Journal List > J Korean Med Sci > v.36(34) > 1147365

TOOLS
Chung, Kang, Nam, Rhie, and Lee: Efficacy of Triptorelin 3-Month Depot Compared to 1-Month Depot for the Treatment of Korean Girls with Central Precocious Puberty in Single Tertiary Center
Original Article
Pediatrics

Journal of Korean Medical Science 2021; 36(34): e219.

Published online: 26 July 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e219

Efficacy of Triptorelin 3-Month Depot Compared to 1-Month Depot for the Treatment of Korean Girls with Central Precocious Puberty in Single Tertiary Center

Lindsey Yoojin Chung1, 2, Eungu Kang2, Hyo-Kyoung Nam2, Young-Jun Rhie2, Kee-Hyoung Lee2

1Department of Pediatrics, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.

2Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Address for Correspondence: Kee-Hyoung Lee, MD. Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea. khlee218@kumc.or.kr

Received 11 March 2021       Accepted 21 July 2021

© 2021 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.

The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Triptorelin depot is largely used to treat central precocious puberty (CPP) in children, and a 3-month depot has been introduced. However, data about the 3-month gonadotropin-releasing hormone use for treatment of CPP in Korean girls are not available. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of a triptorelin 11.25 mg 3-month depot with that of a 3.75 mg 1-month depot in suppressing pubertal development for the treatment of CPP.

Methods

A retrospective study, including 106 girls with CPP treated with triptorelin, was conducted. Fifty patients were treated with a triptorelin 3-month depot, and 56 were treated with a triptorelin 1-month depot. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol levels were analysed every 6 months after the visit. The height and bone age of each patient was evaluated at the beginning of treatment, after 6 months, and one year after therapy.

Results

The baseline characteristics of the girls treated with a 3-month depot were similar to those of the girls treated with a 1-month depot. A suppressed levels of LH to the triptorelin injection (serum LH < 2.5 IU/L) at 6 months was seen in 90.0% and 98.2% of the girls treated with the 3-month and 1-month depots, respectively (P = 0.160). After 1 year of treatment, a suppressed levels of LH was seen in 93.5% and 100% of the girls treated with the 3-month and 1-month depots, respectively (P = 0.226). Height velocity showed no significant difference between the two groups. Degree of bone age advancement decreased from 1.22 ± 0.07 and 1.22 ± 0.08 years at baseline (P = 0.914) to 1.16 ± 0.07 and 1.17 ± 0.08 in the girls treated with the 3-month and 1-month depots after 1 year, respectively (P = 0.481).

Conclusion

This study showed that the efficacy of long-acting triptorelin 3-month was comparable to 1-month depot regarding hormonal suppression and inhibition of bone maturation. The triptorelin 11.25 mg 3-month depot is an effective treatment for girls with CPP.

Graphical Abstract

jkms-36-e219-abf001.jpg

Keywords: Central Precocious Puberty, Triptorelin Pamoate, Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Analogue, Korea

INTRODUCTION

Central precocious puberty (CPP) refers to the gonadotropin-dependent onset of puberty before the age of 8 years in girls.1 CPP is caused by the premature reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis).2 Gonadal stimulation by gonadotropin induces an increase in sex steroid secretion that leads to the premature onset of sexual characteristics and is associated with a growth spurt and accelerated skeletal maturation that compromises adult height.3
Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues are the treatment of choice for CPP. These drugs suppress gonadotropin secretion through the desensitization and downregulation of GnRH receptors by exposing them to continuous rather than pulsatile GnRH release, leading to the decrease in gonadal steroid levels to prepubertal levels.45 GnRH analogues reverse or stabilize pubertal development, and growth is normalized without adversely affecting the resumption of puberty and the final height.67
The 1-month depot formulation of GnRH analogue is the primary formulation used in the treatment of CPP.4 It provides a steady release of the drug and significantly improves the short-and long-term outcomes in children affected by CPP without adverse effects during and after the treatment.489 A 3-month depot formulation of GnRH analogue has been developed, and short-term trials showed its efficacy in children with CPP.1011121314 However, a comparison of efficacy between the 1-month and 3-month depot formulations in suppressing the HPG axis has been rarely reported.14 One of the GnRH analogues, triptorelin, is available in depot formulations that can be injected every month or every 3 months and has been approved for use in patients with CPP in a number of countries throughout the world. Since CPP might require several years of treatment, the need for using the 3-month formulation is increasing to improve the treatment compliance and quality of life of children under treatment. Therefore, more data for the 3-month formulation to treat CPP are necessary to support the replacement of the 1-month formulation.
In this study, we analysed the outcomes in Korean girls with CPP treated with the triptorelin acetate (TA) 1-month depot (3.75 mg) or triptorelin pamoate (TP) 3-month depot (11.25 mg) to compare their efficacy in suppressing the HPG axis.

METHODS

Patients

A retrospective analysis of the results of GnRH analogue therapy in 106 girls with idiopathic CPP during the period 2015 to 2019 at the pediatric endocrinology clinic of Korea University Hospital was performed. All patients had proven CPP based on the following criteria: breast development before the age of 8 and pubertal luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (peak LH level ≥ 5.0 IU/L) on a GnRH stimulation test (100 µg/m2 i.v.).1516 Additional inclusion criteria were CPP girls in under age 9 years at diagnosis, weight over 20kg, bone age (BA) advancement ≥ 1 year over chronological age (CA) by the Greulich-Pyle Method17 and naïve to GnRH analogue before initiating treatment with TP. We excluded the CPP girls with an identified etiology, such as growth hormone deficiency, brain tumor or cranial irradiation, and girls with any chronic diseases, such as chronic nephrosis, asthma, and epilepsy were excluded from the study (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1

Flow chart of the study population.

TP = triptorelin pamoate, TA = triptorelin acetate, ADR = adverse drug reaction, CPP = central precocious puberty.
jkms-36-e219-g001

Methods

Among 106 girls, 50 were treated with the TP 3-month depot formulation (11.25 mg, TP 3-month group) and 56 were treated with the TA 1-month depot formulation (3.75 mg, TA 1-month group). The TP 3-month depot was administered every 3 months, and the TA 1-month depot was administered once a month by intramuscular injection. Triptorelin 3-month depot is recommended in patients over 20 kg without dose change. There is no information on dose reduction for under 20 kg or young children. We injected fixed one dose, 1 vial in patients over 20 kg for the treatment. Serum LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol concentrations were measured after GnRH analogue injection every 6 months for therapeutic monitoring. LH and FSH were measured by the immunoradiometric (IRMA) kit (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA). The measurement range for LH was 0.16 to approximately 180 IU/L and FSH was 0.17 to approximately 180 IU/L. Estradiol was measure by radioimmunoassay kit (Cisbio Bioassays, Codolet, France), the mearuement range was 8 pg/mL to 5000 pg/mL. The single LH and FSH serum levels were measured 60 minutes after Triptorelin injection (Triptorelin-stimulated measurement). LH levels below 2.5 IU/L were considered adequate for HPG axis suppression (LH suppression).18
In both groups, the other assessments included height and weight (at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months), the calculated height velocity (at 6 months and 12 months), body mass index (BMI), and calculate the standard deviation score (SDS) of the height, weight, and BMI based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents (at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months)19; pubertal development according to the Tanner stage (at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months); and BA determination by the Greulich-Pyle Method (at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months).20 BA divided by the CA (BA/CA) was used as an index of bone age advancement.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted using R statistical software (R for Windows V.3.5.1; The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The differences in continuous variables between the two groups were evaluated using Student's t-test. Categorical variables were evaluated using the χ2 test instead. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all the tests.

Ethics statement

This study was approved for the retrospective study by the Korea University Institutional Review Board (IRB) (Study approval No. 2019AN0524). Informed consent was waived by IRB.

RESULTS

The baseline characteristics of patients in the TP 3-month and TA 1-month groups at the initiation of TP therapy in terms of age, weight, height, BMI, pubertal stage, bone age, peak LH level, and peak FSH level are outlined in Table 1. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in auxological and hormonal features (Table 1). The initial mean GnRH-stimulated peak LH levels were 19.3 ± 23.2 IU/L and 22.4 ± 22.0 IU/L (TP 3-month and TA 1-month, respectively), and the peak FSH levels were 14.4 ± 9.8 IU/L and 14.7 ± 4.2 IU/L (TP 3-month and TA 1-month, respectively) and the levels were not statistically different between the two groups (P = 0.486 and 0.799 respectively).
Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the TP 3-month depot and 1-month depot groups

jkms-36-e219-i001
Variables TP 3-mon (n = 50) TA 1-mon (n = 56) P value
Age, yr 8.3 ± 0.5 [7.3–8.9] 8.3 ± 0.7 [6.5–8.9] 0.914
MPH, cm 160.7 ± 3.7 161.0 ± 3.2 0.664
Height, cm 132.8 ± 6.7 133.6 ± 5.3 0.499
Weight, kg 31.3 ± 6.1 33.1 ± 4.6 0.095
BMI, kg/m2 17.6 ± 2.6 18.5 ± 2.1 0.060
Height SDS 0.8 ± 1.0 1.0 ± 0.9 0.286
Weight SDS 0.7 ± 1.1 1.1 ± 0.9 0.091
BMI SDS 0.4 ± 1.1 0.8 ± 0.9 0.058
Tanner stage
2 38 (76.0) 39 (69.6)
3 12 (24.0) 17 (30.4)
Bone age, yr 10.2 ± 0.6 10.2 ± 0.8 0.798
peak LH, IU/L 19.3 ± 23.2 22.4 ± 22.0 0.486
peak FSH, IU/L 14.4 ± 9.8 14.7 ± 4.2 0.799
Estradiol, pg/mL 2.7 ± 10.2 4.4 ± 11.6 0.432
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
TP = triptorelin pamoate, TA = triptorelin acetate, MPH = mid-parental height, BMI = body mass index, SDS = standard deviation score, LH = luteinizing hormone, FSH = follicle stimulating hormone.

Hormonal suppression

The TP 3-month group comprised 45/50 (90%) responders after 6 months and 43/46 (93.5%) after 12 months with an adequately suppressed LH response, and the TA 1-month group comprised 55/56 (98%) and 48/48 (100%) responders at 6 months and 12 months, respectively. The analysis at 12 months was conducted with the data of 46 patients in the TP 3-month group and 48 patients in the TA 1-month group due to follow-up loss. The proportion of responders did not show statistical differences between the TP 3-month and TA 1-month groups both after 6 months and 12 months (P = 0.160 and 0.226, respectively) (Table 2). Regarding the clinical characteristics of the patients who did not suppressed appropriately in 6 or 12 month after treatment with TP 3-month, there were no particular differences in Tanner stage, bone age, BMI and accompanying diseases compared to the responders of TP 3-month group.
Table 2

Suppressed LH responsea after treatment with TP 3-month and TA 1-month depots

jkms-36-e219-i002
Variables LH < 2.5 IU/L
TP 3-mon TA 1-mon P value
6 mon 45/50 (90.0) 55/56 (98.2) 0.160
1 yr 43/46 (93.5) 48/48 (100) 0.226
Data are presented as number/total number (%).
LH = luteinizing hormone, TP = triptorelin pamoate, TA = triptorelin acetate.
aLH < 2.5 IU/L indicates suppressed LH response
The mean Triptorelin-stimulated LH levels were 1.5 ± 1.3 IU/L (TP 3-month) and 0.8 ± 0.5 IU/L (TA 1-month) at 6 months (P < 0.001), and 1.2 ± 0.9 IU/L (TP 3-month) and 0.6 ± 0.3 IU/L (TA 1-month) at 12 months of treatment (P < 0.001). (Table 3).
Table 3

Mean LH and FSH levels after triptorelin injection (Triptorelin-stimulated response)

jkms-36-e219-i003
Variables Mean LH, IU/L Mean FSH, IU/L Mean estradiol, pg/mL
TP 3-mon TA 1-mon P value TP 3-mon TA 1-mon P value TP 3-mon TA 1-mon P value
Baselinea 19.3 ± 23.2 [5.07–150.8] 22.4 ± 22.0 [5.52–101.7] 0.486 14.4 ± 9.8 [6.03–74.53] 14.7 ± 4.2 [5.96–24.29] 0.799 2.7 ± 10.2 [0–49.1] 4.4 ± 11.6 [0–45.1] 0.432
6 mon 1.5 ± 1.3 [0–8.4] 0.8 ± 0.5 [0.1–2.88] < 0.001 2.5 ± 2.0 [0.26–9.5] 1.4 ± 0.9 [0.17–3.96] < 0.001 2.8 ± 9.8 [0–54.8] 4.5 ± 17.6 [0–105.2] 0.543
1 yr 1.2 ± 0.9 [0.2–5] 0.6 ± 0.3 [0.1–1.5] < 0.001 2.8 ± 1.6 [0.2–6.8] 1.7 ± 0.8 [0.36–4.63] < 0.001 2.4 ± 13.3 [0–90] 0.3 ± 2.0 [0–14] 0.285
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
LH = luteinizing hormone, FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone, TP = triptorelin pamoate, TA = triptorelin acetate.
aBaseline was measured by GnRH stimulation test and peak levels were collected.

Clinical efficacy

The changes after 1 year of treatment were compared with the baseline in both groups. The Tanner stage was 2 or 3 in both groups and was evenly distributed at the beginning of the treatment. Assessment at 12 months showed that breast development was not progressed in both the TP 3-month and TA 1-month groups. During the treatment, height velocity decreased from 7.2 ± 2.2 cm/year to 6.2 ± 1.2 cm/year in the TP 3-month group and from 7.5 ± 4.2 cm/year to 5.6 ± 2.7 cm/year in the TA 1-month group after 6 months and 1 year of treatment, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (Table 4).
Table 4

Changes in height velocity and bone age advancement in girls at months 6 and 12 after treatment with the TP 3-month depot or TA 1-month depot

jkms-36-e219-i004
Variables TP 3-mon TA 1-mon P value
BA/CA
0 mon 1.22 ± 0.07 (50) 1.22 ± 0.08 (56) 0.914
6 mon 1.19 ± 0.07 (50) 1.20 ± 0.07 (56) 0.484
12 mon 1.16 ± 0.07 (46) 1.17 ± 0.08 (48) 0.481
Height velocity (yr/cm)
6 mon 7.2 ± 2.2 (50) 7.5 ± 4.2 (56) 0.666
12 mon 6.2 ± 1.2 (46) 5.6 ± 2.7 (48) 0.167
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (number).
TP = triptorelin pamoate, TA = triptorelin acetate, BA = bone age, CA = chronological age.
Bone age advancement was not significantly different between the two groups at any visit (Table 4). The degree of bone age advancement (BA/CA) decreased from 1.22 ± 0.07 and 1.22 ± 0.08 years at baseline (P = 0.914) to 1.16 ± 0.07 and 1.17 ± 0.08 years after 1 year in patients treated with the 3-month and 1-month depots, respectively (P = 0.481) (Table 4).

DISCISSION

Until now, the 1-month (4-week) depot GnRH analogues were most frequently used as the treatment of choice for CPP. However, a 3-month depot has become available over the past 10 years. Triptorelin is a long-acting GnRH analogue for the standard treatment of CPP.4222324 Triptorelin is available as an acetate salt and a pamoate salt. The acetate salt was used in the first formulation of triptorelin and pamoate salt is used to enable slow-release formulations of pharmaceutical agents having physicochemical properties suitable for sustained release.272829 The efficacy of the 3-month depot has been proven; however, most studies were performed on a too small scale or over a short-term and were not comparative studies.101112 Comparative studies between the Triptorelin 3-month and 1-month depots for the treatment of CPP are scarce.2122 Hence, we assessed the efficacy of the TP 3-month (11.25 mg) depot compared with that of the TA 1-month (3.75 mg) depot in suppressing the gonadotropin secretion in patients with CPP for the first time in Korea. We demonstrated that the efficacy of the TP 3-month depot was similar to that of the TA 1-month depot. Stimulated LH levels declined approximately one-tenth of the baseline levels until the first follow-up (at 6 months) and were sustained for 1 year in both groups. BA advancement and height velocity were suppressed at 1 year of treatment.
The criteria for the biochemical efficacy of adequate LH suppression during GnRH analogue therapy are controversial. The HPG axis can be evaluated by measuring unstimulated or stimulated (following GnRH analogue administration) serum LH, sex steroid, or urinary gonadotropin concentrations.232425262728 In one study, subcutaneous triptorelin (100 µg) was administered and the maximal LH response was noted after 60 minutes to confirm the diagnosis of CPP. The amount of TP injected was much lower than that in our study.29 Triptorelin has a superagonist effect, wherein a single injection of 1 µg of triptorelin per kg of body weight induces approximately a 10-fold release of LH relative to the same dosage of a GnRH analogue9. Therefore, stimulated serum LH levels following triptorelin administration could be used for monitoring the suppression of the HPG axis by administering leuprolide, another formulation of GnRH analogue using for CPP treatment.1726 In previous studies, the range of mean GnRH-stimulated peak LH level was from 0.97 ± 0.12 IU/L to 1.7 ± 3.2 IU/L during the first 12 months of treatment with triptorelin 11.25 mg, which was similar to the results of our study.1011 The cut-off value for therapeutic monitoring of LH suppression has been studied with GnRH analogue-stimulated LH levels; however, the appropriate value is still controversial.18303132 In this study, we used the LH level below 2.5 IU/L as the cut-off value for LH suppression based on a study with a Korean population.18
Our study showed that a significant reduction in LH levels after TP 3-month treatment compared to baseline levels, which is consistent with results from previous studies with triptorelin.10113334 Although the mean Triptorelin-stimulated LH level was higher in the TP 3-month group than in the TA 1-month group after therapeutic depot injection, the number of patients who showed lower than the LH suppression level (LH < 2.5 IU/L) was not significantly different between the two groups. Other studies with the triptorelin 3-month depot showed a similar decrease of LH and FSH levels after 6 months and 1 year of treatment. Recently, a study by Zenaty et al.34 showed that the peak LH level after 6 months of treatment with the triptorelin 3-month depot was 1.4 IU/L, which is slightly higher than 1.1 IU/L, the level of triptorelin 1-month depot and this is consistent with our study results. Although the clinical effects of two formulation were fairly equal, mean Triptorelin-stimulated LH level in the TP 3-month group showed higher than in the TA 1-month group. Further studies are needed on the long-term effects of mean LH level and its effects on prognosis.
FSH levels also significantly reduced after treatment and the mean FSH levels were slightly higher in the TP 3-month group than in the TA 1-month group, which is consistent with the results of other studies. In the study by Carel et al.11, the peak FSH levels were 1.7 ± 1.1 IU/L at 6 months and 2.2 ± 1.9 IU/L at 1 year of treatment.
We also evaluated the clinical efficacy of the triptorelin 3-month depot regarding the height velocity and bone age advancement. Height velocity tended to decrease between 6 months and 12 months of treatment in both groups, with no significant difference between the groups. This result was consistent with those of previous studies. Carel et al.11 reported that height velocity decreased from the baseline 9.0 ± 2.3 to 6.2 ± 1.7 cm/year and Chiocca et al.10 also showed that the height velocity decreased to prepubertal levels after 12 months of treatment. Bone age advancement also decreased in both groups after 1 year of treatment with no significant difference between the groups, which indicates that both treatments had adequate clinical efficacy. Two previous studies reported suppressed bone maturity after 1 year of triptorelin 3-month (11.25 mg) depot injection; one showed unchanged bone age with chronological difference11 and the other showed slightly decreased bone age after 1 year of treatment.10
The results of this study have several limitations. First, this is a retrospective study in single tertiary center. Consequently, our data may be limited by selection bias using record review and relatively small number of the cases included in the study. Second, it was conducted over a short period. Twelve months of duration only partially represents the entire treatment period. Further studies are necessary until the treatment is completed and the reproductive axis has recovered. Finally, the study recruited only girls with CPP, and boys were excluded. The efficacy study of triptorelin 3-month (11.25 mg) depot treatment for boys with CPP is also needed to determine the suppression of the HPG axis in both sexes.
In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that the TP 3-month depot formulation effectively suppresses the progression of CPP in children with both hormonal suppression and clinical efficacy similar to that seen with the TA 1-month depot formulation. We suggest that the TP 3-month depot as well as TA 1-month depot can be used for the management of CPP.

Notes

Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Author Contributions:

  • Conceptualization: Lee KH, Chung LY.

  • Data curation: Lee KH, Chung LY.

  • Formal analysis: Lee KH, Chung LY.

  • Investigation: Lee KH, Chung LY.

  • Validation: Lee KH, Rhie YJ, Nam HK.

  • Writing - original draft: Chung LY.

  • Writing - review & editing: Lee KH, Chung LY, Kang E, Nam HK, Rhie YJ.

References

1. Nebesio TD, Eugster EA. Current concepts in normal and abnormal puberty. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2007; 37(2):50–72. PMID: 17223057.
crossref
2. Nathan BM, Palmert MR. Regulation and disorders of pubertal timing. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005; 34(3):617–641. PMID: 16085163.
crossref
3. Carel JC, Eugster EA, Rogol A, Ghizzoni L, Palmert MR, Antoniazzi F, et al. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. Pediatrics. 2009; 123(4):e752–e762. PMID: 19332438.
crossref
4. Carel JC, Eugster EA, Rogol A, Ghizzoni L, Palmert MR, Antoniazzi F, et al. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. Pediatrics. 2009; 123(4):e752–e762. PMID: 19332438.
crossref
5. Kim YJ, Lee HS, Lee YJ, Lim JS, Kim SY, Kim EY, et al. Multicenter clinical trial of leuprolide acetate depot (Luphere depot 3.75 mg) for efficacy and safety in girls with central precocious puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 18(4):173–178. PMID: 24904873.
crossref
6. Müller J, Juul A, Andersson AM, Sehested A, Skakkebaek NE. Hormonal changes during GnRH analogue therapy in children with central precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 13(Suppl 1):739–746. PMID: 10969916.
crossref
7. Baek JW, Nam HK, Jin D, Oh YJ, Rhie YJ, Lee KH. Age of menarche and near adult height after long-term gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in girls with central precocious puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 19(1):27–31. PMID: 24926460.
crossref
8. Padula AM, Macmillan KL. Oestradiol-17beta responsiveness, plasma LH profiles, pituitary LH and FSH concentrations in long-term ovariectomised Holstein cows at 24 h, 48 h and 21 days following treatment with an absorbable GnRH agonist implant. Anim Reprod Sci. 2005; 85(1-2):27–39. PMID: 15556306.
9. Lahlou N, Carel JC, Chaussain JL, Roger M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GnRH agonists: clinical implications in pediatrics. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 13(Suppl 1):723–737. PMID: 10969915.
crossref
10. Chiocca E, Dati E, Baroncelli GI, Cassio A, Wasniewska M, Galluzzi F, et al. Central precocious puberty: treatment with triptorelin 11.25 mg. Sci World J. 2012; 2012:583751.
11. Carel JC, Blumberg J, Seymour C, Adamsbaum C, Lahlou N. Triptorelin 3-month CPP Study Group. Three-month sustained-release triptorelin (11.25 mg) in the treatment of central precocious puberty. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 154(1):119–124. PMID: 16382000.
crossref
12. Martínez-Aguayo A, Hernández MI, Beas F, Iñiguez G, Avila A, Sovino H, et al. Treatment of central precocious puberty with triptorelin 11.25 mg depot formulation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 19(8):963–970. PMID: 16995580.
crossref
13. Badaru A, Wilson DM, Bachrach LK, Fechner P, Gandrud LM, Durham E, et al. Sequential comparisons of one-month and three-month depot leuprolide regimens in central precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(5):1862–1867. PMID: 16449344.
crossref
14. Fuld K, Chi C, Neely EK. A randomized trial of 1- and 3-month depot leuprolide doses in the treatment of central precocious puberty. J Pediatr. 2011; 159(6):982–987.e1. PMID: 21798557.
crossref
15. Neely EK, Wilson DM, Lee PA, Stene M, Hintz RL. Spontaneous serum gonadotropin concentrations in the evaluation of precocious puberty. J Pediatr. 1995; 127(1):47–52. PMID: 7608810.
crossref
16. Ab Rahim SN, Omar J, Tuan Ismail TS. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and diagnostic cutoff in precocious puberty: a mini review. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 25(3):152–155. PMID: 32871650.
crossref
17. Greulich WW, Pyle SI. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist: based on the brush foundation study of human growth and development initiated by T. Wingate Todd, M.B., Ch. B., F.R.C.S. JAMA. 1950; 143(12):1124.
18. Kim YM, Choi JH, Lee BH, Yoo HW. Efficacy of a single luteinizing hormone measurement after GnRH agonist administration for therapeutic monitoring of girls with central precocious puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 17(3):153–159.
crossref
19. Kim JH, Yun S, Hwang SS, Shim JO, Chae HW, Lee YJ, et al. The 2017 Korean national growth charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects. Korean J Pediatr. 2018; 61(5):135–149. PMID: 29853938.
crossref
20. Tanner JM. Growth at Adolescence. Oxford, London: Blackwell;1962.
21. Bertelloni S, Arrigo T, Wasniewska M, Galluzzi F, Einaudi S, Cappa M, et al. Central precocious puberty: short-term comparative data of treatment with monthly or long-acting three months depot triptorelin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 20:297–305.
22. Bertelloni S, Massart F, Einaudi S, Wasniewska M, Miccoli M, Baroncelli GI. Central precocious puberty: adult height in girls treated with quarterly or monthly gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog triptorelin. Horm Res Paediatr. 2015; 84(6):396–400. PMID: 26528763.
crossref
23. Heo S, Lee YS, Yu J. Basal serum luteinizing hormone value as the screening biomarker in female central precocious puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 24(3):164–171. PMID: 31607109.
crossref
24. Houk CP, Kunselman AR, Lee PA. The diagnostic value of a brief GnRH analogue stimulation test in girls with central precocious puberty: a single 30-minute post-stimulation LH sample is adequate. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 21(12):1113–1118. PMID: 19189683.
crossref
25. Lee PA, Luce M, Bacher P. Monitoring treatment of central precocious puberty using basal luteinizing hormone levels and practical considerations for dosing with a 3-month leuprolide acetate formulation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 29(11):1249–1257. PMID: 27740929.
crossref
26. Demirbilek H, Alikasifoglu A, Gonc NE, Ozon A, Kandemir N. Assessment of gonadotrophin suppression in girls treated with GnRH analogue for central precocious puberty; validity of single luteinizing hormone measurement after leuprolide acetate injection. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012; 76(1):126–130. PMID: 21790701.
crossref
27. Brito VN, Latronico AC, Arnhold IJ, Mendonca BB. A single luteinizing hormone determination 2 hours after depot leuprolide is useful for therapy monitoring of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty in girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89(9):4338–4342. PMID: 15356030.
crossref
28. Lucaccioni L, McNeilly J, Mason A, Giacomozzi C, Kyriakou A, Shaikh MG, et al. The measurement of urinary gonadotropins for assessment and management of pubertal disorder. Hormones (Athens). 2016; 15(3):377–384. PMID: 27838606.
crossref
29. Poomthavorn P, Khlairit P, Mahachoklertwattana P. Subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (triptorelin) test for diagnosing precocious puberty. Horm Res. 2009; 72(2):114–119. PMID: 19690429.
crossref
30. Lee PA. Laboratory monitoring of children with precocious puberty. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994; 148(4):369–376. PMID: 8148936.
crossref
31. Eckert KL, Wilson DM, Bachrach LK, Anhalt H, Habiby RL, Olney RC, et al. A single-sample, subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone test for central precocious puberty. Pediatrics. 1996; 97(4):517–519. PMID: 8632938.
crossref
32. Neely EK, Hintz RL, Wilson DM, Lee PA, Gautier T, Argente J, et al. Normal ranges for immunochemiluminometric gonadotropin assays. J Pediatr. 1995; 127(1):40–46. PMID: 7608809.
crossref
33. Martínez-Aguayo A, Hernández MI, Beas F, Iñiguez G, Avila A, Sovino H, et al. Treatment of central precocious puberty with triptorelin 11.25 mg depot formulation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 19(8):963–970. PMID: 16995580.
crossref
34. Zenaty D, Blumberg J, Liyanage N, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Lahlou N, Carel JC. A 6-month trial of the efficacy and safety of triptorelin pamoate (11.25 mg) every 3 months in children with precocious puberty: a retrospective comparison with triptorelin acetate. Horm Res Paediatr. 2016; 86(3):188–195. PMID: 27603324.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles