1. Hussein H, Zaccardi F, Khunti K, Davies MJ, Patsko E, Dhalwani NN, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020; 22:1035–46.
2. Zelniker TA, Braunwald E. Mechanisms of cardiorenal effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75:422–34.
3. Rajasekeran H, Cherney DZ, Lovshin JA. Do effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with diabetes give insight into potential use in nondiabetic kidney disease? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017; 26:358–67.
4. Chilton RJ. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on the cardiovascular and renal complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020; 22:16–29.
5. Scheen AJ. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2015; 75:33–59.
6. DeFronzo RA, Norton L, Abdul-Ghani M. Renal, metabolic and cardiovascular considerations of SGLT2 inhibition. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017; 13:11–26.
7. Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Metabolic effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors beyond increased glucosuria: a review of the clinical evidence. Diabetes Metab. 2014; 40(6 Suppl 1):S4–11.
8. Al Jobori H, Daniele G, Adams J, Cersosimo E, Solis-Herrera C, Triplitt C, et al. Empagliflozin treatment is associated with improved β-cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 103:1402–7.
9. Ferrannini E, Muscelli E, Frascerra S, Baldi S, Mari A, Heise T, et al. Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Invest. 2014; 124:499–508.
10. Goldenberg RM, Verma S, Perkins BA, Gilbert JD, Zinman B. Can the combination of incretin agents and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reconcile the yin and yang of glucagon? Can J Diabetes. 2017; 41:6–9.
11. Lee PC, Ganguly S, Goh SY. Weight loss associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition: a review of evidence and underlying mechanisms. Obes Rev. 2018; 19:1630–41.
12. Bolinder J, Ljunggren Ö, Kullberg J, Johansson L, Wilding J, Langkilde AM, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97:1020–31.
13. Wang Y, Hu X, Liu X, Wang Z. An overview of the effect of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor monotherapy on glycemic and other clinical laboratory parameters in type 2 diabetes patients. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016; 12:1113–31.
14. Bays HE, Sartipy P, Xu J, Sjöström CD, Underberg JA. Dapagliflozin in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, with and without elevated triglyceride and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Clin Lipidol. 2017; 11:4508.e1.
15. Yasui A, Lee G, Hirase T, Kaneko T, Kaspers S, von Eynatten M, et al. Empagliflozin induces transient diuresis without changing long-term overall fluid balance in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2018; 9:863–71.
16. Schork A, Saynisch J, Vosseler A, Jaghutriz BA, Heyne N, Peter A, et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019; 18:46.
17. Ansary TM, Nakano D, Nishiyama A. Diuretic effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and their influence on the renin-angiotensin system. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20:629.
18. Maliha G, Townsend RR. SGLT2 inhibitors: their potential reduction in blood pressure. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015; 9:48–53.
19. Scheen AJ. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019; 21:70.
20. Shyangdan DS, Uthman OA, Waugh N. SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016; 6:e009417.
21. Wang Z, Sun J, Han R, Fan D, Dong X, Luan Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as monotherapy or add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20:113–20.
22. Jingfan Z, Ling L, Cong L, Ping L, Yu C. Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin: a meta-analysis. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 63:478–86.
23. Milder TY, Stocker SL, Abdel Shaheed C, McGrath-Cadell L, Samocha-Bonet D, Greenfield JR, et al. Combination therapy with an SGLT2 inhibitor as initial treatment for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2019; 8:45.
24. Li J, Shao YH, Wang XG, Gong Y, Li C, Lu Y. Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as add-on to metformin and sulfonylurea treatment for the management of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Endocr J. 2018; 65:335–44.
25. Dey J. SGLT2 inhibitor/DPP-4 inhibitor combination therapy − complementary mechanisms of action for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med. 2017; 129:409–20.
26. Li D, Shi W, Wang T, Tang H. SGLT2 inhibitor plus DPP-4 inhibitor as combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20:1972–6.
27. Liao HW, Wu YL, Sue YM, Lee M, Ovbiagele B. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor plus pioglitazone vs pioglitazone alone in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2018; 2:e00050.
28. van Baar MJB, van Ruiten CC, Muskiet MHA, van Bloemendaal L, IJzerman RG, van Raalte DH. SGLT2 inhibitors in combination therapy: from mechanisms to clinical considerations in type 2 diabetes management. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41:1543–56.
29. Fulcher G, Matthews DR, Perkovic V, de Zeeuw D, Mahaffey KW, Mathieu C, et al. CANVAS trial collaborative group. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin when used in conjunction with incretin-mimetic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016; 18:82–91.
30. Ludvik B, Frías JP, Tinahones FJ, Wainstein J, Jiang H, Robertson KE, et al. Dulaglutide as add-on therapy to SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (AWARD-10): a 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018; 6:370–81.
31. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Bonaca MP, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019; 393:31–9.
32. Tang H, Cui W, Li D, Wang T, Zhang J, Zhai S, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in addition to insulin therapy for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017; 19:142–7.
33. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:2117–28.
34. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, et al. CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377:644–57.
35. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, et al. DECLARE–TIMI 58 Investigators. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:347–57.
36. American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020. 43(Suppl 1):S98–110.
37. Scheen AJ. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020; 16:556–77.
38. Fitchett D, Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Hantel S, Salsali A, et al. EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial investigators. Heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. Eur Heart J. 2016; 37:1526–34.
39. Fitchett D, Inzucchi SE, Cannon CP, McGuire DK, Scirica BM, Johansen OE, et al. Empagliflozin reduced mortality and hospitalization for heart failure across the spectrum of cardiovascular risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Circulation. 2019; 139:1384–95.
40. Figtree GA, Rådholm K, Barrett TD, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on heart failure outcomes associated with preserved and reduced ejection fraction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019; 139:2591–3.
41. Kato ET, Silverman MG, Mosenzon O, Zelniker TA, Cahn A, Furtado RHM, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019; 139:2528–36.
42. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, K⊘ber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, et al. DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:1995–2008.
43. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P, et al. EMPEROR-Reduced Trial Investigators. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383:1413–24.
44. Packer M. Lessons learned from the DAPA-HF trial concerning the mechanisms of benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors on heart failure events in the context of other large-scale trials nearing completion. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019; 18:129.
45. Neuen BL, Young T, Heerspink HJL, Neal B, Perkovic V, Billot L, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019; 7:845–54.
46. Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, et al. DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383:1436–46.
47. Mosenzon O, Wiviott SD, Cahn A, Rozenberg A, Yanuv I, Goodrich EL, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on development and progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the DECLARE-TIMI 58 randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019; 7:606–17.
48. Cannon CP, Pratley R, Dagogo-Jack S, Mancuso J, Huyck S, Masiukiewicz U, et al. VERTIS CV Investigators. Cardiovascular outcomes with ertugliflozin in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383:1425–35.
49. Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Pitt B, Cannon CP, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, et al. SCORED Investigators. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384:129–39.
50. Vasilakou D, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, Mainou M, Liakos A, Bekiari E, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159:262–74.
51. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, et al. CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:2295–306.
52. Puckrin R, Saltiel MP, Reynier P, Azoulay L, Yu OHY, Filion KB. SGLT-2 inhibitors and the risk of infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol. 2018; 55:503–14.
53. Dave CV, Schneeweiss S, Kim D, Fralick M, Tong A, Patorno E. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and the risk for severe urinary tract infections: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019; 171:248–56.
54. Zhang XL, Zhu QQ, Chen YH, Li XL, Chen F, Huang JA, et al. Cardiovascular safety, long-term noncardiovascular safety, and efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7:e007165.
55. Jabbour S, Seufert J, Scheen A, Bailey CJ, Karup C, Langkilde AM. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of safety data from phase IIb/III clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20:620–8.
56. Yang XP, Lai D, Zhong XY, Shen HP, Huang YL. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014; 70:1149–58.
57. Liakos A, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, Sarigianni M, Mainou M, Papatheodorou K, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014; 16:984–93.
58. Baker WL, Smyth LR, Riche DM, Bourret EM, Chamberlin KW, White WB. Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014; 8:26275.e9.
59. Sjöström CD, Johansson P, Ptaszynska A, List J, Johnsson E. Dapagliflozin lowers blood pressure in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2015; 12:352–8.
60. Rosenstock J, Ferrannini E. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a predictable, detectable, and preventable safety concern with SGLT2 inhibitors. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38:1638–42.
61. Bonora BM, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and diabetic ketoacidosis: an updated review of the literature. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20:25–33.
62. Monami M, Nreu B, Zannoni S, Lualdi C, Mannucci E. Effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on diabetic ketoacidosis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017; 130:53–60.
63. Fralick M, Schneeweiss S, Patorno E. Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis after initiation of an SGLT2 inhibitor. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376:2300–2.
64. Wang L, Voss EA, Weaver J, Hester L, Yuan Z, DeFalco F, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors versus other antihyperglycemic agents: an observational study of four US administrative claims databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019; 28:1620–8.
65. Fadini GP, Bonora BM, Avogaro A. SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic ketoacidosis: data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Diabetologia. 2017; 60:1385–9.
66. Ado Moumouni AN, Robin P, Hillaire-Buys D, Faillie JL. SGLT-2 inhibitors and ketoacidosis: a disproportionality analysis in the World Health Organization's adverse drug reactions database. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 32:216–26.
67. Blau JE, Taylor SI. Adverse effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on bone health. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018; 14:473–4.
68. Mannucci E, Monami M. Bone fractures with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: how real is the risk? Drug Saf. 2017; 40:115–9.
69. Zhou Z, Jardine M, Perkovic V, Matthews DR, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, et al. Canagliflozin and fracture risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes: results from the CANVAS Program. Diabetologia. 2019; 62:1854–67.
70. Patel S, Gohel K, Patel BG. A systematic review on effect of canagliflozin in special population. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2016; 12:211–22.
71. Blevins TC, Farooki A. Bone effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med. 2017; 129:159–68.
72. Matthews DR, Li Q, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on amputation risk in type 2 diabetes: the CANVAS Program. Diabetologia. 2019; 62:926–38.
73. Inzucchi SE, Iliev H, Pfarr E, Zinman B. Empagliflozin and assessment of lower-limb amputations in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41:e4–5.
74. Scheen AJ. Does lower limb amputation concern all SGLT2 inhibitors? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018; 14:326–8.