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INTRODUCTION
The desire to improve treatment outcomes is common among orthodontists. Assessment of the quality of orthodontic treatment generally includes evaluation of post-treatment records such as study casts and panoramic radiographs. In 1995, the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) developed the Cast-Radiograph Evaluation (CRE) system for scoring dental casts and panoramic radiographs for the precise clinical evaluation of orthodontic treatment outcomes; since then, this evaluation tool has been improved and modified through field tests.1
The ABO CRE comprises eight criteria: alignment, marginal ridges, buccolingual inclination, occlusal relationships, occlusal contacts, overjet, interproximal contacts, and root angulation. Other indices such as the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need; Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need; and Peer Assessment Rating Index are also used for evaluating treatment outcomes, but CRE is the most accurate and stringent method for evaluating treatment outcomes.2
Fixed appliances are a basic tool in comprehensive orthodontic treatment and allow three-dimensional control of tooth movement. Various efforts have been made to create more effective and efficient brackets to improve the quality of treatment over several years.
Self-ligating brackets (SBs) were introduced with the expectation that elimination of ligature ties would produce a friction-free environment and permit better sliding mechanics. However, systematic reviews showed that the treatment efficiency or effectiveness of SBs was not superior to that of conventional brackets (CBs).3,4
If an orthodontist spends more time and effort to achieve better occlusion, better treatment outcomes may be obtained. Given that SBs can reduce the chair time,4 their use may lead to better treatment results because the clinician would have more time to evaluate and adjust the occlusion. On the other hand, some researchers argue that SBs have a complex structure, which results in a larger bracket volume and a longer distance between the tooth surface and archwire; therefore, accurate control of tooth movement is more difficult with SBs than with CBs (Figure 1).5 However, no studies have made such comparisons between CBs and SBs.
Extractions may affect the treatment quality. A recent systematic review showed that a 10% increase in the extraction rate may decrease the CRE score by 0.7 points, which indicates a better occlusal outcome.6 However, most studies included in that review were retrospective, and additional studies are needed to validate the findings.
Although many studies have shown that patient cooperation can affect the treatment duration,7,8 few studies have investigated the association between patient cooperation and treatment outcomes.
Orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) are often used in cases involving difficult tooth movement, such as intrusion or asymmetric movement; therefore, cases where OMIs are used may show worse treatment outcomes. However, prediction of the effects of OMIs is difficult because they can provide the required anchorage without requiring patient cooperation. Considering that OMIs have recently gained popularity, no study has evaluated the effects of OMI-related factors on treatment outcomes.
The influence of case complexity on treatment outcomes remains controversial. While some studies have shown no association,9,10 others have reported a significant correlation.11-13 In some clinical settings, simple cases are mostly treated by general practitioners, and orthodontists primarily treat difficult cases. Under these conditions, the average case complexity is relatively severe, so the extraction rate and frequency of OMI use will be high.
Considering all the abovementioned factors, the goals of this study were to compare treatment outcomes between SBs and CBs and identify factors that affect treatment outcomes in clinical settings with a relatively severe average case complexity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The subjects were recruited from a sample of consecutive patients who began receiving orthodontic treatment in a single private practice between March 2008 and August 2009. More than 60% of patients visiting this private clinic select ceramic brackets; therefore, only patients treated with ceramic brackets were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) permanent dentition, (2) no previous orthodontic treatment, and (3) need for comprehensive treatment. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) presence of tooth impaction (except the third molars), (2) requirement of jaw surgery, (3) presence of craniofacial anomalies, and (4) a complex medical or dental history. All the participants were allocated to a CB or an SB group. In the SB group, 0.022′′ Clippy-C (MBT prescription, Tomy, Tokyo, Japan) brackets were bonded. In the CB group, 0.022′′ Clarity (MBT prescription, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) brackets were bonded. The entire treatment procedure, measurements, and analyses were performed by a single investigator.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Dental Hospital (CRI09008). All patients and parents received written and verbal information regarding the study, and informed consent was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Originally, this study was designed to investigate factors influencing the treatment duration and treatment outcomes. The sample size was calculated on the basis of the CRE score for fixed appliance treatment from a previous study13 and the treatment duration data from another ongoing study.14 Fortunately, both calculation methods yielded the same sample size (53 patients per group) to show a 20% difference with a 90% power at α = 0.05. Assuming a 10% drop-out rate, 59 patients were needed in each group. Considering the 20% between-group difference that could occur during the allocation process (bracket selection by patients), it was decided that ≥ 133 patients were required for this study.
Typodonts (Figure 2) with two types of brackets were presented to the patients. After differences in the wire-holding mechanism and bracket shape were explained to them, the patients were asked to choose one of the two brackets. If a patient did not have a preference, the type of bracket was randomly selected through a coin toss.
The brackets were bonded by using conventional adhesive (Transbond XT; 3M Unitek). Leveling progressed with a predetermined archwire sequence: 014′′ nickel–titanium (NiTi), 016′′ NiTi, 018′′ NiTi, 016 × 022′′ NiTi, 019 × 025′′ NiTi, and 019 × 025′′ stainless steel. Each subject was reviewed at approximately 4-week intervals. Where required, OMIs (Mplant U2; Biomaterials Korea Inc., Seoul, Korea) were placed during the leveling stage.
The measured variables were as follows.
- ABO Discrepancy Index (DI) and CRE score
- Irregularity index and arch length discrepancy (ALD)
- Extractions (or previously extracted tooth space)
- Bracket failure, bracket fracture, poor elastic wear, missed appointments, and poor oral hygiene
- OMI use, OMI failure, and additional appliance use
To examine the effects of bond failure and OMI failure on treatment outcomes, all cases of bond failure and OMI failure, including those with rebonded brackets and repositioned OMIs, were recorded. Wing fracture is a concern with ceramic bracket use.15 If the bracket wing was fractured and rotational control became difficult, the event was recorded and a new bracket was bonded. Intermaxillary elastics were prescribed at the finishing stage for all patients, and oral hygiene was evaluated using the Modified Plaque Index at each visit. The original Plaque Index evaluates the gingival area on four surfaces (buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal) of six teeth (#12, 16, 24, 32, 36, and 44; ISO), with the assigned score ranging from 0 to 3.16 The Modified Plaque Index used in this study evaluated the gingival area on the labial surface of 12 anterior teeth, assigning a score from 0 to 3. If four or more teeth scored more than two points (plaque is visible with or without air drying), oral hygiene was judged to be poor. The use of appliances other than brackets (e.g., headgear, rapid palatal expander, Forsus appliance) was recorded and used as a confounding variable.
In this study, the investigator could not be blinded to the bracket type during treatment. After debonding, all identifiable information of the patient was removed from the casts and X-rays, and a random identification number was assigned at the administrative office to minimize bias during analysis. All lateral cephalograms were traced and digitized by the same investigator (MHJ).
Statistical analysis
SPSS software (version 17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. For evaluation of the baseline characteristics of the sample and confounding variables, descriptive analyses were performed. After the square root of the CRE score and logarithm of the treatment duration were obtained, normality was confirmed by the Shapiro–Wilk test.
The effects of nominal variables on CRE were analyzed using an independent t-test, while the effects of continuous variables were evaluated by correlation analysis. Using significant variables in the t-test and correlation analysis, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to compare the CRE score between the two groups. Stepwise regression analysis was used for prediction of the CRE score. The Mann–Whitney U test was also used to determine differences in each CRE criterion between the two bracket systems.
For the assessment of intraexaminer reliability, ABO DI, ALD, and CRE were measured again after a 4-week interval for 28 randomly selected cases, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) based on a two-way mixed effect model was calculated. Because all measurements were performed by a single investigator, interexaminer reliability was not evaluated.
RESULTS
During the study period, 321 patients started orthodontic treatment. From these, 148 met the inclusion criteria, and 139 were distributed into the two groups (Figure 3). Five patients were excluded from the final data; thus, 68 patients in the CB group and 66 in the SB group were eventually analyzed.
Nineteen patients used additional appliances; these included four with Forsus appliances, three with headgear, and two with palatal expanders in the SB group and six with Forsus appliances, one with both an expander and headgear, two with headgear, and one with an expander in the CB group. Ceramic bracket fracture only occurred in three patients in each group and was not used as a covariate.
The baseline characteristics and clinical features of patients in the CB and SB groups are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The average age was 22.73 years, and the average CRE score was 14.25. Reliability tests for ABO DI, ALD, and CRE using ICC revealed strong intraexaminer reliability (ABO DI, 0.997; ALD-maxilla, 0.995; ALD-mandible, 0.997; CRE, 0.993). The average treatment duration was 28.63 months, the extraction rate was 71.6%, and OMIs were used in 70.1% of the patients.
Among the nominal variables, extraction and additional appliance use showed significant differences in the t-test (Table 3). In the correlation analysis, age, poor elastic wear, and ALD-mandible showed significant correlations (Table 4). When the effects of these five confounding variables were covaried out, the effect of the bracket type on treatment outcomes was significant in ANCOVA (Table 5). Among the eight criteria of CRE, buccolingual inclination, occlusal relation, and root angulation showed significant differences in the Mann–Whitney U test (Table 6). The models used in stepwise regression analysis are shown in Table 7. From the four models, model 4 could explain only 25.2% of the variance in the CRE score; extraction, SB use, poor elastic wear, and additional appliance use decreased the score by 2.307, 2.500, 1.180, and 2.244, respectively.
DISCUSSION
Increased clinical experience does not automatically improve the CRE score. Even an ABO-certified orthodontist may score as high as 32.21,13 while orthodontic residents may show average scores of 22.11.17 In regard to this, a study found no significant differences between private practices and orthodontic departments at universities.6 It is obvious that if an orthodontist applies consistent efforts (such as the use of prefinished casts and panoramic radiographs) to achieve better CRE scores, the score will improve.17,18
The average CRE score in the present study was 14.25, which is much lower than that in a recent systematic review (27.9).6 There are several possible reasons for this discrepancy.
A recent systematic review showed that extraction of four premolars was associated with an improved CRE score of 4.9 points.6 A poorer CRE score is observed in cases of nonextraction treatment because expansion or molar distalization may result in inappropriate torque or angulation of the posterior teeth in some cases. The extraction rate in this study was 71.6%, which was higher than that in previous studies (24.3–34.4%)7,8,18 and may have played a role in lowering the CRE score.
People may behave differently when they are aware that they are being observed. Therefore, the “Hawthorne effect” may be an important factor affecting the generalizability of clinical research findings to routine practice.19 The present study was a prospective one, where the operator knew that the patients’ treatment results would be qualitatively evaluated. Accordingly, the CRE score may have been affected by the Hawthorne effect. Correlation analysis showed no significant correlation between the CRE score and treatment duration; however, considering the significantly longer treatment period and lower CRE score than those in other studies, it is possible to speculate that more time and effort were invested to lower the mean CRE score. The treatment duration was > 3 years for 18 patients. A longer treatment period increases the likelihood of decalcification; therefore, a long treatment period is usually not desirable.20
Although a study showed that treatment outcomes worsen when the treatment duration is long,18 the effect of the treatment duration does not seem to be significant according to a systematic review;6 moreover, no significant effect was found in the present study. The longer treatment duration (28.63 months) relative to that found in a recent systematic review (20.02 months)21 may have been influenced by the high extraction rate and the aforementioned Hawthorne effect.
The effects of case complexity on the quality of treatment are controversial. Some studies have shown results implying that case difficulty is not significantly correlated with treatment outcomes,9,10 while others have shown the two to be significantly correlated, although the correlation coefficients were only 0.17 and 0.20, respectively.11,12 ABO DI was developed to evaluate the pretreatment case complexity,22 and the value in this study (21.81) was much higher than that in previous studies (15.49–16.8);12,17,23 furthermore, it showed no significant correlation with the CRE score.
Although systematic reviews have found no significant differences in treatment outcomes between SBs and CBs,3,4 ANCOVA in the present study revealed a statistically significant difference. However, the value of the difference was only 2.74, so its clinical significance is questionable. Among the CRE measurements, buccolingual inclination, occlusal relation, and root angulation showed significant differences, and further research is needed to determine if these differences were caused by the distance between the archwire and tooth surface.5 The fact that all the patients were mixed and treated together may have masked the strengths or weaknesses of SBs.
In the present study, age was associated with treatment outcomes, probably because older patients cooperate better than do younger patients.24 However, considering the correlation coefficient was only –0.213, the influence seems to be limited.
Previous studies showed that factors related to patient cooperation increased the treatment duration.7,8,25 In the present study, only poor elastic wear showed a statistically significant correlation with the CRE score. When considering the effects of these factors on treatment outcomes, it is assumed that poor elastic wear is more directly related to treatment outcomes than are missed appointments, bracket failure, and poor oral hygiene.
In the present study, all patients with post-treatment data, including those with premature termination of treatment, were included in the analysis. The number of patients with premature termination of treatment was only three. Even if treatment was continued for these patients, it would have ended within 3–4 months, so the impact of their data on the study results is considered negligible.
Although their influence was not analyzed in this study, the diversity of the tooth morphology26 and the size ratio of the maxillary and mandibular teeth27 can affect the treatment outcome. While tooth reshaping, archwire bending, or interproximal stripping may reduce the impact of these factors, the effects of anatomical diversity cannot be completely eliminated in many cases. Therefore, deduction of a few points from the CRE score seems inevitable. Because several different variables can have an effect, the predictability through stepwise regression analysis was low in this study.
OMI-related factors did not appear to have a significant impact on the treatment outcome, the primary reason being that most OMI cases involved simple anchorage reinforcement. As it becomes increasingly difficult to obtain cooperation from adolescents, and with systematic reviews showing that the long-term orthopedic effects of headgear are not significant,28,29 headgear was recommended only if the patient or parents refused to receive OMIs.
Additional appliances may have affected the torque or angulation of the posterior teeth. Because a small number of patients used an additional appliance, and because several appliances were used, it was difficult to analyze the effects of each additional appliance on treatment outcomes in the present study.
A recent study showed that custom indirect bonding using CAD/CAM technology could reduce the treatment duration while providing excellent treatment outcomes.30 It seems that precise bracket positioning can affect the effectiveness and efficiency of treatment, and further research on this subject is required.
CONCLUSION
In this prospective cohort study, CBs exhibited better treatment outcomes than did SB. However, the difference was small, so its clinical significance seems to be limited. Extraction, SB use, poor elastic wear, and additional appliance use may have a significant impact on treatment outcomes.
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