Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Table 1.
Supplementary Table 2.
Supplementary Table 3.
Supplementary Table 4.
Supplementary Table 5.
Supplementary Table 6.
Supplementary Table 7.
Supplementary Table 8.
Supplementary Table 9.
Supplementary Table 10.
Supplementary Table 11.
Supplementary Table 12.
Supplementary Table 13.
Supplementary Table 14.
Supplementary Table 15.
Supplementary Table 16.
Supplementary Table 17.
Supplementary Table 18.
Supplementary Table 19.
Supplementary Table 20.
Notes
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: R.R., N.S., C.S.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: R.R., N.S., C.S.
Drafting or revising the work: R.R., N.S., N.K., U.K., K.S., P.I., V.S., C.S.
Final approval of the manuscript: R.R., N.S., N.K., U.K., K.S., P.I., V.S., C.S.
FUNDING
The funding for this study was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). Rujikorn Rattanatham received support from the Postgraduate Scholarship, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences; the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School; and the Cardiovascular Research Group (CVRG), Khon Kaen University.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1.
![dmj-2020-0101f1.tif](/upload/SynapseXML/2004dmj/thumb/dmj-2020-0101f1.gif)
Fig. 2.
![dmj-2020-0101f2.tif](/upload/SynapseXML/2004dmj/thumb/dmj-2020-0101f2.gif)
Table 1.
Parameter | Non-T2DM (n=740) | T2DM without complication (n=577) | T2DM with complication (n=383) | P valuea | P valueb | P valuec | P valued |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjects, men/women | 186/554 | 220/357 | 209/174 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 447/740 (60.4) | 431/577 (74.7) | 355/383 (92.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Obesity | 325/728 (44.6) | 303/568 (53.3) | 206/366 (56.3) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.379 | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 681/740 (92.0) | 489/572 (85.5) | 291/346 (84.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.569 | <0.001 |
MetS | 143/740 (19.3) | 327/577 (56.7) | 280/383 (73.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 193/740 (26.1) | 250/570 (43.9) | 144/337 (42.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.740 | <0.001 |
Low HDL-C | 225/740 (30.4) | 286/571 (50.1) | 214/336 (63.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.040 | <0.001 |
Age, yr | 64.19±9.53 | 63.60±9.31 | 64.38±9.91 | 0.267 | 0.754 | 0.220 | 0.396 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.81±3.98 | 26.02±4.87 | 26.01±4.25 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.957 | <0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 133.63±18.64 | 135.74±18.66 | 138.42±19.81 | 0.042 | <0.001 | 0.035 | <0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg | 77.25±11.88 | 74.89±11.21 | 72.26±10.60 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.57±0.39 | 7.52±1.76 | 7.82±1.76 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.024 | <0.001 |
FPG, mmol/L | 5.40±0.58 | 8.29±3.10 | 8.55±3.55 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.246 | <0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 5.48±1.10 | 4.90±1.28 | 4.49±1.27 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.43±0.69 | 1.86±1.23 | 1.84±1.07 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.831 | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.52±0.41 | 1.33±0.38 | 1.20±0.36 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.52±1.01 | 3.00±1.13 | 2.75±1.08 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | 3.96±1.09 | 3.58±1.27 | 3.30±1.26 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
TC/HDL-C | 3.81±1.12 | 3.92±1.37 | 4.02±1.52 | 0.093 | 0.010 | 0.308 | 0.033 |
TG/HDL-C | 1.06±0.71 | 1.62±1.47 | 1.78±1.35 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.093 | <0.001 |
LDL-C/HDL-C | 2.47±0.93 | 2.40±1.03 | 2.47±1.14 | 0.202 | 0.914 | 0.299 | 0.390 |
Non-HDL-C/HDL-C | 2.81±1.12 | 2.92±1.37 | 3.02±1.52 | 0.093 | 0.010 | 0.308 | 0.033 |
BUN, mmol/L | 4.90±1.49 | 5.51±2.68 | 7.78±4.62 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Creatinine, μmol/L | 78.05±38.26 | 86.11±64.2 | 158.11±181.80 | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
eGFR, mL/s/m2 | 1.43±0.27 | 1.37±0.32 | 0.89±0.47 | 0.023 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Uric acid, μmol/L | 315.75±88.64 | 332.73±89.17 | 348.89±99.16 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.054 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as number/total number (%) or mean±standard deviation. P<0.05 indicated significant associations.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS, metabolic syndrome; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Table 2.
SNP | Non-DM (n=740) | DM (n=960) | P valuea | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCF7L2 rs7903146 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
CC | 676 (91.4) | 885 (92.2) | 0.592 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT | 64 (8.6) | 75 (7.8) | 0.90 (0.63–1.27) | 0.533 | 0.93 (0.64–1.36) | 0.713 | |
Allele | |||||||
C | 1,416 (95.7) | 1,845 (96.1) | 0.600 | 1 | 1 | ||
T | 64 (4.3) | 75 (3.9) | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 0.542 | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | 0.714 | |
TCF7L2 rs290487 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
CC | 174 (44.8) | 214 (55.2) | 0.035 | 1 | 1 | ||
TC | 379 (45.8) | 449 (54.2) | 0.96 (0.76–1.23) | 0.762 | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.799 | |
TT | 187 (38.6) | 297 (61.4) | 1.29 (0.99–1.69) | 0.065 | 1.30 (0.97–1.74) | 0.084 | |
Dominant | |||||||
CC | 174 (44.8) | 214 (55.2) | 0.560 | 1 | 1 | ||
TC+TT | 566 (43.1) | 746 (56.9) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 0.552 | 1.07 (0.84–1.38) | 0.571 | |
Recessive | |||||||
CC+TC | 553 (45.5) | 663 (54.5) | 0.011 | 1 | 1 | ||
TT | 187 (38.6) | 297 (61.4) | 1.33 (1.07–1.64) | 0.010 | 1.33 (1.05–1.68) | 0.017 | |
Allele | |||||||
C | 727 (45.3) | 877 (54.7) | 0.048 | 1 | 1 | ||
T | 753 (41.9) | 1,043 (58.1) | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | 0.046 | 1.07 (0.84–1.38) | 0.571 | |
KCNQ1 rs2237892 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
TT | 72 (9.7) | 67 (7.0) | 0.062 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT | 308 (41.6) | 386 (40.2) | 1.35 (0.94–1.94) | 0.110 | 1.40 (0.95–2.07) | 0.092 | |
CC | 360 (48.6) | 507 (52.8) | 1.51 (1.06–2.17) | 0.024 | 1.65 (1.13–2.43) | 0.010 | |
Dominant | |||||||
TT | 72 (9.7) | 67 (7.0) | 0.049 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT+CC | 668 (90.3) | 893 (93.0) | 1.44 (1.02–2.03) | 0.041 | 1.54 (1.06–2.23) | 0.024 | |
Recessive | |||||||
TT+CT | 380 (51.4) | 453 (47.2) | 0.096 | 1 | 1 | ||
CC | 360 (48.6) | 507 (52.8) | 1.18 (0.98–1.43) | 0.089 | 1.25 (1.01–1.54) | 0.037 | |
Allele | |||||||
T | 452 (30.5) | 520 (27.1) | 0.029 | 1 | 1 | ||
C | 1,028 (69.5) | 1,400 (72.9) | 1.18 (1.02–1.38) | 0.027 | 1.50 (1.04–2.18) | 0.031 | |
KCNQ1 rs2237897 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
TT | 58 (7.8) | 48 (5.0) | 0.037 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT | 297 (40.1) | 377 (39.3) | 1.53 (1.02–2.32) | 0.042 | 1.60 (1.03–2.48) | 0.037 | |
CC | 385 (52.0) | 535 (55.7) | 1.68 (1.12–2.52) | 0.012 | 1.88 (1.22–2.90) | 0.004 | |
Dominant | |||||||
TT | 58 (7.8) | 48 (5.0) | 0.020 | 1 | 1 | ||
CC+CT | 682 (92.2) | 912 (95.0) | 1.62 (1.09–2.40) | 0.017 | 1.76 (1.15–2.68) | 0.009 | |
Recessive | |||||||
TT+CT | 355 (48.0) | 425 (44.3) | 0.141 | 1 | 1 | ||
CC | 385 (52.0) | 535 (55.7) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 0.129 | 1.26 (1.02–1.55) | 0.031 | |
Allele | |||||||
T | 413 (27.9) | 473 (24.6) | 0.033 | 1 | 1 | ||
C | 1067 (72.1) | 1,447 (75.4) | 1.18 (1.02–1.38) | 0.031 | 1.76 (1.15–2.68) | 0.009 | |
KCNJ11 rs5219 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
GG | 329 (45.8) | 390 (54.2) | 0.136 | 1 | 1 | ||
GA | 308 (40.8) | 446 (59.2) | 1.22 (0.99–1.50) | 0.057 | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) | 0.050 | |
AA | 103 (45.4) | 124 (54.6) | 1.02 (0.75–1.37) | 0.919 | 0.99 (0.71–1.36) | 0.931 | |
Dominant | |||||||
GG | 329 (45.8) | 390 (54.2) | 0.113 | 1 | 1 | ||
GA+AA | 411 (41.9) | 570 (58.1) | 1.17 (0.96–1.42) | 0.113 | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | 0.117 | |
Recessive | |||||||
GG+GA | 637 (43.2) | 836 (56.8) | 0.565 | 1 | 1 | ||
AA | 103 (45.4) | 124 (54.6) | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | 0.547 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 0.408 | |
Allele | |||||||
G | 966 (44.1) | 1,226 (55.9) | 0.406 | 1 | 1 | ||
A | 514 (42.5) | 694 (57.5) | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 0.392 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 0.408 |
Table 3.
SNP | Non-HT (n=325) | HT (n=907) | P valuea | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCF7L2 rs7903146 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
CT | 37 (11.4) | 72 (7.9) | 0.068 | 1 | 1 | ||
CC | 288 (88.6) | 835 (92.1) | 1.49 (0.98–2.26) | 0.062 | 1.54 (0.99–2.39) | 0.057 | |
Allele | |||||||
T | 37 (5.7) | 72 (4.0) | 0.075 | 1 | 1 | ||
C | 613 (94.3) | 1,742 (96.0) | 1.46 (0.97–2.19) | 0.068 | 1.50 (0.98–2.31) | 0.064 | |
TCF7L2 rs290487 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
TT | 95 (28.9) | 234 (71.1) | 0.492 | 1 | 1 | ||
TC | 155 (25.5) | 453 (74.5) | 1.19 (0.88–1.60) | 0.264 | 1.40 (1.02–1.93) | 0.039 | |
CC | 75 (25.4) | 220 (74.6) | 1.19 (0.84–1.70) | 0.334 | 1.42 (0.98–2.07) | 0.067 | |
Dominant | |||||||
TT | 95 (28.9) | 234 (71.1) | 0.243 | 1 | 1 | ||
TC+CC | 230 (25.5) | 673 (74.5) | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 0.231 | 1.41 (1.04–1.90) | 0.026 | |
Recessive | |||||||
TT+TC | 250 (26.7) | 687 (73.3) | 0.705 | 1 | 1 | ||
CC | 75 (25.4) | 220 (74.6) | 1.07 (0.79–1.44) | 0.669 | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.408 | |
Allele | |||||||
T | 345 (27.3) | 921 (72.7) | 0.315 | 1 | 1 | ||
C | 305 (25.5) | 893 (74.5) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 0.313 | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.408 | |
KCNQ1 rs2237892 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
CC | 174 (53.5) | 453 (49.9) | 0.299 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT | 130 (40.0) | 373 (41.1) | 1.10 (0.85–1.44) | 0.473 | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | 0.319 | |
TT | 21 (6.5) | 81 (8.9) | 1.48 (0.89–2.47) | 0.131 | 1.75 (1.03–2.99) | 0.040 | |
Dominant | |||||||
CC | 174 (53.5) | 453 (49.9) | 0.272 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT+TT | 151 (46.5) | 454 (50.1) | 1.16 (0.90–1.49) | 0.266 | 1.23 (0.94–1.61) | 0.125 | |
Recessive | |||||||
CC+CT | 304 (93.5) | 826 (91.1) | 0.197 | 1 | 1 | ||
TT | 21 (6.5) | 81 (8.9) | 1.42 (0.86–2.34) | 0.168 | 1.64 (0.98–2.76) | 0.061 | |
Allele | |||||||
C | 478 (73.5) | 1,279 (70.5) | 0.143 | 1 | 1 | ||
T | 172 (26.5) | 535 (29.5) | 1.16 (0.95–1.42) | 0.143 | 1.64 (0.98–2.76) | 0.061 | |
KCNQ1 rs2237897 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
CC | 185 (56.9) | 479 (52.8) | 0.207 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT | 125 (38.5) | 364 (40.1) | 1.13 (0.86–1.47) | 0.384 | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | 0.328 | |
TT | 15 (4.6) | 64 (7.1) | 1.65 (0.92–2.97) | 0.096 | 1.99 (1.08–3.67) | 0.027 | |
Dominant | |||||||
CC | 185 (56.9) | 479 (52.8) | 0.218 | 1 | 1 | ||
CT+TT | 140 (43.1) | 428 (47.2) | 1.18 (0.92–1.52) | 0.202 | 1.24 (0.94–1.62) | 0.122 | |
Recessive | |||||||
CC+CT | 310 (95.4) | 843 (92.9) | 0.146 | 1 | 1 | ||
TT | 15 (4.6) | 64 (7.1) | 1.57 (0.88–2.79) | 0.126 | 1.88 (1.03–3.41) | 0.039 | |
Allele | |||||||
C | 495 (76.2) | 1,322 (72.9) | 0.107 | 1 | 1 | ||
T | 155 (23.8) | 492 (27.1) | 1.19 (0.97–1.46) | 0.104 | 1.88 (1.03–3.41) | 0.039 | |
KCNJ11 rs5219 | |||||||
Additive | |||||||
GG | 134 (25.5) | 392 (74.5) | 0.785 | 1 | 1 | ||
GA | 145 (26.8) | 397 (73.2) | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) | 0.635 | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) | 0.280 | |
AA | 46 (28.0) | 118 (72.0) | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) | 0.512 | 0.88 (0.59–1.34) | 0.556 | |
Dominant | |||||||
GG | 134 (25.5) | 392 (74.5) | 0.557 | 1 | 1 | ||
AA+GA | 191 (27.1) | 515 (72.9) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.534 | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) | 0.276 | |
Recessive | |||||||
GA+GG | 279 (26.1) | 789 (73.9) | 0.634 | 1 | 1 | ||
AA | 46 (28.0) | 118 (72.0) | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 0.603 | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 0.826 | |
Allele | |||||||
G | 237 (27.2) | 633 (72.8) | 0.503 | 1 | 1 | ||
A | 413 (25.9) | 1,181 (74.1) | 0.93 (0.78–1.13) | 0.473 | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 0.826 |