.16 developed the PUF Patient Symptom Scale, a symptom questionnaire that focused on gynecologic issues (pelvic pain, especially pain and symptoms related to sexual intercourse), and urologic issues (urinary urgency and frequency) based on their clinical experiences. The PST seems to be a highly specific test for detecting a bladder-origin problem and is positive in approximately 80% of patients with IC.19 20 21 The PUF scale was remarkably effective in predicting positive PST in urologic patients with suspected IC and gynecologic patients with pelvic pain.16 The previous finding that 85% of gynecologic patients with pelvic pain had a positive PST suggests that nearly 22% of women in the general population may have IC clinically based on the PUF scores.16 22 In a population-based survey using two questionnaires, the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms among US women was only 0.57% according to the results of the OLS index, but was significantly different at 12.6% when assessed according to the PUF scale scores.11 In the present study of both men and women aged 40–79 years, the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms among Korean adults was 16.4% (483 of the 3,000 individuals), which was higher than that among US women. As per most studies, BPS is a disorder that occurs mainly in women, with the ratio being 5:1 or higher.23 In our results, the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms was 21.4% among women and 10.7% among men, approximately twice as high as that in women.

In the present study, the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms increased significantly with the increasing severity of depression on the GDS, and differed according to marital status; that is, the prevalence among divorced/bereaved individuals was significantly higher than that among married or unmarried individuals. Psychological factors may have affected the occurrence of BPS-like symptoms.

Our data were collected using a symptom-based questionnaire, and the presence of BPS-like symptoms was determined based on patient self-reports and not on clinical diagnosis or urological examination. However, BPS is diagnosed based on symptoms, and its diagnostic criteria have not been established. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms among adults in the Korean general population using the PUF scale. To investigate a reliable prevalence and identify sufficient cases, we commissioned a survey from a professional opinion research firm.

Our large, representative population-based study showed that BPS-like symptoms are widespread in the general population of South Korea, as assessed by the PUF Patient Symptom Scale. These results suggest that the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms among Korean women may have been underestimated in a previous study based on the results of the OLS questionnaire, which reported a prevalence of 0.26%.14 BPS is a disease that deserves more attention as it is far more common than previously thought and can negatively affect many people's quality of life.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank ChongKunDang Pharm. for supporting the research.

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Notes

Funding: This study was supported by the Korea University Grant (k1723381).

Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Author Contributions:

Conceptualization: Lee JW, Yoo KH, Choi H.
Data curation: Lee JW, Choi H.
Formal analysis: Lee JW, Yoo KH.
Investigation: Yoo KH, Choi H.
Methodology: Lee JW, Choi H.
Supervision: Choi H.
Validation: Yoo KH.
Writing - original draft: Lee JW.
Writing - review & editing: Yoo KH, Choi H.

Data Availability: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

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