초록
연구배경
방법
결과
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
REFERENCES
Table 1.
E-cigarette current user (n=296) | E-cigarette former user (n=683) | Non-user (n=6,480) | Pa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | <0.001 | |||
<40 | 59.9 (43.7-65.8) | 58.1 (53.4-62.5) | 34.9 (33.2-36.5) | |
40-59 | 36.9 (31.3-42.9) | 36.1 (31.8-40.6) | 41.4 (39.8-43.0) | |
≥60 | 3.2 (1.9-5.3) | 5.8 (4.4-7.7) | 23.7 (22.5-25.0) | |
Education, y | 0.098 | |||
≤12 | 51.2 (44.3-58.0) | 54.6 (50.2-58.9) | 57.5 (55.6-59.4) | |
>12 | 48.8 (42.0-55.7) | 45.4 (41.1-49.8) | 42.5 (40.6-44.4) | |
Annual house income | <0.001 | |||
1st quartile | 4.2 (2.5-7.0) | 8.9 (6.7-11.6) | 14.2 (12.9-15.6) | |
2nd quartile | 21.3 (17.1-26.2) | 25.1 (21.5-29.0) | 23.6 (22.2-25.1) | |
3rd quartile | 38.7 (32.4-45.5) | 32.9 (28.8-37.2) | 30.5 (28.9-32.1) | |
4th quartile | 35.7 (29.4-42.6) | 33.2 (29.2-37.4) | 31.7 (29.7-33.8) | |
Regular aerobic exerciseb | 0.317 | |||
No | 46.0 (39.5-52.7) | 49.6 (45.3-53.9) | 46.0 (44.4-47.7) | |
Yes | 54.0 (47.3-60.5) | 50.4 (46.1-54.7) | 54.0 (52.3-55.6) | |
High risk drinkingc | <0.001 | |||
No | 69.3 (63.2-74.8) | 65.5 (61.3-69.5) | 79.2 (78.0-80.3) | |
Yes | 30.7 (25.2-36.8) | 34.5 (30.5-38.7) | 20.8 (19.7-22.0) | |
Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
Current smoker | 85.1 (79.6-89.2) | 81.4 (77.9-84.5) | 31.2 (29.8-32.6) | |
Ex-smoker | 13.5 (9.6-18.7) | 17.7 (14.7-21.2) | 35.5 (34.1-37.0) | |
Non-smokers | 1.4 (0.4-4.5) | 0.9 (0.3-2.5) | 33.3 (31.9-34.8) | |
PHQ-9 score | 2.69±0.22a | 2.57±0.13a | 1.94±0.05b | <0.001 |
PHQ-9 score group | 0.132 | |||
<10 | 94.8 (91.0-97.1) | 95.5 (93.7-96.8) | 96.7 (96.1-97.2) | |
≥10 | 5.2 (2.9-9.0) | 4.5 (3.2-6.3) | 3.3 (2.8-3.9) | |
Perceived stress level | ||||
Low | 65.5 (58.5-71.8) | 67.5 (63.4-71.3) | 76.2 (74.9-77.4) | <0.001 |
High | 34.5 (28.2-41.5) | 32.5 (28.7-36.6) | 23.8 (22.6-25.1) |
Values are presented as weighted % (range) or mean±standard deviation.
Abbreviation: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
a P-value is based on chi-square analysis for categorical variables or analysis of variance test for continuous variables. All results are from survey analysis.
Table 2.
Dual user (n=251) | Current smokers with e-cigarette former use (n=547) | Only conventional smokers (n=1,907) | Pb | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | ||||
<40 | 59.2 (52.4-65.6) | 58.9 (53.7-63.9) | 33.9 (31.1-36.7) | <0.001 |
40-59 | 38.4 (32.2-45.0) | 35.9 (31.1-41.1) | 49.2 (46.4-52.0) | |
≥60 | 2.4 (1.3-4.4) | 5.2 (3.7-7.1) | 16.9 (15.3-18.7) | |
Education, y | 0.037 | |||
≤12 | 53.8 (46.2-61.3) | 55.3 (50.4-60.1) | 61.1 (58.3-63.9) | |
>12 | 46.2 (38.7-53.8) | 44.7 (39.9-49.6) | 38.9 (36.1-41.7) | |
Annual house Income | <0.001 | |||
1st quartile | 4.4 (2.5-7.6) | 9.2 (6.8-12.3) | 14.1 (12.3-16.1) | |
2nd quartile | 20.7 (16.3-25.9) | 24.3 (20.4-28.7) | 25.0 (22.7-27.5) | |
3rd quartile | 38.3 (31.4-45.7) | 34.1 (29.7-38.8) | 31.3 (28.7-34.1) | |
4th quartile | 36.6 (29.8-44.1) | 32.4 (28.1-37.1) | 29.6 (27.0-32.4) | |
Regular aerobic exercisec | 0.283 | |||
No | 44.9 (37.7-52.3) | 50.0 (45.3-54.7) | 50.9 (48.2-53.6) | |
Yes | 55.1 (47.7-62.3) | 50.0 (45.3-54.7) | 49.1 (46.4-51.8) | |
High risk drinkingd | ||||
No | 69.0 (62.3-75.1) | 64.0 (59.3-68.4) | 67.8 (65.3-70.2) | 0.276 |
Yes | 31.0 (24.9-37.7) | 36.0 (31.6-40.7) | 32.2 (29.8-34.7) | |
PHQ-9 score | 2.85±0.25b,c | 2.75±0.16b | 2.34±0.10c | 0.030 |
PHQ-9 score group | 0.774 | |||
<10 | 93.9 (89.5-96.6) | 94.6 (92.4-96.2) | 95.0 (93.7-96.1) | |
≥10 | 6.1 (3.4-10.5) | 5.4 (3.8-7.6) | 5.0 (3.9-6.3) | |
Perceived stress level | 0.197 | |||
Low | 69.4 (66.9-71.8) | 65.7 (61.0-70.0) | 64.2 (56.4-71.3) | |
High | 30.6 (28.2-33.1) | 34.3 (30.0-39.0) | 35.8 (28.7-43.6) | |
Previous quit attempt | 0.052 | |||
No | 42.0 (34.6-49.8) | 40.4 (34.9-46.1) | 47.7 (44.5-51.0) | |
Yes | 58.0 (50.2-65.4) | 59.6 (53.9-65.1) | 52.3 (49.0-55.5) | |
Quit intention within 1 month | 0.893 | |||
No | 63.9 (57.1-70.1) | 65.7 (60.9-70.2) | 65.4 (62.7-68.1) | |
Yes | 36.1 (29.9-42.9) | 34.3 (29.8-39.1) | 34.6 (31.9-37.3) | |
Time to first cigarette in the morning (n=939)e | 71 | 235 | 633 | 0.229 |
<30 minutes | 54.4 (41.3-66.9) | 61.3 (54.2-67.9) | 54.3 (49.7-58.8) | |
≥30 minutes | 45.6 (33.1-58.7) | 38.7 (32.1-45.8) | 45.7 (41.2-50.3) |
Values are presented as weighted % (range), mean±standard deviation, or number.
Abbreviation: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
a The population of Table 2 was male current smokers (n=2,705). The proportion of dual user and the e-cigarette former user was respectively 9.3% and 20.2% of current smokers, while the proportion of only conventional smokers was 70.5%.
b P-value is based on chi-square analysis for categorical variables or analysis of variance test for continuous variables. All results are from survey analysis.
Table 3.
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Total population (n=7,459) | ||
Evers use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1.433 (0.995-2.066) | 1.179 (0.791-1.758) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.065 (1.034-1.097) | 1.044 (1.017-1.071) |
Current use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1.581 (0.853-2.929) | 1.465 (0.769-2.788) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.061 (1.039-1.083) | 1.062 (1.021-1.105) |
Former use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1.367 (0.914-2.044) | 1.081 (0.693-1.685) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.056 (1.033-1.081) | 1.036 (1.007-1.066) |
Current smokers (n=2,705) | ||
Evers use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1.137 (0.750-1.723) | 1.106 (0.702-1.744) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.037 (1.009-1.065) | 1.035 (1.003-1.068) |
Current use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1.406 (0.755-2.618) | 1.253 (0.655-2.399) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.061 (1.029-1.094) | 1.054 (1.012-1.098) |
Former use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1.093 (0.695-1.717) | 1.033 (0.623-1.714) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.033 (1.004-1.063) | 1.029 (0.995-1.064) |
Former smokers (n=2,844) | ||
Evers use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 0.136 (0.018-1.007) | 0.118 (0.014-0.974) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.012 (0.966-1.061) | 0.989 (0.923-1.061) |
Current use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | Excluded | Excluded |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.025 (0.952-1.103) | 1.000 (0.902-1.109) |
Former use vs. never use | ||
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 0.183 (0.025-1.353) | 0.168 (0.021-1.363) |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.007 (0.951-1.067) | 0.985 (0.905-1.072) |
Crude ORs and their 95% CI were computed with univariable binomial logistic regressions and adjusted OR (95% CI) were computed with multivariable binomial logistic regressions, adjusting for age, education., alcohol, income and perceived stress level.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
Table 4.
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
||
---|---|---|
Only conventional tobacco use | Dual use | |
PHQ-9 continuous scorea | 1.049 (1.020-1.079) | 1.090 (1.036-1.148) |
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1 | 1 |
PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 1.648 (1.041-2.608) | 2.211 (0.978-4.997) |
The reference category was “no tobacco use” (n=1,910).
Crude ORs and their 95% CI were computed with univariable binomial logistic regressions and adjusted OR (95% CI) were computed with multivariable binomial logistic regressions, adjusting for age, education., alcohol, income and perceived stress level.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.