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Park, Kim, Ryoo, Park, Park, Kim, Chung, Seo, and Kim: Clinicopathological Features of Patients Diagnosed with Both Primary Thyroid Cancer and Primary Renal Cell Cancer and Its Comparison with Patients with Thyroid Cancer or Renal Cell Cancer Alone
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Int J Thyroidol 2021;14(1):28-36.

Published online: 30 May 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11106/ijt.2021.14.1.28

Clinicopathological Features of Patients Diagnosed with Both Primary Thyroid Cancer and Primary Renal Cell Cancer and Its Comparison with Patients with Thyroid Cancer or Renal Cell Cancer Alone

Jun Park1, Young Nam Kim2, Hyunsoo Ryoo3, Hyunju Park1, So Young Park4, Tae Hyuk Kim1, Jae Hoon Chung1, Seong Il Seo3, Sun Wook Kim1,

1Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

2Department of Medicine, Paju Hospital, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center, Paju, Korea

3Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

4Division of Endocrinolgy, Department of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea

Correspondence: Sun Wook Kim, MD, PhD, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 115 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel: 82-2-3410-1653, Fax: 82-2-6918-4653, E-mail: swkimmd@skku.edu

Received 21 December 2020       Revised 9 February 2021       Accepted 10 February 2021

Copyright © 2021 the Korean Thyroid Association. All rights reserved.

(open-access):

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background and Objectives

Thyroid cancer (TC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) display more frequent co-occurrence than would be expected by chance. We investigated clinicopathological features of patients with both primary TC and primary RCC (TC/RCC) group to facilitate a greater understanding of the relationship between two cancers.

Materials and Methods

A total of 53 patients who diagnosed with TC/RCC were enrolled. 13,663 TC-alone and 3279 RCC-alone patients who had undergone surgery at Samsung Medical Center between 1994 and 2014 were included as control groups. The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

The median age at the time of TC or RCC diagnosis was 54 years in TC/RCC group and the RCC-alone group, while the patients in TC-alone group were significantly younger (47 years). The TC/RCC group showed a nearly equal sex prevalence (49% male), significantly different than the results of the TC-alone group (80% female) and RCC-alone group (71% male). A higher grade of pathologic stage (56.6% in stage 3) and greater number of patients with multifocality of thyroid tumors (45 vs. 32%), and more family history of cancer (32 vs. 0.4%) were revealed in TC/RCC group than in TC-alone group. In addition, 15.1% of patients in TC/RCC group presented with additional primary cancers such as prostate, colon, stomach, breast, and lung cancers.

Conclusion

Patients in the TC/RCC group have a high rate of cancer family history, multifocality of thyroid tumors, and additional cancers. To understand this unique subset group, additional studies for environmental and genetic factors would be helpful for earlier diagnosis of combined cancers.

Keywords: Thyroid cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Second malignancy, Risk

Introduction

Thyroid cancer (TC) is a rapidly increasing carcinoma worldwide, and the most commonly diagnosed cancer due to early detection and increased diagnosis in Korea.1) It usually occurs in younger women at a mean age of around 45 years, with approximately 80% to 95% of all TC cases found to include papillary thyroid carcinoma.1,2) Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and accounts for 2% to 3% of all adult malignancies.3) Men are two to three times more likely to develop RCC than women and about 70% to 85% of cases of sporadic RCC are clear-cell RCC.4)
Previous studies have reported that patients with TC are at an increased risk of second primary malignancies and, conversely, patients with other malignancies also showed an increased risk of subsequent primary TC.2,5-11) Ronckers et al.2) reported that patients had a 42% elevated risk of second primary TC after any kind of malignancy and, reciprocally, an 11% increase in secondary malignancies after TC. The highest risk for second TCs after first malignancy as well as secondary malignancies after initial TC was apparent in the first year after initial diagnosis. However, renal, breast, and prostate cancers presented persistently elevated risks and the association between TC and these specific cancers is bidirectional and positive.2) Out research team previously reported that the overall risk of a second primary malignancy among patients with TC is increased by 6% in all sites except the stomach and cervix by using data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. In addition, the greatest elevated risks were shown in cancers of the salivary gland, kidney, prostate, lung, and breast in order.8) Similar results were reported in other studies. An analysis of findings in surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database suggested that the most commonly elevated subsequent malignancies after TC include salivary gland and kidney cancers.9) Another study using the SEER database determined that an elevated risk of TC as a second primary malignancy was consistently significant in patients with cancers of renal and breast.10)
In spite of many studies having reported an association between TC and RCC, only few studies to date have examined the specific subset of patients who develop both primary TC and primary RCC (abbreviated TC/RCC). Therefore, in this study, we examined the clinicopathological findings of individuals with TC/RCC group in comparison with those of patients diagnosed with either TC or RCC-alone group. Furthermore, we performed a subgroup analysis among the patients with TC/RCC according to the order of diagnosis to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for the development of TC/RCC.

Materials and Methods

Study Patients

The TC/RCC group of patients was established using those given the codes C73.9 (TC) and C64.9 (RCC) of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition seen at our institution between 1994 and 2014. A total of 63 patients were classified as having both codes C73.9 and C64.9, but 10 patients were excluded from the study analysis due to follow-up loss right after diagnosis. Data were compiled by way of retrospective chart review.
As control groups, 15,957 patients with TC who had undergone thyroidectomy and 3342 patients with RCC who underwent nephrectomy at Samsung Medical Center between 1994 and 2014 were included. Data from the surgery patient database of Samsung Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 2231 patients in the TC-alone group were excluded since they had incomplete data such as the date of diagnosis and pathologic information. All patients with TC/RCC were excluded from the TC-alone and RCC-alone groups. Therefore, 53 patients were finally included into the TC/RCC group, 13,663 patients were finally included into the TC-alone group, and 3279 patients were finally included into the RCC-alone group. This study was approved by an Institutional Review Board (SMC-IRB 2019-05-155).

Statistical Analysis

To compare differences between the TC/RCC group and the TC-alone group and between the TC/RCC group and the RCC-alone group, the Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables and the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables were used. For subgroup analysis according to the order of diagnosis, one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test or the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney post-hoc test was used for quantitative data, while Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical data. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0 software program (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Clinicopathological Features of Patients with TC/RCC in Comparison with Patients with TC-Alone or RCC-Alone

Clinicopathological characteristics of the TC/RCC group were compared with those of the TC-alone group (Table 1) and the RCC-alone group (Table 2), respectively, to discern whether there were any unique features of TC/RCC group. The mean and median ages at diagnosis of TC in the TC/RCC group were 53.6 and 54 years, respectively, which were significantly older than the ages (mean: 47.2, median: 47 years) of patients with TC-alone (p<0.001). In the TC/RCC group, the number of men and women was almost equal (ratio of men to women: 49.1 to 50.9%), while the TC-alone group showed a predominance of women (80.3%). Patients in the TC/RCC group were more likely to present a higher grade of pathologic stage (56.6% in stage 3 vs. 59.0% in stage 1) and more multifocality of thyroid tumors (45.3 vs. 32.4%), and had more family history of cancer (32.1 vs. 0.4%) compared to those of patients in TC-alone group. There were no differences in tumor size, lymph node and distant metastasis, lymphatic and vascular invasion, histological type, and radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy and dose. Extrathyroidal extension varied between the two groups, but this seems to be an incidental finding (Table 1).
Among 3279 total RCC patients, 1.6% developed a co-existing TC. The patients with TC/RCC were diagnosed of RCC at a mean of 53.1 years and a median of 54 years, similar to patients in the RCC-alone group (mean: 54 years and median: 54 years). RCC much more dominantly occurred in males (70.8%) in RCC-alone group while even sex distribution in TC/RCC group. Except for sex distribution (p<0.001), there were no significant differences in findings in the TC/RCC group regarding body mass index, tumor size, pathologic staging, LN and distant metastasis, nuclear grade, and histological type relative to in the RCC-alone group (Table 2).
Interestingly, we found that eight patients (15.1%) of the TC/RCC group presented additional primary cancers, including two with colon cancers, two with prostate cancers, two with stomach cancers, one with breast cancer, and one with lung and prostate cancers.
Therefore, while the patients of the TC/RCC group did not have significant differences in pathological characteristics with the TC- or RCC-alone patients, they had more cancer family history and multifocality of thyroid tumors than the patients of the TC-alone group, and had a high proportion of triple primary cancer.

Comparison of TC/RCC Group According to the Order of Diagnosis

Subgroup analyses of the TC/RCC group were conducted according to the order of diagnosis. Overall, 24 patients (45.3%) developed primary RCC followed by subsequent TC (RCC → TC group), 17 patients (32.1%) had first primary TC prior to RCC (TC → RCC group), and 12 patients (22.6%) had concomitant disease within one year of initial diagnosis (TC=RCC group). The baseline characteristics of the total and subgroups of the TC/RCC group are summarized in Table 3. The median ages at the time of diagnosis of TC and RCC were younger in the TC=RCC group than in either the RCC → TC or TC → RCC group (p=0.014). There were no significant differences in sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, cancer family history, and time interval between TC and RCC, regardless of the order of diagnosis (Table 3). The clinicopathological features of patients with TC/RCC, including RAI therapy, were compared between the three groups listed in Tables 4 and 5.

Discussion

In previous studies, many researchers have reported the persistent two-way association between TC and RCC.2,6-8,12,13) Besides, there are several cancer sites that showed significantly elevated risks in both directions, not only the thyroid and kidney but also the salivary gland, breast, prostate, scrotum, and brain.2,8) Liu et al.14) reported the bidirectional associations of RCC with many other malignancies, such as lung, breast, prostate, bladder, thyroid, and adrenal gland cancer. Various factors, including genetic, environmental, and treatment-related effects, could influence the development of subsequent second primary cancers. From a genetic point of view, MET tyrosine receptor kinase mutations have been previously discovered in TC and papillary RCC.15,16) The leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), which cooperates with MET to promote tumor cell growth and survival, is also amplified and overexpressed in papillary RCC and TC.17) In addition, the I157 missense variant of the checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) gene is associated with increased risks of breast, colon, kidney, prostate, and TC.18,19) These results were consistent with those of the current study; eight patients had additional primary cancers of the colon, prostate, stomach, breast, and lungs beyond TC and RCC. Even though they did not perform gene mutation studies, there seems to be a genetic correlation between them.
In some studies, for the treatment-related factors, RAI exposure in the treatment of TC may be associated with second primary cancer, while, in others, there was no relationship between radioisotope exposure and subsequent primary cancers.2,5,7,20,21) In this study, there was no significant differences in the percentage of patients who received RAI and the RAI dose regardless of the order of diagnosis in the TC/RCC group. However, the treatment-related effect of RAI might be overlooked in this study due to follow up period was relatively short (5-6 years).
The main aim of our study was to evaluate the unique characteristics of patients diagnosed with TC/RCC. We found significant differences existed in the age at diagnosis, sex distribution, cancer family history, multifocality and pathologic stage of TC between TC/RCC group and the TC-alone group. Moreover, one interesting unexpected finding was that 15.1% of patients of the TC/RCC group had at least tertiary primary malignancies. TC occurred predominantly in women with a mean age of 47.2 years in TC-alone group, whereas the TC/RCC group did not present a sex prevalence either way and the mean age at diagnosis of TC was much older (53.6 years). Patients in RCC-alone group and TC/RCC group were diagnosed with RCC at almost the same age and the composition of the RCC-alone group was predominantly male (70.8% vs. 49.1% in TC/RCC group). The TC/RCC group showed higher pathologic stages of TC (stage 1, 2, 3, and 4 : 35.8%, 0%, 56.6%, and 7.5%, respectively) than the TC-alone group (stage 1, 2, 3, and 4 : 59.0%, 1.3%, 32.3%, and 7.5%, respectively) (p=0.003), which seems to be derived by age; according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control seventh edition staging system, patients with papillary or follicular TC younger than 45 years of age generally only have stages I and II. Cancer family history, tumor multifocality of thyroid tumors, and a high incidence of multiple primary cancers in the TC/RCC group strongly suggested a genetic effect in the association between TC and RCC. In the subgroup analysis, patients in the TC=RCC group were significantly younger at the time of diagnosis of TC or RCC than those in the RCC → TC and TC → RCC groups but, unfortunately, we could not find any other significant differences in clinicopathological findings according to the order of diagnosis of TC/RCC. Additionally, although there is controversy as to whether RAI exposure increases the subsequent malignancies; based upon the present results, prior RAI therapy for TC seemed not to elevate the risk of developing second primary RCC.
To our knowledge, this is the second study to examine unique features of patients with TC/RCC. The age at diagnosis and sex distribution were consistent with the previous study.12) The differences between the two studies were that there were more cases of TC before RCC (TC → RCC; 51%, RCC → TC; 27%) in the previous study, while there were more cases of RCC before TC (RCC → TC; 45.3%, TC → RCC; 32.1%) in the present study. In addition, the previous study showed that 43% of patients in the TC/RCC group had other additional cancers, especially most of them were women and breast cancer. In this study, 15.1% of them had other combined cancers, and the colon, prostate, stomach, breast and lung cancers were relatively evenly distributed. Therefore, although the percentages of multiple primary cancers in the two studies were different, the result that the TC/RCC group had a high ratio of three or more cancers was consistent. Additionally, cancer family history and multifocality were added as comparative variables in this study, and their meaningful differences were confirmed when comparing TC/RCC and TC-alone groups.
There are several limitations to this study. First, this was a retrospective study that may have possible selection bias. Second, it is presumed that the sample size of the TC/RCC group was small; thus, the difference between subgroups according to the order of diagnosis may not have been sufficient for statistical analysis. Third, we only studied the clinicopathologic characteristics rather than etiologic studies such as molecular tests of the tumors. Finally, in the RCC-alone group, there was no data on cancer family history and multifocality, and also data on other combined cancers of TC-alone and RCC-alone groups were not available in this study. However, we hope this findings could serve as a basis for future studies to dig into the relevance between the two cancers.
In conclusion, the reason behind co-occurring TC and RCC is not clearly understood. We determined that patients with TC/RCC more often showed a cancer family history and multifocality of thyroid tumors than those with TC alone. In addition, 15% of TC/RCC patients had additional malignancies. In order to understand the cause of TC and RCC together, further studies such as environmental and genetic factors for this group are needed. This understanding may help earlier diagnosis of combined cancers.

Notes

Funding

The authors have no funding.

Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

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Table 1
Clinicopathological features of TC in coexisting TC and RCC group and TC alone group
TC characteristics TC and RCC
n=53 (0.4%)		 TC alone
n=13,663		 p value
Age, years
Mean±SD 53.6±11.7 47.2±11.6
Median (IQR) 54.0 (17) 47.0 (16) <0.001
Sex <0.001
Male 26 (49.1) 2,688 (19.7)
Female 27 (50.9) 10,975 (80.3)
Family history of any cancer 17 (32.1) 47 (0.4) <0.001
Tumor size, cm (range) 0.9 (0.2-4.0) 0.8 (0.05-13.0) 0.164
Multifocality 24 (45.3) 4,415 (32.4) 0.046
Pathologic stage* 0.003
Stage 1 19 (35.8) 7,994 (59.0)
Stage 2 0 (0) 171 (1.3)
Stage 3 30 (56.6) 4,375 (32.3)
Stage 4 4 (7.5) 1,014 (7.5)
LN metastasis 23 (43.4) 5,635 (41.7) 0.805
Distant metastasis 1 (1.9) 102 (0.7) 0.330
Operation type 0.081
TT w/ or w/o CND 42 (79.2) 8,640 (64.5)
TT with MRND 4 (7.5) 1,848 (13.8)
Lobectomy 7 (13.2) 2,902 (21.7)
Others 0 (0) 273 (2.0)
Extrathyroidal extension 32 (60.4) 11,749 (86.0) <0.001
Lymphatic invasion 0 (0) 247 (1.8) 1.000
Vascular invasion 0 (0) 318 (2.3) 0.637
Histologic subtype 0.146
PTC 49 (92.5) 13,183 (96.9)
FTC 3 (5.7) 278 (2.0)
MTC 1 (1.9) 119 (0.9)
ATC 0 (0) 21 (0.2)
Others 0 61 (0.4)
RAI therapy 39 (73.6) 9,073 (66.2) 0.182
Total RAI dose, mCi (range) 100 (30-550) 100 (20-1400) 0.519
F/U duration of TC, months (range) 60.8 (4.9-163.7) 73.5 (0.1-681.3) 0.078

ATC: anaplastic thyroid cancer, CND: central neck dissection, F/U: follow up, FTC: follicular thyroid cancer, IQR: interquartile range, LN: lymph node, MRND: modified radical neck dissection, MTC: medullary thyroid cancer, PTC: papillary thyroid cancer, RAI: radioactive iodine, RCC: renal cell carcinoma, SD: standard deviation, TC: thyroid cancer, TT: total thyroidectomy, w/: with, w/o: without

Data available for family history of any cancer (n=12,052), tumor size (n=13,647), multifocality (n=13,624), pathologic stage (n=13,554), LN metastasis (n=13,506), distant metastasis (n=13,554), extrathyroidal extension (n=13,404), lymphatic invasion (n=13,582), vascular invasion (n=13,577), RAI therapy (n=8,731) in TC alone group.

*Staging according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Thyroid Cancer Staging System 7th edition.

Table 2
Clinicopathological features of RCC in coexisting TC and RCC group and RCC alone group
RCC characteristics TC and RCC
n=53 (1.6%)		 RCC alone
n=3,279		 p value
Age, years
Mean±SD 53.1±11.7 54.0±12.2
Median (IQR) 54.0 (18) 54.0 (18) 0.662
Sex 0.001
Male 26 (49.1) 2,320 (70.8)
Female 27 (50.9) 959 (29.2)
BMI (kg/cm2) 25.0±3.6 24.8±3.2 0.825
Tumor size, cm (range) 3.7 (0.9-16.0) 3.8 (0.2-32.0) 0.853
Pathologic stage* 0.554
Stage 1 41 (77.4) 2,440 (75.0)
Stage 2 2 (3.8) 286 (8.8)
Stage 3 7 (13.2) 399 (12.3)
Stage 4 3 (5.7) 129 (4.0)
LN metastasis 1 (1.9) 59 (1.8) 0.622
Distant metastasis 3 (5.7) 113 (4.0) 0.469
Nuclear grade 0.875
Gr 1-2 21 (42.0) 1,389 (43.1)
Gr 3-4 29 (58.0) 1,833 (56.9)
Histologic subtype 0.257
Clear cell 50 (94.3) 2,731 (83.3)
Renal papillary cancer 1 (1.9) 217 (6.6)
Chromopobe 2 (3.8) 239 (7.3)
Others 0 (0) 90 (2.7)
Type of surgery 0.497
Radical nephrectomy 31 (58.5) 2,063 (63.0)
Nephron sparing surgery 22 (41.5) 1,226 (37.0)
F/U duration of RCC, months (range) 73.0 (3.5-213.0) 43.5 (0.4-236.0) <0.001

BMI: body mass index, F/U: follow up, Gr: grade, IQR: interquartile range, LN: lymph node, RCC: renal cell carcinoma, SD: standard deviation, TC: thyroid cancer

Data available for pathologic stage (n=3,254), LN metastasis (n=3,270), distant metastasis (n=2,845), nuclear grade (n=3,222), histologic subtype (n=3,277), type of surgery (n=3,273) in RCC alone group.

*Staging according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Kidney Cancer Staging System 7th edition.

Table 3
Characteristics of coexisting primary TC and RCC according to the sequence of diagnosis
Characteristics Both TC and RCC
Total
n=53		 RCC → TC
n=24 (45.3%)		 TC=RCC
n=12 (22.6%)		 TC → RCC
n=17 (32.1%)		 p value
Age, years (TC)
Mean±SD 53.6±11.7 57.3±9.8 44.6±10.6 54.7±12.3
Median (IQR) 54 (17) 60.0 (12) 46.0 (15) 60.0 (16) 0.014
Age, years (RCC)
Mean±SD 53.1±11.7 53.4±10.4 44.4±10.3 58.9±11.0
Median (IQR) 54.0 (18) 55.5 (17) 46.0 (14) 63.0 (16) 0.004
Sex 0.713
Male 26 (49.1) 13 (54.2) 6 (50) 7 (41.2)
Female 27 (50.9) 11 (45.8) 6 (50) 10 (58.8)
BMI (kg/cm2) 25.0±3.6 24.9±2.7 25.6±4.3 24.5±4.4 0.756
Smoking, n (%) 9 (17) 4 (16.7) 3 (25.0) 2 (11.8) 0.735
Alcohol, n (%) 14 (26.4) 6 (25.0) 3 (25.0) 5 (29.4) 0.763
Family history of any cancer 17 (32.1) 7 (29.2) 3 (25.0) 7 (41.2) 0.647
Time interval between TC & RCC, months (range) 39.2
(0-140.6)		 43.7
(12.4-126.7)		 1.8
(0-11.5)		 44.0
(13.4-140.6)		 <0.001
F/U duration of TC, months (range) 60.8
(4.9-163.7)		 57.1
(7.5-149.4)		 56.1
(4.9-137.2)		 66.5
(21.5-163.7)		 0.301
F/U duration of RCC, months (range) 73.0
(3.5-213.0)		 104.0
(52.2-213.0)		 66.2
(15.3-113.8)		 29.1
(3.5-84.7)		 <0.001

BMI: body mass index, F/U: follow up, IQR: interquartile range, RCC: renal cell carcinoma, SD: standard deviation, TC: thyroid cancer

Table 4
Clinicopathological characteristics of TC in patient with coexisting primary TC and RCC
TC characteristics Both TC and RCC
Total
n=53		 RCC → TC
n=24		 TC=RCC
n=12		 TC → RCC
n=17		 p value
Tumor size, cm (range) 0.9 (0.2-4.0) 1.0 (0.2-4.0) 1.2 (0.4-4.0) 0.8 (0.5-3.0) 0.396
Multifocality 24 (45.3) 12 (50.0) 6 (50.0) 6 (35.3) 0.604
Bilaterality 18 (34.0) 10 (41.7) 4 (33.3) 4 (23.5) 0.525
Pathologic stage* 0.572
Stage 1 19 (35.8) 6 (25.0) 6 (50.0) 7 (41.2)
Stage 2 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Stage 3 30 (56.6) 16 (66.7) 5 (41.7) 9 (52.9)
Stage 4 4 (7.5) 2 (8.3) 1 (8.3) 1 (5.9)
LN metastasis 23 (43.4) 10 (41.7) 7 (58.3) 6 (35.3) 0.455
Distant metastasis 1 (1.9) 0 (0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0) 0.226
Operation type 0.845
TT w/ or w/o CND 42 (79.2) 20 (83.3) 8 (66.7) 14 (82.4)
TT with MRND 4 (7.5) 1 (4.2) 1 (8.3) 2 (11.8)
Lobectomy 7 (13.2) 3 (12.5) 3 (25.0) 1 (5.9)
Extrathyroidal extension 32 (60.4) 16 (66.7) 6 (50.0) 10 (58.8) 0.628
Lymphatic invasion 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Vascular invasion 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Histologic subtype 0.558
PTC 49 (92.5) 22 (91.7) 11 (91.7) 16 (94.1)
FTC 3 (5.7) 2 (8.3) 1 (8.3) 0 (0)
MTC 1 (1.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (5.9)
RAI therapy 39 (73.6) 17 (70.8) 7 (58.3) 15 (88.2) 0.260
Initial RAI dose, mCi (range) 100 (30-180) 60 (30-150) 100 (30-180) 30 (30-150) 0.478
Total RAI dose, mCi (range) 100 (30-550) 60 (30-280) 130 (30-550) 100 (30-450) 0.520

CND: central neck dissection, FTC: follicular thyroid cancer, LN: lymph node, MRND: modified radical neck dissection, MTC: medullary thyroid cancer, PTC: papillary thyroid cancer, RAI: radioactive iodine, RCC: renal cell carcinoma, TC: thyroid cancer, TT: total thyroidectomy, w/: with, w/o: without

*Staging according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Thyroid Cancer Staging System 7th edition.

Table 5
Clinicopathological characteristics of RCC in patient with coexisting primary TC and RCC
RCC characteristics Both TC and RCC
Total
n=53		 RCC → TC
n=24		 TC=RCC
n=12		 TC → RCC
n=17		 p value
Tumor size, cm (range) 3.7 (0.9-16.0) 3.9 (1.7-16.0) 2.7 (1.3-7.0) 4.5 (0.9-13.0) 0.186
Bilaterality 2 (3.8) 2 (8.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.493
Pathologic stage* 0.744
Stage 1 41 (77.4) 17 (70.8) 11 (91.7) 13 (76.5)
Stage 2 2 (3.8) 2 (8.3) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Stage 3 7 (13.2) 4 (16.7) 1 (8.3) 2 (11.8)
Stage 4 3 (5.7) 1 (4.2) 0 (0) 2 (11.8)
LN metastasis 1 (1.9) 1 (4.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.000
Distant metastasis 3 (5.7) 1 (4.2) 0 (0) 2 (11.8) 0.449
Nuclear grade 0.060
Gr 1-2 21 (42.0) 13 (56.5) 5 (45.5) 3 (18.8)
Gr 3-4 29 (58.0) 10 (43.5) 6 (54.5) 13 (81.3)
Operation type 0.348
Radical nephrectomy 31 (58.5) 16 (66.7) 5 (41.7) 10 (58.8)
Nephron sparing surgery 22 (41.5) 8 (33.3) 7 (58.3) 7 (41.2)
Vascular invasion 2 (3.8) 0 (0) 1 (8.3) 1 (5.9) 0.295
Collecting system invasion 1 (1.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (5.9) 0.547
Histologic subtype 0.772
Clear cell 50 (94.3) 23 (95.8) 12 (100) 15 (88.2)
Renal papillary carcinoma 1 (1.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (5.9)
Chromophobe 2 (3.8) 1 (4.2) 0 (0) 1 (5.9)

Gr: grade, LN: lymph node, RCC: renal cell carcinoma, TC: thyroid cancer

*Staging according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Kidney Cancer Staging System 7th edition.

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