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INTRODUCTION
Because of the recent development in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic therapeutic intervention, the common bile duct (CBD) stone or choledocholithiasis has not been regarded as an eligible indication of surgical treatment any more.1-9 However, a small number of patients has experienced the repeated occurrence of CBD stones, thus numerous sessions of endoscopic stone removal were required in such cases.9 Such an intractable occurrence of CBD stones may be associated with bottle-neck stasis of bile within the dilated CBD and reflux ascending cholangitis due to the patulous widening of the papilla. Bypass Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (RYCJ) can be a definitive treatment for intractable choledocholithiasis as it can prevent stone-producing bile stasis. RYCJ had been performed in a non-negligible number of patients with unresectable periampullary cancer and benign distal CBD stricture in the past; however, currently, it is regarded as a surgical procedure that is performed only in rare incidences. The surgical procedure of RYCJ for intractable choledocholithiasis is rather different from that for distal CBD stricture.10,11 There exists an increasing number of case series regarding laparoscopic or robotic RYCJ in the literature, but such minimally invasive surgeries are not regarded as the preferred procedures primarily due to high medical cost and high risk of surgical complications.12-16 Thus, we herein present the detailed procedures of open RYCJ customized for intractable choledocholithiasis.
SIDE-TO-END CHOLEDOCHOJEJUNOSTOMY WITH INTRALUMINAL CLOSURE OF THE DISTAL CBD
If the CBD is not very largely dilated, segmental resection of the CBD is not essential to perform RYCJ. Considering that RYCJ is usually performed for very old-aged patients who cannot tolerate repeated endoscopic stone removal any more, the aim of the surgery is focused on effective biliary bypass drainage with minimal risk of operative complications.
Just after cholecystectomy, the CBD is incised longitudinally to open the lumen. The distal CBD is explored with stone forceps, by which the opening status of the papilla can be examined. If the papilla is patulous permitting free passage of the curved stone forceps, the distal CBD should be closed to prevent reflux ascending cholangitis. The anterior wall of the CBD should be excised to make a large opening that would be suitable for anastomosis.
The detailed surgical procedures applied to a 79-year-old female patient who underwent ERCP more than 10 times in the past 14 years (Case No. 1) (Fig. 1) are as follows: after cholecystectomy, the mid-portion of the CBD was incised longitudinally and the distal CBD was explored with a curved stone forceps. As the sphincter of Oddi was patulous, the lumen of the distal CBD at the upper board of the pancreas was securely closed with 5-0 Prolene running sutures. Subsequently, a part of the anterior wall of the CBD was elliptically excised to make a large opening that enabled a large choledochojejunostomy. A Roux-en-Y jejunal limb was anastomosed to the CBD opening in a side-to-side fashion (Fig. 2). The patient recovered uneventfully (Fig. 3) and has been doing well without any biliary problems for the past 2 years. On follow-up imaging studies, a 1.5 cm-sized remnant portion of the distal CBD was visible within the pancreas head.
END-TO-END CHOLEDOCHOJEJUNOSTOMY WITH SEGMENTAL RESECTION OF THE CBD
If the CBD is markedly dilated, the abovementioned luminal closure can leave a large blind-end space within the intrapancreatic bile duct as like a choledochal cyst, which can be a source of stone formation or pancreatitis. Thus, it is reasonable to remove the dilated CBD portion which can remain as a small blind-end lumen at the intrapancreatic bile duct.
The detailed surgical procedures applied to a 75-year-old male patient who underwent ERCP 9 times in the past 10 years (Case No. 2) (Fig. 4) are as follows: after cholecystectomy, the CBD was incised longitudinally and the distal CBD was explored with a curved stone forceps. Multiple CBD stones and sludges mixed with food materials were removed from the distal CBD. As the distal CBD was markedly dilated and the papilla was patulous, the distal CBD was deeply dissected into the pancreas parenchyma until the narrow portion of the intrapancreatic bile duct, and then transected and securely repaired with 5-0 Prolene sutures. The proximal CBD was also transected at the level of the right hepatic artery to make a large proximal bile duct opening. A Roux-en-Y jejunal limb was anastomosed to the CBD opening in an end-to-side fashion (Fig. 5). The patient recovered uneventfully (Fig. 6) and has been doing well with any biliary problems for the past 2 years. On follow-up imaging studies, a small portion of the remnant distal CBD was identified within the pancreas head.
DISCUSSION
In the era of prevailing minimally invasive surgeries with laparoscopic or robotic approaches, open RYCJ is not a matter of concern.12-16 Moreover, recent development in ERCP with endoscopic therapeutic intervention has led choledocholithiasis to be placed beyond the territory of surgical indication.1-9 On the contrary, we should not forget that there remains a small number of patients who still require open RYCJ because of the intractable occurrence of CBD stones. Since such a surgical procedure has been rarely performed, many young surgeons majoring in hepatobiliary surgery do not have enough experience on the indications and surgical techniques for open RYCJ in the cases of patients with intractable choledocholithiasis.
The principles for surgical techniques toward achieving complication-free RYCJ include avoidance of unnecessary dissection of the CBD, making a large-sized biliary-enteric anastomosis according to the fluid dynamics, and prevention of reflux ascending cholangitis. To avoid unnecessary dissection of the CBD, the luminal occlusion technique was used instead of segmental bile duct resection in Case No. 1. As the wall of the dilated CBD is usually thickened over 2 mm, the elliptical side-wall excision should be performed to make a large opening since a simple longitudinal incision can be eventually narrowed due to the slit closing effect.
Unlike the abovementioned two points, some background knowledge is necessary to understand why reflux ascending cholangitis should be prevented. If RYCJ is performed without interruption of distal CBD lumen, food materials would pass in a retrograde manner through the patulous papilla, which can be a source of frequent ascending cholangitis and CBD stone formation. Based on our experience with 8 cases of conventional side-to-end RYCJ without distal CBD interruption, episodes of reflux ascending cholangitis occurred repeatedly in at least 2 patients. A prospective study to determine the incidence of duodenobiliary reflux and acute cholangitis after placement of self-expanding metal stent across the main duodenal papilla revealed that reflux of duodenal contents is a universal phenomenon.17 A patulous papilla following multiple sessions of ERCP is vulnerable to reflux similar to the papilla state with a self-expanding metal stent. On the contrary, distal CBD interruption is not necessary for patients with distal CBD stenosis from benign or malignant diseases.
In the cases of usual patients with intractable choledocholithiasis, segmental bile duct resection is theoretically not necessary. However, if the CBD is markedly enlarged, leaving a large lumen within the distal CBD can make a blind-ended pool inducing infection or stone formation by food material regurgitation through the patulous ampulla. Thus, it is reasonable to resect the excessively dilated portion of the distal CBD, as demonstrated in Case No. 2.
We had used a refined technique of clustered biliary-enteric anastomosis when the bile duct opening was greater than 2 cm in diameter. Routine Roux-en-Y jejunal limb was prepared and pulled up through the retrocolic tunnel. A longitudinal incision was made at the antemesenteric border of the jejunal limb and the posterior wall anastomosis was performed with 2 or 3 segmented continuous running sutures with 5-0 Prolene. Anterior wall anastomosis was performed through multiple interrupted sutures.18 With the application of such customized techniques for intractable choledocholithiasis, until date, we did not experience any noticeable surgical complications yet 15 patients with age of 63-82 years.
In conclusion, we contemplate that the primary indication of bypass RYCJ is intractable choledocholithiasis which requires numerous sessions of ERCP over a long period. So far, open RYCJ has been the preferred procedure as it is much more reliable than the minimally invasive procedures regarding patient safety. If the papilla is patulous, distal CBD should be occluded or resected to prevent reflux ascending cholangitis. We recommend to resect the intrapancreatic distal CBD if it is markedly dilated like a choledochal cyst because food material can regurgitate through the patulous ampulla.
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