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Introduction
Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is a common family planning contraceptive method used worldwide [1]. Importantly, the copper intrauterine devices (Cu-IUDs), with very low failure rates of between 0.2% to 1.0%, are most commonly used for long-acting, reversible contraception (LARC). Owing to its low failure rate and long lifetime, Cu-T380A is preferred [2,3].
The most common adverse effects associated with IUCD use are abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and dysmenorrhea (about 30–50%). Approximately 10–20% of users requesting IUCD removal during their first year of use [4]. Many women are affected by premature discontinuation. Approximately 40 million women per year have IUCD inserted. Of these, 5–15% discontinue IUCD due to bleeding or discomfort within the first year of use. Cu-T380A is a non-hormone contraceptive device based on the release of copper ions that are spermicidal. However, the device may induce an inflammatory response resulting in a hostile uterine environment [5].
The Doppler uterine artery indices the pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) have been widely researched to establish the association between heavy menstrual hemorrhage associated with IUCD and increased blood flow in the uterine artery [5,6]. Doppler analysis of the uterine artery was performed before and three and six months after IUCD insertion in this study. The main objective of the current study was to predict the occurrence of the above-mentioned side effects prior to IUCD insertion through uterine artery Doppler blood flow analysis and to explore its impact on the uterine artery Doppler flow characteristics in situ.
Materials and methods
In the current prospective clinical trial, 100 women who wanted to use copper IUCD (Cu-T380A) and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited from the family planning clinic at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Zagazig University Hospitals, in collaboration with the Radiology Department of Zagazig General Hospitals, Zagazig City, Sharika Governorate, Egypt, over eight months from April 2019 to January 2020.
1. Inclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria were as follows: young women aged 20–40 years old who desired long-acting contraception; normal menstrual bleeding cycles (24–35 days); and no hormonal treatment for at least three months before IUCD insertion.
2. Exclusion criteria
The exclusion criteria were as follows: pregnancy; undiagnosed uterine bleeding or hormonal contraceptive pills in the three months preceding; previous genital infection; a bulky uterus with ultrasonographic proof of ovarian, uterine, or endometrial disorders such as uterine myoma, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, ovarian cysts uterine anomaly, uterine fibroids, PID, or septic abortion; and physiological menorrhagia.
3. Methodology
After obtaining the patient’s consent to participate in the study, all women were subjected to the following:
Careful pelvic examination to identify uterine size and position.
IUCD insertion: insertion of Cu-T380A should be performed postmenstrual or 6th weeks postpartum under obstetrics and gynecologists’ supervision.
Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS): An ultrasound device (GE Logiq P7 device with a 7,5 MHz curved transvaginal transducer) was used for a 2-D mode real-time sonographic analysis to measure the uterine length and width, as well as the correct position of the IUCD inside the uterine cavity. Endometrial thickness was also identified by measuring the distance between the two basal layers of the anterior and posterior uterine walls in mm.
Transvaginal pulsed Doppler on the uterine artery (TVPD): After taking uterine measurements, the mode was shifted to color Doppler and the uterine arteries were located less than 2 cm from the vaginal fornices at the level of the interior os. The Doppler color was switched on in the 2D mode. The right and left uterine arteries were identified. Then, the mode was switched to pulsed Doppler, and the velocity waveforms of the blood flow were displayed. The image was then frozen with at least three waveform signals. Subsequently, the PI and RI for both uterine arteries were calculated.
TVUS and TVPD were performed on women at the time of Cu-IUCD insertion and the three- and six-month follow-up. All ultrasound examinations were performed on the fourth or fifth day of the menstrual cycle. At the second visit, all women were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of menorrhagia (menorrhagia is menstrual bleeding of more than 80 mL per cycle).
Group 1 (52 cases): cases without complaint of menorrhagia.
Group 2 (48 cases): cases with a complaint of menorrhagia.
4. Statistical analysis
The obtained data were tabulated, and statistical analyses were performed using the Social Sciences Statistical Package 2018 (SPSS version 20.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). All data are presented as mean±standard deviation, median, range, and qualitative data are presented as absolute frequencies (number) and relative frequencies (%).
Results
As presented in Table 1, we found a non-significant difference in the age and parity between the two groups at three and six months after IUCD insertion. The mean age of all participants in group (1), which included patients without complaint of menorrhagia, was 28.01±5.51 (20–40) years and their mean parity was 2.04±1.13 (1–5). In group (2), which included patients who complained about menorrhagia, the mean age was 28.43±5.86 (20–39) years and their mean parity was 2.08±1.02 (1–5).
This study showed that there is a highly significant relationship between heavy menstrual bleeding associated with IUCD insertion and Doppler indices of the uterine artery (RI and PI) before IUCD insertion and at three and six months post-insertion. Low uterine artery PI and RI were observed in women with menorrhagia (group [2]) at baseline and three and six months after IUCD insertion, relative to the normal non-bleeding group (1) (P<0.05), as shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
Multiple regression analyses of participant characteristics and heavy menstrual bleeding-related to IUCD showed that the pulsatility index of the uterine artery (PI ≤2.02) was consistent with menorrhagia following insertion of IUCD (sensitivity 95.8 % [85.7–99.5] and specificity 100% [93.2–100]), with an AUC of 0.971 (0.916–0.994) at P<0.001. Additionally, the resistance index of the uterine artery (RI ≤0.83) was also correlated with heavy menstrual bleeding after IUCD insertion (sensitivity 93.8%, specificity 100%, AUC 0.949, P<0.001), as presented in Table 4. These were revealed in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of PI (Fig. 1A) and RI (Fig. 1B) of the uterine artery indices.
Discussion
Worldwide, approximately 14.3% of women of reproductive age use an IUCD. However, the distribution of IUCD users is remarkably inconsistent. In some countries, up to 40% of women use IUCD [7]. The mode of action of IUCD is not entirely known, but several theories have been developed that potentially explain the contraceptive effect of these devices by inhibition of implantation, inhibition of the development of the morula into a blastocyst, and progesterone antagonism [8].
The body-copper interaction prevents fertilization. As a consequence of the IUCD, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurs in the lumen of the uterus. The daily release of copper has been shown to equal 1% of copper administered orally per day. A cuprous complex is created from the chemical breakdown of cuprous oxide and saline, which generates cupric ions and free radicals. Metallic copper liquefies endometrial mucous membranes. Cupric ions enhance the biosynthesis of some prostaglandins, which explains the inhibition of implantation [7]. Although pre-and post-fertilization mechanisms may both contribute to the contraceptive effectiveness of IUCDs, research suggests that most of the effects occur pre-fertilization [9,10].
Menstrual complications, pelvic pain, and dysmenorrhea are the most common adverse effects associated with the use of IUCD. Due to these side effects, approximately 10% of users have to remove their IUCD in the first year of use [11]. Among other factors, the latter has been due to changes in prostaglandin synthesis or uterine blood flow. However, none of these hypotheses are definitive. Doppler analysis of the uterine artery has been performed previously in women with increased menstrual flow after IUCD insertion [12].
Our clinical research aimed to study the relationship between heavy menstrual bleeding following IUCD insertion and the Doppler index of the uterine artery to protect women at risk of bleeding. The present study included 100 women who were divided according to the presence or absence of heavy menstrual bleeding into two groups: Group 1 (n=52) included patients without menorrhagia, and Group 2 (n=48), were women with menorrhagia. Transvaginal ultrasound and Doppler were performed three times: before insertion and three and six months after IUCD insertion.
Table 1 depicts the demographic data of the women who participated in the current study with a mean age of 28.01±5.51 years, median of 28 years, and a range of 20–40 years, median 26 with range of (20–34). The mean parity was 2.04±1.13, median was 2, and the range was 1–5. The mean abortion was 0.71±0.91, median was 0, and the range was 0–3. Most cases had no history of abortion (57%). There was no statistically significant difference between IUCD-related heavy menstrual bleeding and age, abortion, parity, and sonographic findings related to uterine size at the beginning of the study (Table 1).
In our study, we found a highly significant association (P<0.001) between endometrial thickness and uterine artery Doppler indices (RI and PI) with IUCD-induced menorrhagia before insertion and after three and six months after IUCD insertion (Table 3, 4). Our results are consistent with those of the latest studies [7,13,14] that documented substantial changes in the endometrial thickness and the Doppler indices of the uterine artery (PI and RI) pre- and post-insertion of the IUCD.
Mohamed and Abdel Hakim [7] evaluated the PI and RI of the uterine artery after 90 days of IUCD insertion and reported a highly significant difference in endometrial thickness, PI, and RI among women complaining of menorrhagia and those without. Fouda et al. [13] reported a significant reduction in PI and RI in the uterine artery in a group of women who complained of menorrhagia (group I) compared to women using Cu-IUD without uterine bleeding (group II) and women without Cu-IUD (group III). In groups II and III, there was no statistically significant difference in PI and RI. In another study of a group of women who complained of abnormal bleeding related to IUCD use, the uterine artery PI and RI levels have been considerably lower (1.78±0.33 and 0.68±0.09, respectively) than those without bleeding (2.28±0.35 and 0.87±0.13, respectively) [14].
Järvelä et al. [15] stated the postulated mechanism that describes the relationship between low PI and RI in women who complained of menorrhagia. IUCD insertion causes an increase in the production of prostaglandins in the endometrium, which contributes to increased vascularity and vascular permeability, and inhibits platelet activation. These consequently increase menstrual bleeding.
Other earlier studies of the Doppler uterine artery showed contradictory findings. Rezk et al. [6] reported the absence of any significant difference in Doppler indices of the uterine artery (PI and RI) at three and six months following IUCD insertion in either group with or without IUCD-related heavy menstrual individually. Mutlu et al. [5] verified that there was no substantial difference in uterine blood flow among 120 participants who experienced an increase in menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, or dysmenorrhea following the insertion of copper IUD when examined before insertion and six months after insertion. In addition, El-Mazny et al. [16] noticed that Doppler indices of the uterine artery, endometrial volume (P=0.303), PI (P=0.699), and RI (P=0.788) were not significantly different between the two groups. Jiménez et al. [17] also examined uterine artery PI and RI prior to IUD insertion of the mid-luteal phase and 90 days post-insertion and found no significant variations in sub-endometrial vascularization in 27 patients who received LNG-IUS from 25 patients receiving Cu-T380A.
Regarding the ROC curve of PI and RI before Cu-IUCD insertion (Fig. 4), we found that PI ≤2.02, and RI ≤0.83, correlated with heavy menstrual bleeding after insertion of IUCD, which is in accordance with previous results [6] (PI artery <1.5 and RI <0.65, P-value<0.001) and Mansour et al. [14] (PI artery ≤1.9 and RI ≤0.76, P-value<0.001). Mohamed and Abdel Hakim [7] demonstrated that both the uterine artery RI and PI have similar specificities in detecting menorrhagia after IUCD insertion. However, the uterine artery RI has greater sensitivity and better efficacy three months after IUCD insertion.
The results of our study revealed that the uterine artery Doppler indices (PI, RI) before insertion of the Cu-T IUCD are lower in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding than in those who did not complain of heavy menstrual bleeding. Our findings confirmed our assumption that the initial use of TVUS with uterine artery Doppler studies may be useful as a predictor of the incidence of menorrhagia associated with IUCD insertion, which is a prime reason for IUCD withdrawal within the first year of use. The prediction should be carried out during the initial counseling of women who wish to use long-term reversible contraception. Another form of contraception should be considered for women with initially low values of the uterine artery indices, namely, PI and RI.
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