Usefulness of Post-bronchoscopy Sputum Culture for Diagnosis of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease

Kang-Mo Gu; Hye-Rin Kang; Jimyung Park; Nakwon Kwak; Jae-Joon Yim

doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e202

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Gu, Kang, Park, Kwak, and Yim: Usefulness of Post-bronchoscopy Sputum Culture for Diagnosis of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease

Original Article

Respiratory Diseases

Journal of Korean Medical Science 2021; 36(31): e202.

Published online: 7 July 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e202

Usefulness of Post-bronchoscopy Sputum Culture for Diagnosis of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease

Kang-Mo Gu¹

, Hye-Rin Kang²

, Jimyung Park³

, Nakwon Kwak³

, Jae-Joon Yim³

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

³Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Address for Correspondence: Jae-Joon Yim, MD. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. yimjj@snu.ac.kr

Received 26 April 2021 Accepted 28 June 2021

The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Bronchoscopy is recommended for patients with suspected nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) whose sputum culture results are consistently negative or from whom adequate sputum samples cannot be obtained. Post-bronchoscopy sputum (PBS) collection is recommended for patients with suspected tuberculosis who undergo bronchoscopy. However, it remains unclear whether PBS collection can increase the diagnostic yield of NTM-PD.

Methods

Patients with suspected NTM-PD who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy from January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2020 at the Seoul National University Hospital were included in the study. They were divided into the sputum culture-negative and scanty sputum groups. The results of mycobacterial cultures from bronchial washing specimens and PBS were compared between these groups.

Results

In total, 141 patients were included in the study; there were 39 and 102 patients in the sputum culture-negative and scanty sputum groups, respectively. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from bronchial washing specimens collected from 38.3% (54/141) of all patients (30.7% [12/39] patients in the sputum culture-negative group and 41.2% [42/102] patients in the scanty sputum group; P = 0.345). Nontuberculous mycobacteria were exclusively cultured from PBS collected from 3.5% (5/141) of all patients (7.7% [3/39] patients in the sputum culture-negative group and 2.0% [2/102] patients in the scanty sputum group; P = 0.255).

Conclusions

Additional PBS collection improved diagnostic yield marginally in patients with suspected NTM-PD who undergo bronchoscopy.

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Graphical Abstract

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Keywords: NTM-PD, Post-Bronchoscopy Sputum, Diagnostic Yield

INTRODUCTION

The term nontuberculous mycobacteria refers to all mycobacterial species other than the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species and Mycobacterium leprae. Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is the most common NTM infection in humans.1 2 The incidence of NTM-PD has recently been increasing worldwide, and the resulting socioeconomic losses have been worsening.3 4 5 6 7 Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are pivotal in controlling NTM-PD.

The diagnostic criteria for NTM-PD comprise clinical, radiological, and microbiological elements.1 2 To satisfy the microbiological criteria, isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria from at least two separately expectorated sputum samples is required. For patients whose sputum culture results are consistently negative or who are unable to produce adequate sputum, bronchoscopy is recommended for diagnosis.8 9

Collecting post-bronchoscopy sputum (PBS) in addition to bronchoscopic specimen contributes to improved diagnostic yield in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).10 11 12 13 Thus, PBS collection is recommended in patients with suspected TB who undergo bronchoscopy.14 15 However, it remains unclear whether collecting PBS can increase the diagnostic yield of NTM-PD. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether PBS collection can improve diagnostic yield in patients with suspected NTM-PD whose sputum nontuberculous mycobacteria culture results are consistently negative or who are unable to produce adequate sputum.

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METHODS

Study population

We performed a retrospective study including patients with suspected NTM-PD who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2020, at the Seoul National University Hospital. Patients with suspected NTM-PD were defined as those who satisfied the clinical and radiographic criteria for NTM-PD1 2 but had consistently (≥ 2 times) negative sputum culture results or were unable to produce adequate sputum. Suspicion of NTM-PD was determined by board-certified duty physicians. Patients for whom nontuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from sputum collected before bronchoscopy or from whom PBS was not collected were excluded from the study. Patients included in the study were divided into the sputum culture-negative and scanty sputum groups because we assumed that these two groups could be different clinically. The sputum culture-negative group was defined as patients with negative sputum nontuberculous mycobacteria culture results obtained at least twice before bronchoscopy. The scanty sputum group was defined as patients who were unable to produce adequate sputum for nontuberculous mycobacteria culture.

Data collection

We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and collected patient data, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, symptoms of NTM-PD (e.g., cough, sputum expectoration, dyspnea, fever, hemoptysis, weight loss, night sweating), previous pulmonary TB treatment history, presence of underlying lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, interstitial lung disease), acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear results, and bronchial washing specimen and PBS mycobacterial culture results. Radiographic subtypes were classified by two board-certified pulmonologists as nodular bronchiectasis, upper lobe cavitary lesions, and unclassifiable.

Bronchoscopy and PBS collection

Bronchoscopy was performed by full-time faculty staff or fellows specializing in respiratory medicine. At least two well-trained nurses assisted in the procedure. A 6.0-mm-diameter bronchoscope (model BF-1T260; Olympus Optical Co, Tokyo, Japan) and a 4.9-mm-diameter bronchoscope (model BF-260, Olympus Optical Co) were used for the examination. Oral insertion was performed via a mouthpiece. All patients underwent bronchial washing at the clearest lesion suggestive of NTM-PD on chest computed tomography (CT). Sterile normal saline (20–40 mL) was injected into the target lesion and the specimen aspirated via bronchoscope. PBS was collected within 30 minutes of bronchoscopy.

Microbiological evaluation

AFB staining as well as bronchial washing specimen and PBS mycobacterial cultures were performed according to the British Thoracic Society (BTS) and American Thoracic Society/Infectious Disease Society of America (ATS/IDSA) guidelines.1 16 Both the bronchial washing and sputum specimens were inoculated into BACTEC MGIT 960 liquid media (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and Ogawa solid media (Shinyang, Seoul, Korea) for mycobacterial culture. Culture-positive colonies were analyzed to identify the nontuberculous mycobacteria species using 16S ribosomal RNA1 and rpoB gene sequencing.17

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are presented as medians with interquartile range (IQR) and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are descripted as numbers with percentages and analyzed using χ² or Fisher's exact test. AFB smear and mycobacterial culture positivities were calculated on the basis of the ratio of the number of positive results to the total number of results in each group. An “exclusively positive culture” was defined as only one culture being positive, with the other being negative, among the bronchial washing and PBS specimens. The difference in the positivity before and after performing PBS culture test (the additional yield of PBS) was examined for statistical significance using McNemar's test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS ver.26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis.

Ethics statement

The study protocol was approved by the Seoul National University Hospital Institutional Review Board (2003-070-1108), and the requirement for written informed consent was waived. This study was conducted in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki.

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RESULTS

Patient characteristics

During the study period, a total of 151 patients with suspected NTM-PD underwent bronchoscopy for diagnosis. Among them, six patients for whom nontuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from sputum collected before bronchoscopy and four patients from whom PBS was not collected were excluded. Consequently, 141 patients were included in the final analysis (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Flow diagram of patient inclusion.

NTM-PD = nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, NTM = nontuberculous mycobacterial.

The median patient age was 63 years (IQR, 58–70); 95 patients (67.4%) were females, and 103 patients (73.0%) were never-smokers. The sputum culture-negative group included 39 patients (27.7%), and the scanty sputum group included 102 patients (72.3%) (Fig. 1). There were no significant between-group differences in sex, age, BMI, smoking status, and previous pulmonary TB treatment history. Nodular bronchiectasis was the most common radiographic subtype in both groups (Table 1).

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 141 patients

Patient characteristics		Total patients (n = 141)	Sputum culture-negative group (n = 39)	Scanty sputum group (n = 102)	P value
Sex (female)		95 (67.4)	28 (71.8)	67 (65.7)	0.623
Median age, yr		63 (57.5–70)	65 (57–74)	62 (58–70)	0.531
BMI, kg/m²		21.5 (19.3–23.3)	21.3 (19.2–22.9)	21.6 (19.4–23.5)	0.517
Ever smoker		38 (27.0)	7 (17.9)	31 (30.4)	0.202
Pack-years of smoking		0 (0, 3)	0 (0, 0)	0 (0, 5)	0.144
Symptoms
	Cough	44 (31.2)	11 (28.2)	33 (32.4)	0.634
	Sputum expectoration	39 (27.7)	39 (100)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
	Dyspnea	14 (9.9)	5 (12.8)	9 (8.8)	0.478
	Fever	7 (5.0)	3 (7.7)	4 (3.9)	0.356
	Hemoptysis	14 (9.9)	6 (15.4)	8 (7.8)	0.180
	Weight loss	15 (10.6)	0	15 (14.7)	0.011
	Night sweating	6 (4.3)	1 (2.6)	5 (4.9)	0.538
Previous PTB treatment history		31 (22.0)	9 (23.1)	22 (21.6)	0.847
Underlying diseases
	Lung disease^a	6 (4.3)	2 (5.1)	4 (3.9)	> 0.999
	Malignancy	29 (20.6)	7 (17.9)	22 (21.6)	0.816
	Diabetes	10 (7.1)	2 (5.1)	8 (7.8)	0.727
	Autoimmune disease	5 (3.5)	2 (5.1)	3 (2.9)	0.617
Radiographic subtype					0.237
	Nodular bronchiectatic	112 (79.4)	31 (79.5)	81 (79.4)
	Upper lobe cavitary	18 (12.8)	7 (17.9)	11 (10.8)
	Unclassifiable	11 (7.8)	1 (2.6)	10 (9.8)

Data are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range).

PTB = pulmonary tuberculosis

^aLung disease = 2 patients of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2 patients of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 2 patients of bronchial asthma.

Bronchial washing diagnostic yield

Of the 141 patients, nontuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from bronchial washing specimens collected from 54 (38.3%) patients and M. tuberculosis was cultured from the specimens collected from 8 patients (5.7%). Furthermore, nontuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from bronchial washing specimens collected from 12 (30.7%) of the 39 patients in the sputum culture-negative group and 42 (41.2%) of the 102 patients in the scanty sputum group (P = 0.345). M. tuberculosis was cultured from the specimens collected from one patient (2.6%) in the sputum culture-negative group and seven patients (6.8%) in the scanty sputum group (P = 0.562) (Table 2).

Table 2

Yield of AFB smear and bronchial washing and PBS culture for the diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease

Variables		AFB smear		NTM culture
Variables		Positivity	Exclusive positivity	Positivity	Exclusive positivity
Total patients (n = 141)
	Bronchial washing or PBS	19 (13.5)	-	59 (41.8)	-
	Bronchial washing	10 (7.1)	3 (2.1)	54 (38.3)	13 (9.2)
	PBS	16 (11.3)	9 (6.4)	46 (32.6)	5 (3.5)
Sputum culture-negative group (n = 39)
	Bronchial washing or PBS	3 (7.7)	-	15 (38.5)	-
	Bronchial washing	1 (2.6)	1 (2.6)	12 (30.7)	5 (12.8)
	PBS	2 (5.1)	2 (5.1)	10 (25.6)	3 (7.7)
Scanty sputum group (n = 102)
	Bronchial washing or PBS	16 (15.7)	-	44 (43.1)	-
	Bronchial washing	9 (8.8)	2 (2.0)	42 (41.2)	8 (7.8)
	PBS	14 (13.7)	7 (6.9)	36 (35.3)	2 (2.0)

Data are presented as number (%).

AFB = acid-fast bacilli, NTM = nontuberculous mycobacterial, PBS = post-bronchoscopy sputum.

PBS culture diagnostic yield

Of the 141 patients, nontuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from PBS collected from 46 patients (32.6%). Furthermore, nontuberculous mycobacteria were cultured from PBS collected from 10 (25.6%) of the 39 patients in the sputum culture-negative group and 36 (35.3%) of the 102 patients in the scanty sputum group (P = 0.327).

Among the 141 patients, nontuberculous mycobacteria were exclusively cultured from PBS collected from 5 (3.5%) patients: 3 (7.7%) of the 39 patients in the sputum culture-negative group and 2 (2.0%) of the 102 patients in the scanty sputum group (P = 0.255). Exclusively culture positive rates of PBS between patients with nodular bronchiectatic pattern and those with upper lobe cavitary type were not different. (3.6% vs. 5.6%, P = 0.531).

The combined yield of nontuberculous mycobacteria culture from bronchial washing and PBS specimens was 41.8% (59/141 patients): 38.5% (15/39 patients) in the sputum culture-negative group and 43.1% (44/102 patients) in the scanty sputum group (P = 0.755) (Table 2).

Nontuberculous mycobacteria species

The nontuberculous mycobacteria species identification results were available for 54 of the 59 patients with positive nontuberculous mycobacteria culture results. M. avium was the most common species in both groups; it was detected at rates of 17.9% (7/39) in the sputum culture-negative group and 17.6% (18/102) in the scanty sputum group. M. intracellulare was the second most common species in both groups. In one patient, a mixed infection by M. kansasii and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense was identified. There were no significant between-group differences in nontuberculous mycobacteria species distribution (Table 3).

Table 3

Nontuberculous mycobacteria species isolated from bronchial washing or PBS

NTM species			Total patients (n = 141)	Sputum culture negative group (n = 39)	Scanty sputum group (n = 102)
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria			54 (46.8)	14 (35.9)	40 (39.2)
	M. avium complex		45 (31.9)	9 (23.1)	36 (35.3)
		M. avium	25 (17.7)	7 (17.9)	18 (17.6)
		M. intracellulare	18 (12.8)	2 (5.1)	16 (15.7)
		M. chimaera	2 (1.4)	0	2 (2.0)
	M. abscessus		6 (4.2)	2 (5.1)	4 (4.0)
		M. abscessus subsp. abscessus	4 (2.8)	2 (5.1)	2 (2.0)
		M. abscessus subsp. massiliense	2 (1.4)	0	2 (2.0)
	Other NTM infection
		M. kansasii	1 (0.7)	1 (2.6)	0
		M. conceptionese	1 (0.7)	1 (2.6)	0
	Mixed NTM infection		1 (0.7)^a	1 (2.6)^a	0
	Unidentified^b		5 (3.5)	1 (2.6)	4 (3.9)
M. tuberculosis			8 (5.7)	1 (2.6)	7 (7.7)

Data are presented as number (%).

PBS = post-bronchoscopy sputum, NTM = nontuberculous mycobacterial.

^aOne case of mixed infection, M.kansasii and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense; ^b5 cases of not checked NTM-identification test.

Bronchoscopy-associated complications

Among the 141 patients, 5 experienced bronchoscopy-associated complications (fever in 3 patients, bloody sputum in 1 patient, and jaw dislocation in another patient). Patients' condition improved the same day.

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DISCUSSION

In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated the additional yield of PBS culture for the diagnosis of suspected NTM-PD in patients with consistently negative sputum nontuberculous mycobacteria culture or inadequate sputum production. In the 141 patients with suspected NTM-PD, bronchial washing specimen nontuberculous mycobacteria culture positivity was 38.3%, and the additional PBS collection improved this rate to 41.8%.

The role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of NTM-PD has been previously documented.1 2 In a retrospective study conducted in Japan, nontuberculous mycobacteria culture positivity of bronchoalveolar lavage was 93.7% in 16 patients with suspected NTM-PD with negative sputum smears or scanty sputum.18 Two other studies reported nontuberculous mycobacteria culture positivity rates of 50%8 and 54%19 for bronchoscopic specimens collected from patients with suspected NTM-PD and multiple nodules with bronchiectasis identified on chest CT. Although the culture positivity of bronchial washing specimen was lower (38.3%) in our study, the results confirmed the usefulness of bronchoscopy in patients with suspected NTM-PD. The lower nontuberculous mycobacteria culture positivity of bronchial washing in our study could be due to the different indications for bronchoscopy. In previous studies, bronchoscopy was adopted for patients with suspected NTM-PD with negative sputum smears or with typical NTM-PD CT findings8 18 19; however, we performed bronchoscopy in patients with at least two negative sputum culture results or inadequate sputum production.

In patients with suspected pulmonary TB, the diagnostic yield of PBS has been reported.20 In one study, the PBS culture positivity was 75.4% and the rate of exclusively positive post-bronchoscopy nontuberculous mycobacteria culture was 7.0%10; in another study, these rates were 34% and 10%, respectively.13 Based on these data, the BTS guidelines recommend PBS collection among patients with suspected TB with scanty sputum production or consistently negative sputum AFB smears.14

PBS culture increased nontuberculous mycobacteria culture positivity from 30.7% to 38.5% in the sputum culture-negative group and from 41.2% to 43.1% in the scanty sputum group. These data suggest that additional PBS collection is useful among patients with suspected NTM-PD. Although the rate of exclusively positive culture for additional PBS was low, it is worthwhile to collect the additional specimen as minimal additional cost is incurred. In fact, a recent prospective study reported that additional bronchial brushing increased the NTM culture positivity by 4.3% than bronchial washing alone.21

Our study included patients with clinically and radiologically suspected NTM-PD; however, the final diagnosis was pulmonary TB rather than NTM-PD in 5.7% patients. It can be difficult to distinguish between NTM-PD and pulmonary TB based on clinical and radiological findings.22 23 Moreover, we have previously reported that the accuracy of NTM-PD diagnosis based on chest CT findings is unsatisfactory.20 On the basis of these data, we suggest that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of pulmonary TB among patients originally suspected as having NTM-PD in South Korea, where the TB burden is intermediate.

For the correct interpretation of our results, we should acknowledge the limitations of our study. The study was performed in a single center, and the number of patients was limited. Elucidation of the predictors for PBS culture positivity through multivariable logistic regression was impossible due to weak statistical power.

In conclusion, we identified additional PBS collection can increase diagnostic yield marginally in patients with suspected NTM-PD who undergo bronchoscopy.

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Notes

Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Author Contributions:

Conceptualization: Gu KM, Yim JJ.
Data curation: Gu KM, Kang HR, Yim JJ.
Formal analysis: Gu KM, Park JM, Kwak NW, Yim JJ.
Methodology: Gu KM, Yim JJ.
Supervision: Yim JJ.
Writing - original draft: Gu KM.
Writing - review & editing: Gu KM, Kang HR, Park JM, Kwak NW, Yim JJ.

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