It is generally accepted that aggressive surgical approaches with extended hepatectomy may result in an improved prognosis for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC) [1-5]. Extended hepatectomy can enhance surgical curability by demonstrating tumor-negative bile duct resection margins (BDRMs) compared to local resection [5-7]. However, extended hepatectomy can increase postoperative morbidity and mortality because it often requires massive liver resection which is closely associated with post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF), hepatic decompensation, and secondary septic complications [8-10]. PHLF in patients with obstructive jaundice is dependent on the volume of the resected hepatic mass [8,9]. Thus, parenchyma-preserving hepatectomy (PPH) can be considered in patients with high risk of PHLF [10]. It has been reported that PPH may lower surgical curability with an increased likelihood of tumor-positive BDRMs. Apparently, PPH is indicated only for patients expected to achieve curative resection. However, in real-world practice, the decision to determine surgical curability for PHCC is often difficult before surgery or even during surgery. Preoperative right portal vein embolization (PVE) for right hepatectomy or more extended hepatectomy can decrease the hepatic parenchymal resection rate [11,12]. However, PVE can also have a negative effect on surgical curability if it is not relevantly applied. When surgical curability is not determined in Bismuth-Corlette type IV PHCC, central hepatectomy in the form of PPH instead of PVE can lead to tailored expansion of hepatic resection to obtain tumor-free BDRMs as it can permit extended resection towards the left, right, or both sides of the liver. The author herein present a case of a patient with type IV PHCC treated with hepatic segments I+IV resection and bile duct resection (BDR). Detailed surgical procedures are presented in a Supplementary Video of 7 minutes.

A 77-year-old male patient with obstructive jaundice was admitted under the diagnosis of Bismuth-Corlette type IV PHCC. The patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage at another hospital. Preoperative imaging studies revealed that the tumor was compatible with type IV PHCC without vascular invasion (Fig. 1). Preoperative workup revealed dysfunction of the left ventricle with deceased ejection fraction. Obstructive jaundice resolved slowly with repeated episodes of cholangitis despite multiple external biliary drainages. The operation was performed after biliary decompression with serum total bilirubin concentration of 3.0 mg/dL.

Considering the old age of this patient, two surgical plans were prepared regarding the extent of hepatectomy: If the left hepatic BDRM was tumor-positive, extended left hepatectomy with caudate lobectomy would be performed. If the left hepatic BDRM was tumor-negative, segments I + VI resection with or without additional hepatic resection would be performed

After laparotomy, surgical resectability was assessed by manual palpation (Fig. 2A). The distal bile duct was dissected first and transected to assess the status of tumor invasion. The distal BDRM was found to be tumor-free (Fig. 2B). Enlarged retropancreatic lymph nodes (LNs) were dissected (Fig. 2C), and intraoperative frozen-section biopsy showed nodal metastasis. Dissection was continued towards the hepatic hilum. The hepatic artery and portal vein branches were successfully isolated (Fig. 2D), indicating the absence of hilar vascular invasion.

The liver parenchyma was transected along the falciform ligament (Fig. 3A). Segment III duct (B3) and segment II duct (B2) were consecutively transected (Fig. 3B, 3C), in which their BDRMs were tumor-negative. The left portal vein and the hepatic artery were further dissected to expose the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. Hepatic transection continued towards the dorsal part of the left caudate lobe and the remnant left lateral segment was completely separated from the left caudate lobe (Fig. 3D).

The right-sided hepatic parenchymal transection was performed along the hemi-liver discoloration line (Fig. 4A). At the right hepatic hilum, two segment V ducts (B5s) were transected (Fig. 4B, 4C), which were found to be tumor-negative. The pus drained from B5s was collected for bacterial culture. Consecutively, segment VIII duct (B8) was transected (Fig. 4D), which was also found to be tumor-negative. The right posterior duct, which was a conjoined portion of segment VI and VII ducts (B6 + 7), was transected (Fig. 5A), and found to be tumor-negative. The paracaval portion and the left caudate lobe were removed along with segment IV resection (Fig. 5B, 5C). Considering that all left and right hepatic BDRMs were tumor negative and retropancreatic LNs were metastatic, the extent of resection was thought to be sufficient for this patient.

There were six hepatic duct openings at the left and right hila (Fig. 5D). A redundant Roux-Y jejunal limb was prepared. First, the B6 + 7 was reconstructed through a single hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) (Fig. 6A) because it was located at the deepest portion. Two B5 and one B8 were conjoined with 5-0 monofilament sutures to make a single opening, and then single HJ was performed (Fig. 6B). Thereafter, B2 and B3 were conjoined and a single HJ was performed (Fig. 6C, 6D). Consequently, biliary reconstruction included two HJs at the right liver and one HJ at the left lateral section. This operation took 7 hours. Eight sessions of intraoperative frozen-section biopsy (6 for DBRMs and two for LNs) were performed. Detailed surgical procedures are presented in a Supplementary Video of 7 minutes.

The pathology report revealed that the tumor was cholangiocarcinoma measuring 3.8 cm in size; moderately differentiated with extension beyond the bile duct (depth of invasion was 7 mm from the surface epithelia) and involvement of the hepatic parenchyma; the presence of lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion, and involvement of the distal and B3 BDRMs by high-grade biliary intraepithelial neoplasia. Metastasis was present in 5 of 22 LNs (LN #12, 2/6; LN #8 and 13, 2/10; and pericholangiotic LN, 1/6) (Fig. 7). According to the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, the extent of the tumor was pT2bN2M0. Thus, it was regarded as stage IVA tumor.

The patient recovered uneventfully. He was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 18 (Fig. 8A, 8B). Because of high risk of tumor recurrence, the patient underwent concurrent chemoradiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with oral uracil-tegafur plus leucovorin. No surgical complications occurred during follow-up to date (Fig. 8C, 8D). The patient has been doing well without any evidence of tumor recurrence for the past 24 months after the operation.

It is well known that curative resection is of great prognostic significance after surgical resection for PHCC [5,13]. To achieve curative resection for PHCC, extended hepatic resection is usually required. However, extended hepatectomy in patients with obstructive jaundice can lead to high surgical morbidity and mortality, even after sufficient biliary decompression. It has been suggested that surgical morbidity and mortality after hepatic resection are dependent on the volume of the resected hepatic mass in patients with obstructive jaundice [8,9,14]. To avoid PHLF following extended hepatectomy, preoperative PVE has been performed to decrease the parenchymal resection rate [11,12].

It has been hypothesized that if hepatic resection is limited as much as possible to what is necessary for curative resection, fewer postoperative complications in patients with PHCC might occur. It has been advocated to perform customized limited hepatic resection according to individual tumor extent of each patient [4]. Because segment I resection is known to be a requisite for curative resection of PHCC [15], resection of the entire segment I could be the most limited hepatectomy in surgical resection for PHCC [16,17]. Limited hepatic resection of segments I and IV as PPH for PHCC in which the extent of cancer is localized around the confluence of bilateral hepatic ducts has been previously demonstrated [18].

The clinical implications of PPH for PHCC has not been addressed or clarified yet. It has been suggested that PPH may decrease the rate of curative surgical resection. However, several studies have revealed that surgical curability is not impaired by PPH. On the other hand, PPH could elicit favorable prognosis after surgical resection similar to that of extended hepatectomy [10,19]. Thus, PPH is known to have beneficial effects on surgical morbidity and mortality as an operative procedure for PHCC [10].

However, it has also been reported that PPH is unsuitable as an operative procedure to obtain curative resection for the majority of patients with PHCC. A Japanese study has revealed that only 15% of patients could be selected to undergo PPH as a limited hepatectomy procedure to obtain curative resection [10]. PPH might have beneficial effects for patients with PHCC extending only into bile duct branches of segments I and IV without lymph nodal involvement. It might also have beneficial effects for those who do not require vascular resection, especially for patients with high operative risk.

In contrast with the conventional concept of PPH, we have also performed PPH in patients with more advanced PHCCs, as shown in the present case with type IV tumor, especially when right or left hemihepatectomy might not ensure surgical curability. For type IV PHCC, left or right trisectionectomy may provide the highest surgical curability. However, its surgical indication is usually very limited even after preoperative PVE. In real-world practice, irrelevant right PVE can result in R1 resection if the tumor is involved deeply at the left hepatic duct and if right trisectionectomy is not permitted. On the contrary, customized central hepatectomy in the form of PPH can provide a chance to expand the extent of resection to obtain tumor-free BDRMs because it can permit extended resection towards the left, right, or both sides of the liver. Based on our experience, the extent of PPH for PHCC ranges from segment I+IV resection to central bisectionectomy + segment I resection, depending on the extent of tumor involvement.

However, PPH requires more complex surgical procedures than extended hepatectomy. It is mandatory to perform multiple bilio-enteric anastomoses after PPH. Thorough preoperative anatomic recognition, accurate evaluation of the cancer extent, and skilled surgical techniques for meticulous hepatectomy are required to perform PPH procedures [10].

In conclusion, PPH can lead to curative resection and improved outcomes of patients with PHCC localized at the hepatic duct confluence. PPH may also provide beneficial effects for selected patients according to the extent of the tumor and for patients with high operative risk.

Supplementary data related to this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.14701/ahbps.2021.25.3.419.