1. Chang CF. Disease and its impact on politics, diplomacy, and the military: the case of smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795). J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2002; 57:177–197. PMID:
11995595.
2. McCarthy EF. The toxins of William B. Coley and the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Iowa Orthop J. 2006; 26:154–158. PMID:
16789469.
3. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014; 130:2071–2104. PMID:
24682348.
4. Tarrio ML, Grabie N, Bu DX, Sharpe AH, Lichtman AH. PD-1 protects against inflammation and myocyte damage in T cell-mediated myocarditis. J Immunol. 2012; 188:4876–4884. PMID:
22491251.
5. Tivol EA, Borriello F, Schweitzer AN, Lynch WP, Bluestone JA, Sharpe AH. Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity. 1995; 3:541–547. PMID:
7584144.
6. Nishimura H, Okazaki T, Tanaka Y, et al. Autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy in PD-1 receptor-deficient mice. Science. 2001; 291:319–322. PMID:
11209085.
7. Ji C, Roy MD, Golas J, et al. Myocarditis in cynomolgus monkeys following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res. 2019; 25:4735–4748. PMID:
31085720.
8. Heinzerling L, Ott PA, Hodi FS, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with CTLA4 and PD1 blocking immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2016; 4:50. PMID:
27532025.
9. Johnson DB, Balko JM, Compton ML, et al. Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:1749–1755. PMID:
27806233.
10. Bu DX, Tarrio M, Maganto-Garcia E, et al. Impairment of the programmed cell death-1 pathway increases atherosclerotic lesion development and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011; 31:1100–1107. PMID:
21393583.
11. Foks AC, Kuiper J. Immune checkpoint proteins: exploring their therapeutic potential to regulate atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2017; 174:3940–3955. PMID:
28369782.
12. Lee J, Zhuang Y, Wei X, et al. Contributions of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to interactions of myeloid DCs with T cells in atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009; 46:169–176. PMID:
19056397.
13. Tomiyama H, Shiina K, Matsumoto-Nakano C, et al. The contribution of inflammation to the development of hypertension mediated by increased arterial stiffness. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6:e005729. PMID:
28666991.
14. Tadokoro T, Keshino E, Makiyama A, et al. Acute lymphocytic myocarditis with anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab. Circ Heart Fail. 2016; 9:e003514. PMID:
27650418.
15. Läubli H, Balmelli C, Bossard M, Pfister O, Glatz K, Zippelius A. Acute heart failure due to autoimmune myocarditis under pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2015; 3:11. PMID:
25901283.
16. Tajmir-Riahi A, Bergmann T, Schmid M, Agaimy A, Schuler G, Heinzerling L. Life-threatening autoimmune cardiomyopathy reproducibly induced in a patient by checkpoint inhibitor therapy. J Immunother. 2018; 41:35–38. PMID:
29077601.
17. Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36:1714–1768. PMID:
29442540.
18. Jain V, Bahia J, Mohebtash M, Barac A. Cardiovascular complications associated with novel cancer immunotherapies. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017; 19:36. PMID:
28401456.
19. Mahmood SS, Fradley MG, Cohen JV, et al. Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71:1755–1764. PMID:
29567210.
20. Zimmer L, Goldinger SM, Hofmann L, et al. Neurological, respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiac and ocular side-effects of anti-PD-1 therapy. Eur J Cancer. 2016; 60:210–225. PMID:
27084345.
21. Mahmood SS, Fradley MG, Cohen JV, et al. Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71:1755–1764. PMID:
29567210.
22. Salem JE, Manouchehri A, Moey M, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: an observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study. Lancet Oncol. 2018; 19:1579–1589. PMID:
30442497.
23. Moslehi JJ, Salem JE, Sosman JA, Lebrun-Vignes B, Johnson DB. Increased reporting of fatal immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Lancet. 2018; 391:933.
24. Amiri-Kordestani L, Moslehi J, Cheng J, et al. Cardiovascular adverse events in immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical trials: a U.S. Food and Drug Administration pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(15 Suppl):3009.
25. Palaskas N, Morgan J, Daigle T, et al. Targeted cancer therapies with pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors. Am J Cardiol. 2019; 123:1351–1357. PMID:
30765065.
26. Kolla BC, Patel MR. Recurrent pleural effusions and cardiac tamponade as possible manifestations of pseudoprogression associated with nivolumab therapy - a report of two cases. J Immunother Cancer. 2016; 4:80. PMID:
27895919.
27. Khan A, Zhang H, Chen C, et al. Impact of pericardial effusion for patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37(15 Suppl):e14121.
28. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34:2636–2648. PMID:
23824828.
29. Escudier M, Cautela J, Malissen N, et al. Clinical features, management, and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity. Circulation. 2017; 136:2085–2087. PMID:
29158217.
30. Mirabel M, Karapetiantz P, Marijon E, et al. The risk of sudden cardiac death or ventricular arrhythmias on immune checkpoint inhibitors. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(Suppl 2):ehaa946.3488.
31. Cautela J, Rouby F, Salem JE, et al. Acute coronary syndrome with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a proof-of-concept case and pharmacovigilance analysis of a life-threatening adverse event. Can J Cardiol. 2020; 36:476–481. PMID:
32144037.
32. Otsu K, Tajiri K, Sakai S, Ieda M. Vasospastic angina following immune checkpoint blockade. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41:1702. PMID:
31697341.
33. Nykl R, Fischer O, Vykoupil K, Taborsky M. A unique reason for coronary spasm causing temporary ST elevation myocardial infarction (inferior STEMI) - systemic inflammatory response syndrome after use of pembrolizumab. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis. 2017; 2:e100–2. PMID:
29379889.
34. Lyon AR, Yousaf N, Battisti NM, Moslehi J, Larkin J. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity. Lancet Oncol. 2018; 19:e447–58. PMID:
30191849.
35. Hui R, Garon EB, Goldman JW, et al. Pembrolizumab as first-line therapy for patients with PD-L1-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 1 trial. Ann Oncol. 2017; 28:874–881. PMID:
28168303.
36. Garon EB, Hellmann MD, Rizvi NA, et al. Five-year overall survival for patients with advanced non‒small-cell lung cancer treated with pembrolizumab: results from the phase I KEYNOTE-001 study. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37:2518–2527. PMID:
31154919.
37. Mok TS, Wu YL, Kudaba I, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019; 393:1819–1830. PMID:
30955977.
38. Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, et al. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016; 387:1540–1550. PMID:
26712084.
39. Reck M, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:1823–1833. PMID:
27718847.
40. Chen J, Hu X, Li Q, et al. Effectiveness and safety of toripalimab, camrelizumab, and sintilimab in a real-world cohort of hepatitis B virus associated hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Ann Transl Med. 2020; 8:1187. PMID:
33241036.
41. de Azevedo SJ, de Melo AC, Roberts L, Caro I, Xue C, Wainstein A. First-line atezolizumab monotherapy in patients with advanced BRAFV600 wild-type melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2021.
42. Lee MS, Ryoo BY, Hsu CH, et al. Atezolizumab with or without bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (GO30140): an open-label, multicentre, phase 1b study. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21:808–820. PMID:
32502443.
43. Massin M, Crochelet AS, Jacquemart C. Acute myocarditis with very high troponin but no ventricular dysfunction. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2017; 56:582–583. PMID:
27356633.
44. Bando S, Soeki T, Matsuura T, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels are elevated in patients with cancer. PLoS One. 2017; 12:e0178607. PMID:
28570595.
45. Hughes M, Lilleker JB, Herrick AL, Chinoy H. Cardiac troponin testing in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and systemic sclerosis-spectrum disorders: biomarkers to distinguish between primary cardiac involvement and low-grade skeletal muscle disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015; 74:795–798. PMID:
25732174.
46. Alvarez-Cardona Jose A, Zhang Kathleen W, Mitchell Joshua D, Zaha Vlad G, Fisch Michael J, Lenihan Daniel J. Cardiac biomarkers during cancer therapy. JACC CardioOncol. 2020; 2:791–794.
47. Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. Circulation. 2008; 118:639–648. PMID:
18645053.
48. Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, Groarke JD, et al. Global longitudinal strain and cardiac events in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75:467–478. PMID:
32029128.
49. Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72:3158–3176. PMID:
30545455.
50. Zhang L, Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41:1733–1743. PMID:
32112560.
51. Chen W, Jeudy J. Assessment of myocarditis: cardiac MR, PET/CT, or PET/MR? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019; 21:76. PMID:
31243587.
52. Hauck AJ, Kearney DL, Edwards WD. Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989; 64:1235–1245. PMID:
2593714.
53. Wu LA, Lapeyre AC 3rd, Cooper LT. Current role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001; 76:1030–1038. PMID:
11605687.
54. Baughman KL. Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria. Circulation. 2006; 113:593–595. PMID:
16449736.
55. Agrawal N, Khunger A, Vachhani P, et al. Cardiac toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: case series and review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol. 2019; 12:260–276. PMID:
31011325.
56. Palaskas N, Lopez-Mattei J, Durand JB, Iliescu C, Deswal A. Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis: pathophysiological characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9:e013757. PMID:
31960755.
57. Saade A, Mansuet-Lupo A, Arrondeau J, et al. Pericardial effusion under nivolumab: case-reports and review of the literature. J Immunother Cancer. 2019; 7:266. PMID:
31627742.
58. Frigeri M, Meyer P, Banfi C, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: a new challenge for cardiologists. Can J Cardiol. 2018; 34:92.e1–92.e3.
59. Tay RY, Blackley E, McLean C, et al. Successful use of equine anti-thymocyte globulin (ATGAM) for fulminant myocarditis secondary to nivolumab therapy. Br J Cancer. 2017; 117:921–924. PMID:
28797029.
60. Jain V, Mohebtash M, Rodrigo ME, Ruiz G, Atkins MB, Barac A. Autoimmune myocarditis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors treated with antithymocyte globulin. J Immunother. 2018; 41:332–335. PMID:
29965858.
61. Wang DY, Okoye GD, Neilan TG, Johnson DB, Moslehi JJ. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with cancer immunotherapies. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017; 19:21. PMID:
28220466.
62. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34:2636–2648. PMID:
23824828.
63. Balanescu DV, Donisan T, Palaskas N, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis: pathway toward precision-based therapy. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020; 47:107211. PMID:
32268262.
64. Yamaguchi S, Morimoto R, Okumura T, et al. Late-onset fulminant myocarditis with immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. Can J Cardiol. 2018; 34:812.e1–812.e3.
65. Xing Q, Zhang ZW, Lin QH, et al. Myositis-myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome complicated with myasthenia crisis and myocarditis associated with anti-programmed cell death-1 (sintilimab) therapy for lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Transl Med. 2020; 8:250. PMID:
32309397.
66. Yanase T, Moritoki Y, Kondo H, Ueyama D, Akita H, Yasui T. Myocarditis and myasthenia gravis by combined nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma: a case report of successful management. Urol Case Rep. 2020; 34:101508. PMID:
33318935.
67. Fazel M, Jedlowski PM. Severe myositis, myocarditis, and myasthenia gravis with elevated anti-striated muscle antibody following single dose of ipilimumab-nivolumab therapy in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Case Reports Immunol. 2019; 2019:2539493. PMID:
31183226.
68. Yogasundaram H, Alhumaid W, Chen JW, et al. Plasma exchange for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis. CJC Open. 2020; 3:379–382. PMID:
33778457.
69. Compton F, He L, Sarode R, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity: a new indication for therapeutic plasma exchange? J Clin Apher. 2021; jca.21890.
70. Schiopu SR, Käsmann L, Schönermarck U, et al. Pembrolizumab-induced myocarditis in a patient with malignant mesothelioma: plasma exchange as a successful emerging therapy-case report. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2021; 10:1039–1046. PMID:
33718042.
71. Kimura T, Fukushima S, Miyashita A, et al. Myasthenic crisis and polymyositis induced by one dose of nivolumab. Cancer Sci. 2016; 107:1055–1058. PMID:
27420474.
72. Rota E, Varese P, Agosti S, et al. Concomitant myasthenia gravis, myositis, myocarditis and polyneuropathy, induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors: a life-threatening continuum of neuromuscular and cardiac toxicity. eNeurologicalSci. 2018; 14:4–5. PMID:
30533536.
73. Reddy N, Moudgil R, Lopez-Mattei JC, et al. Progressive and reversible conduction disease with checkpoint inhibitors. Can J Cardiol. 2017; 33:1335.e13–1335.e15.
74. Hu JR, Florido R, Lipson EJ, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cardiovasc Res. 2019; 115:854–868. PMID:
30715219.
75. Kwon HJ, Coté TR, Cuffe MS, Kramer JM, Braun MM. Case reports of heart failure after therapy with a tumor necrosis factor antagonist. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 138:807–811. PMID:
12755552.
76. Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, Fasanmade AA, Willerson JT. Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003; 107:3133–3140. PMID:
12796126.
77. Jeyakumar N, Etchegaray M, Henry J, et al. The terrible triad of checkpoint inhibition: a case report of myasthenia gravis, myocarditis, and myositis induced by cemiplimab in a patient with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Case Reports Immunol. 2020; 2020:5126717. PMID:
32695533.
78. Esfahani K, Buhlaiga N, Thébault P, Lapointe R, Johnson NA, Miller WH Jr. Alemtuzumab for immune-related myocarditis due to PD-1 therapy. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:2375–2376. PMID:
31189042.
79. Deftereos SN, Georgonikou D. Effectiveness of rituximab in treating immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-induced immune-related adverse events: results of a systematic review. Ann Oncol. 2021; 32:282–283. PMID:
33309745.
80. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017; 136:e137–61. PMID:
28455343.
81. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64:e139–228. PMID:
25260718.
82. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2004; 110:588–636. PMID:
15289388.
83. Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2018; 15:e190–252. PMID:
29097320.
84. Behling J, Kaes J, Münzel T, Grabbe S, Loquai C. New-onset third-degree atrioventricular block because of autoimmune-induced myositis under treatment with anti-programmed cell death-1 (nivolumab) for metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2017; 27:155–158. PMID:
27977496.
85. Ingelfinger JR, Schwartz RS. Immunosuppression--the promise of specificity. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:836–839. PMID:
16120865.
86. Wei SC, Meijers WC, Axelrod ML, et al. A genetic mouse model recapitulates immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis and supports a mechanism-based therapeutic intervention. Cancer Discov. 2021; 11:614–625. PMID:
33257470.
87. Liu S, Chan J, Brinc D, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis with persistent troponin elevation despite abatacept and prolonged immunosuppression. JACC CardioOncol. 2020; 2:800–804.
88. Salem JE, Allenbach Y, Vozy A, et al. Abatacept for severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:2377–2379. PMID:
31189043.
89. Blair HA, Deeks ED. Abatacept: a review in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs. 2017; 77:1221–1233. PMID:
28608166.
90. Simon TA, Boers M, Hochberg M, et al. Comparative risk of malignancies and infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis initiating abatacept versus other biologics: a multi-database real-world study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019; 21:228. PMID:
31703717.
91. Chen DY, Huang WK, Chien-Chia Wu V, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: a review when cardiology meets immuno-oncology. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020; 119:1461–1475. PMID:
31444018.
92. Zhou YW, Zhu YJ, Wang MN, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiotoxicity: current understanding on its mechanism, diagnosis and management. Front Pharmacol. 2019; 10:1350. PMID:
31849640.
93. Lee Chuy K, Oikonomou EK, Postow MA, et al. Myocarditis surveillance in patients with advanced melanoma on combination immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience. Oncologist. 2019; 24:e196–7. PMID:
30910868.
94. Lyon AR, Yousaf N, Battisti NM, Moslehi J, Larkin J. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity. Lancet Oncol. 2018; 19:e447–58. PMID:
30191849.