초록
방법
결과
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
REFERENCES
Table 1.
Variable | LDSa (n=7,632) | HDSb (n=572) | Pc |
---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects | 7,632 (93.30) | 572 (6.70) | |
Age, y | |||
19-40 | 2,176 (35.23) | 160 (37.71) | <0.001 |
41-64 | 3,581 (47.18) | 206 (35.86) | |
≥65 | 1,875 (17.59) | 206 (26.43) | |
Household income level | |||
Low | 1,444 (15.50) | 230 (34.37) | <0.001 |
Mid-low | 1,883 (24.33) | 145 (34.94) | |
Mid-high | 2,088 (28.78) | 120 (24.12) | |
High | 2,217 (31.39) | 77 (16.57) | |
Education level | |||
Elementary school | 1,910 (18.49) | 233 (31.75) | <0.001 |
Middle school | 765 (9.12) | 72 (11.76) | |
High school | 2,403 (35.51) | 145 (30.33) | |
College or above | 2,554 (38.87) | 122 (26.16) | |
Employment status | |||
Employed | 3,953 (53.02) | 210 (39.69) | <0.001 |
Non-employed | 3,679 (46.98) | 362 (60.61) | |
Family type | |||
Living alone | 914 (8.93) | 136 (17.42) | <0.001 |
Living with partners | 6,718 (91.07) | 436 (82.58) | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 6,661 (91.83) | 476 (76.79) | 0.019 |
Unmarried | 971 (18.17) | 96 (23.71) | |
Smoking status | |||
Yes | 308 (4.71) | 79 (16.49) | <0.001 |
No | 7,324 (95.29) | 493 (83.51) | |
Alcohol drinking status | |||
Yes | 3,124 (45.09) | 216 (43.36) | 0.517 |
No | 4,508 (54.91) | 356 (56.64) | |
Physical activity | |||
Yes | 2,943 (40.69) | 175 (31.97) | <0.001 |
No | 4,689 (59.31) | 397 (68.03) |
Table 2.
Variable |
19-40 years |
41-64 years |
≥65 years |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDS (n=2,176) | HDS (n=160) | Pa | LDS (n=3,581) | HDS (n=206) | P | LDS (n=1,875) | HDS (n=206) | P | ||||
Energy, kcal | 1,799.49±0.98 | 1,890.68±0.13 | 0.269 | 1,726.24±0.99 | 1,656.48±0.33 | 0.171 | 1,492.21±0.48 | 1,321.22±0.48 | <0.001 | |||
Total fatb, g | 48.29±0.77 | 51.58±0.93 | 0.871 | 37.50±0.47 | 32.45±0.98 | 0.040 | 23.51±0.49 | 18.21±0.22 | 0.056 | |||
MUFA, g | 15.43±0.27 | 16.01±0.96 | 0.575 | 11.88±0.16 | 10.09±0.69 | 0.036 | 6.66±0.18 | 5.06±.0.39 | 0.009 | |||
PUFA, g | 11.79±0.21 | 12.82±0.94 | 0.657 | 10.23±0.15 | 8.24±0.53 | 0.001 | 7.05±0.16 | 5.38±0.41 | 0.145 | |||
n-3 FA, g | 1.54±0.03 | 1.66±0.17 | 0.839 | 1.72±0.03 | 1.56±0.23 | 0.672 | 1.34±0.04 | 0.98±0.11 | 0.165 | |||
ALA, g | 1.25±0.03 | 1.37±0.02 | 0.447 | 1.34±0.03 | 1.21±0.02 | 0.505 | 1.09±0.04 | 0.78±0.07 | <0.001 | |||
EPA, mg | 83.49±0.51 | 77.79±0.21 | 0.653 | 110.69±0.25 | 102.72±0.71 | 0.676 | 77.99±0.13 | 60.06±0.54 | 0.413 | |||
DPA, mg | 22.58±0.23 | 22.00±0.92 | 0.851 | 24.17±0.29 | 30.35±0.00 | 0.636 | 15.78±0.08 | 10.66±0.58 | 0.170 | |||
DHA, mg | 171.91±0.05 | 159.52±0.57 | 0.897 | 213.55±0.03 | 192.89±0.11 | 0.661 | 139.21±0.07 | 119.43±0.23 | 0.702 | |||
n-6 FA, g | 10.23±0.19 | 11.12±0.80 | 0.668 | 8.51±0.13 | 6.67±0.37 | <0.001 | 5.71±0.14 | 4.42±0.34 | 0.210 | |||
Linoleic acid, g | 9.77±0.18 | 10.67±0.08 | 0.261 | 8.11±0.01 | 6.49±0.04 | <0.001 | 5.52±0.01 | 4.33±0.34 | <0.001 | |||
γ-Linoleic acid, mg | 24.52±0.54 | 25.95±0.60 | 0.873 | 12.96±0.66 | 6.29±0.12 | 0.014 | 10.85±0.90 | 1.75±0.55 | 0.002 | |||
Arachidonic acid, mg | 64.09±0.26 | 60.08±0.71 | 0.574 | 49.04±0.45 | 39.25±0.76 | 0.046 | 27.25±0.89 | 22.20±0.30 | 0.189 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
Abbreviations: ALA, α-linolenic acid; DHA, docosahexanoic acid; DPA, docosapetaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FA, fatty acid; HDS, high depressive symptoms; LDS, low depressive symptoms; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Table 3.
Variable |
19-40 years |
41-64 years |
≥65 years |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDS (n=2,176) | HDS (n=160) | Pa | LDS (n=3,581) | HDS (n=206) | P | LDS (n=1,875) | HDS (n=206) | P | ||||
% Carbohydrate | 60.45±0.28 | 59.74±0.93 | 0.662 | 65.78±0.21 | 69.60±0.89 | <0.001 | 73.13±0.28 | 75.34±0.83 | 0.034 | |||
% Protein | 15.21±0.11 | 15.24±0.44 | 0.980 | 14.66±0.08 | 13.08±0.28 | <0.001 | 13.03±0.09 | 12.61±0.35 | 0.276 | |||
% Fat | 24.32±0.23 | 25.01±0.80 | 0.625 | 19.55±0.17 | 17.31±0.71 | 0.003 | 13.83±0.23 | 12.04±0.61 | 0.024 | |||
% MUFA | 7.75±0.09 | 7.82±0.32 | 0.941 | 6.16±0.06 | 5.34±0.26 | 0.004 | 4.07±0.08 | 3.29±0.20 | 0.002 | |||
% PUFA | 5.96±0.07 | 6.08±0.27 | 0.849 | 5.31±0.05 | 4.43±0.21 | <0.001 | 4.12±0.07 | 3.59±0.22 | 0.080 | |||
% n-3 FA | 0.79±0.01 | 0.77±0.04 | 0.551 | 0.91±0.01 | 0.81±0.09 | 0.366 | 0.78±0.02 | 0.66±0.07 | 0.193 | |||
ALA | 0.64±0.01 | 0.62±0.04 | 0.745 | 0.70±0.01 | 0.64±0.09 | 0.491 | 0.63±0.02 | 0.53±0.05 | 0.054 | |||
EPA | 0.04±0.01 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.618 | 0.06±0.01 | 0.05±0.01 | 0.463 | 0.05±0.01 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.647 | |||
DPA | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±.0.01 | 0.571 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.886 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.371 | |||
DHA | 0.09±0.01 | 0.08±0.01 | 0.442 | 0.12±0.01 | 0.10±0.02 | 0.285 | 0.08±0.01 | 0.08±0.01 | 0.899 | |||
% n-6 FA | 5.16±0.07 | 5.29±0.24 | 0.764 | 4.40±0.04 | 3.61±0.15 | <0.001 | 3.34±0.06 | 2.94±0.18 | 0.109 | |||
Linoleic acid | 4.92±0.07 | 5.06±0.23 | 0.534 | 4.25±0.05 | 3.52±0.16 | <0.001 | 3.24±0.06 | 2.88±0.18 | 0.062 | |||
γ-Linoleic acid | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.901 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.061 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.003 | |||
Arachidonic acid | 0.03±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.356 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.035 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.899 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
Abbreviatons: ALA, α-linolenic acid; DHA, docosahexanoic acid; DPA, docosapetaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FA, fatty acid; HDS, high depressive symptoms; LDS, low depressive symptoms; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Table 4.
Variable |
19-40 years |
41-64 years |
≥65 years |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Total fatty acid intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 0.92 (0.53-1.60) | 0.80 (0.46-1.37) | 0.65 (0.42-1.01) | 0.71 (0.44-1.14) | 0.67 (0.43-1.03) | 0.80 (0.51-1.26) |
Q3 | 0.90 (0.54-1.49) | 0.77 (0.46-1.29) | 0.62 (0.39-0.99) | 0.82 (0.51-1.32) | 0.61 (0.38-0.99) | 0.82 (0.50-1.35) |
Q4 | 0.92 (0.55-1.54) | 0.94 (0.55-1.60) | 0.58 (0.36-0.93) | 0.68 (0.41-1.12) | 0.42 (0.26-0.67) | 0.56 (0.35-0.90) |
P for trend | 0.740 | 0.774 | 0.026 | 0.168 | 0.001 | 0.032 |
ALA intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 1.09 (0.66-1.81) | 1.10 (0.66-1.83) | 0.64 (0.40-1.02) | 0.73 (0.44-1.20) | 0.68 (0.43-1.09) | 0.85 (0.52-1.39) |
Q3 | 1.21 (0.69-2.09) | 1.02 (0.59-1.78) | 0.61 (0.38-0.98) | 0.76 (0.47-1.24) | 0.91 (0.58-1.42) | 1.14 (0.73-1.78) |
Q4 | 1.08 (0.64-1.82) | 1.10 (0.65-1.86) | 0.53 (0.34-0.82) | 0.62 (0.39-0.99) | 0.46 (0.30-0.71) | 0.63 (0.41-0.96) |
P for trend | 0.710 | 0.803 | 0.006 | 0.057 | 0.004 | 0.127 |
EPA intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 0.88 (0.53-1.47) | 0.96 (0.57-1.63) | 0.82 (0.52-1.30) | 0.95 (0.59-1.53) | 0.51 (0.34-0.77) | 0.57 (0.38-0.87) |
Q3 | 1.01 (0.62-1.62) | 1.04 (0.61-1.77) | 0.81 (0.51-1.28) | 0.93 (0.58-1.49) | 0.73 (0.46-1.15) | 0.82 (0.49-1.37) |
Q4 | 0.69 (0.40-1.19) | 0.73 (0.41-1.29) | 0.78 (0.49-1.24) | 0.87 (0.53-1.41) | 0.39 (0.23-0.65) | 0.53 (0.32-0.88) |
P for trend | 0.553 | 0.596 | 0.702 | 0.602 | 0.008 | 0.064 |
DPA intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 1.12 (0.68-1.84) | 1.12 (0.66-1.92) | 0.67 (0.43-1.06) | 0.79 (0.48-1.28) | 0.60 (0.41-0.88) | 0.71 (0.48-1.05) |
Q3 | 0.77 (0.45-1.32) | 0.75 (0.43-1.29) | 0.62 (0.38-1.01) | 0.76 (0.45-1.27) | 0.72 (0.44-1.19) | 0.99 (0.59-1.65) |
Q4 | 0.96 (0.58-1.58) | 0.97 (0.58-1.61) | 0.44 (0.27-0.71) | 0.55 (0.33-0.93) | 0.44 (0.25-0.75) | 0.64 (0.37-1.12) |
P for trend | 0.613 | 0.543 | 0.001 | 0.037 | 0.015 | 0.225 |
DHA intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 0.77 (0.45-1.31) | 0.74 (0.42-1.28) | 0.75 (0.49-1.15) | 0.90 (0.58-1.41) | 0.45 (0.29-0.71) | 0.49 (0.31-0.77) |
Q3 | 0.85 (0.49-1.45) | 0.81 (0.46–1.43) | 0.62 (0.40-0.96) | 0.76 (0.47-1.20) | 0.62 (0.41-0.94) | 0.81 (0.51-1.29) |
Q4 | 0.78 (0.47-1.30) | 0.82 (0.48-1.39) | 0.51 (0.32-0.82) | 0.64 (0.39-1.05) | 0.38 (0.23-0.61) | 0.51 (0.31-0.85) |
P for trend | 0.454 | 0.588 | 0.003 | 0.069 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
Model 1: unadjusted model; model 2: adjusted for household income level, education level, marital status, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and physical activity.
Abbreviations: ALA, α-linolenic acid; CI, confidence interval; DHA, docosahexanoic acid; DPA, docosapetaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.
Table 5.
Variable |
19-40 years |
41-64 years |
≥65 years |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Total fatty acid intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 1.26 (0.72-2.21) | 1.24 (0.72-2.15) | 0.85 (0.54-1.35) | 1.09 (0.66-1.83) | 0.68 (0.43-1.06) | 0.77 (0.48-1.22) |
Q3 | 1.19 (0.67-2.14) | 1.06 (0.61-1.87) | 0.58 (0.37-0.91) | 0.81 (0.49-1.35) | 0.59 (0.35-0.97) | 0.72 (0.43-1.20) |
Q4 | 1.21 (0.68-2.13) | 1.12 (0.63-1.98) | 0.48 (0.28-0.81) | 0.66 (0.38-1.14) | 0.65 (0.37-1.12) | 0.92 (0.54-1.58) |
P for trend | 0.567 | 0.837 | 0.001 | 0.078 | 0.0289 | 0.388 |
Linoleic acid intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 1.18 (0.68-2.05) | 1.08 (0.63-1.86) | 0.77 (0.49-1.23) | 0.98 (0.58-1.64) | 0.61 (0.39-0.98) | 0.83 (0.51-1.34) |
Q3 | 1.06 (0.59-1.88) | 0.94 (0.54-1.63) | 0.65 (0.42-1.02) | 0.89 (0.54-1.47) | 0.54 (0.36-0.81) | 0.75 (0.50-1.14) |
Q4 | 1.22 (0.70-2.14) | 1.07 (0.60-1.92) | 0.48 (0.28-0.81) | 0.64 (0.37-1.11) | 0.52 (0.25-1.05) | 0.86 (0.43-1.72) |
P for trend | 0.637 | 0.935 | 0.003 | 0.105 | 0.014 | 0.331 |
γ-linoleic acid intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 0.94 (0.53-1.68) | 1.09 (0.60-1.98) | 0.70 (0.44-1.09) | 0.82 (0.51-1.32) | 0.86 (0.53-1.38) | 1.14 (0.69-1.89) |
Q3 | 0.99 (0.59-1.68) | 1.18 (0.67-2.08) | 0.58 (0.38-0.89) | 0.61 (0.40-0.93) | 0.86 (0.55-1.33) | 0.92 (0.58-1.46) |
Q4 | 1.12 (0.68-1.82) | 1.28 (0.72-2.12) | 0.54 (0.33-0.86) | 0.72 (0.44-1.18) | 0.63 (0.38-1.02) | 0.90 (0.55-1.47) |
P for trend | 0.627 | 0.305 | 0.006 | 0.096 | 0.099 | 0.607 |
Arachidonic acid intakea, mg/kcal/day | ||||||
Q1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
Q2 | 0.92 (0.55-1.55) | 1.03 (0.60-1.79) | 0.60 (0.38-0.95) | 0.69 (0.43-1.12) | 0.73 (0.13-4.11) | 0.88 (0.15-5.05) |
Q3 | 1.03 (0.62-1.69) | 0.97 (0.57-1.65) | 0.51 (0.31-0.83) | 0.64 (0.38-1.08) | 0.54 (0.32-0.92) | 0.59 (0.34-1.01) |
Q4 | 0.94 (0.61-1.47) | 0.94 (0.59-1.49) | 0.48 (0.32-0.73) | 0.63 (0.40-0.99) | 0.86 (0.58-1.28) | 1.12 (0.76-1.64) |
P for trend | 0.910 | 0.778 | 0.001 | 0.043 | 0.167 | 0.779 |