Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm (PDAA) is a rare type of vascular disease that accounts for 2% of all abdominal visceral aneurysms. The condition is very dangerous, with a high mortality rate if discovered in a ruptured state. Although the risk of rupture is not related to size, it is crucial to treat it immediately upon discovery. Because the pathophysiology of PDAA has been confirmed to be associated with celiac artery stenosis (CAS), there is some controversy regarding the treatment of accompanying CAS if it occurs. This paper reports a case of a ruptured PDAA and accompanying pancreatitis, treated with endovascular and endoscopic methods, without a treatment for CAS.

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A-50-year-old man with no significant/relevant medical history was admitted to Wonkwang University Hospital with sudden- onset epigastric abdominal pain, which began after performing push-ups, but no trauma. Upon admission, a physical examination revealed a mildly distended abdomen with epigastric tenderness. The patient’s blood pressure was 50/40 mmHg, with a heart rate of 107 beats/min. Rapid fluid resuscitation restored the patient’s circulation status. After the blood pressure was stabilized, contrast-enhanced CT was performed. Contrast extravasation of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (PDA) was observed, which appeared to be due to the aneurysmal sac (Fig. 1A). A large-volume hemoperitoneum in the right anterior pararenal space and perihepatic space was evident (Fig. 1A, B). A mild hypodense lesion at the head of the pancreas, suggesting acute pancreatitis, was also observed (Fig. 1C). Laboratory investigations performed 2 hours after admission revealed a hemoglobin level of 9.1 g/dL. Emergency angiography was performed immediately to determine the source of bleeding and control it. A 6 Fr sheath was placed into the right common femoral artery, and a right heart catheter and microcatheter were then used to perform the celiac, gastroduodenal, and pancreaticoduodenal arteriographies. The angiographic findings revealed severe CAS and compensation of hepatic arterial blood flow from the PDA (Fig. 2A). In addition, extravasation of the contrast material in the superior anterior PDA was detected (Fig. 2B). After selecting superior anterior PDA, stent-graft insertion was attempted, but it was difficult to proceed due to the vascular tortuosity. Collateral circulation appeared to be sufficient on superior mesenteric arteriography. For that reason, angioembolization was performed using a mixture of N-butyl cyanoacrylate and lipiodol (1:4). No procedure-related complications were encountered. The patient was hospitalized in the intensive care unit and followed-up carefully because of the large volume of hemoperitoneum and decreased hemoglobin levels. Octreotide acetate administration and fasting with total parenteral nutrition were administered to prevent the exacerbation of acute pancreatitis. Two days later, abdominal CT angiography was repeated, which revealed a slight decrease in the hemoperitoneum in the anterior pararenal space (Fig. 3A). CAS was also observed (Fig. 3B). A fever of 38.4℃ was recorded on day 18 of hospitalization. Percutaneous drainage of the anterior pararenal hematoma was performed under the suspicion of infection in the hematoma. Nevertheless, the fever and leukocytosis persisted, and a pre-rectal abscess was found on CT performed under suspicion of other infection foci. On day 37 of hospitalization, laparoscopic irrigation and drainage were performed. Subsequently, the hematoma improved gradually, but the serum levels of amylase and lipase increased gradually to 195 IU/L and 450 IU/L, respectively. ERCP was performed under the suspicion of acute necrotizing pancreatitis on MRCP (Fig. 4A). There was no significant leakage or dilatation in the main pancreatic duct. On the other hand, an examination of amylase and lipase in the drainage tube placed after surgery could not exclude continuous pancreatic juice leakage. Therefore, plastic stenting was performed because of the concerns about acute pancreatitis exacerbation and the potential worsening of the intraperitoneal infection (Fig. 4B). The patient’s laboratory findings stabilized, and he was discharged on day 62 of hospitalization without any related symptoms. A CT scan performed 6 months later revealed marked improvement in the organizing hematoma with adjacent fibrotic changes (Fig. 5).

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Abdominal visceral aneurysms are rare. Approximately 60%, 20%, 5.5%, and 2% of abdominal visceral aneurysms occur in the splenic artery, hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery, and PDA, respectively.¹ These aneurysms are typically asymptomatic but present with gastrointestinal bleeding or hemorrhagic shock when ruptured.² Among these, true PDAAs are rare; 63% are associated with celiac trunk lesions, such as median arcuate ligament syndrome, but the underlying mechanism is unclear.³ The aneurysmal dilatation of the representative arteries is believed to be caused by the increase in collateral flow due to stenosis or occlusion of the major aortic branches.⁴ Chronic increased blood flow in the small peripancreatic arteries results in local arterial hypertension that weakens and dilates the arterial wall, leading to a true aneurysm. A recent study using an electric circuit model confirmed that in patients with concurrent CAS and PDAAs, either of these could come first and predispose the other.⁵

Although true PDAAs are rare, approximately 50% present with rupture, resulting in a 26% mortality rate.³ PDAAs are different from other abdominal visceral aneurysms because of the low correlation between the diameter of the aneurysm and the possibility of rupture.⁶ Typically, aneurysms rupture into the retroperitoneal space and cause acute abdominal pain. Hematoma that accumulates in the retroperitoneal space and wraps around the head of the pancreas, or organizing infection, can cause compression symptoms and provoke pancreatitis. In the present case, the findings in the follow-up CT scan suggest acute pancreatitis through this mechanism.

No treatment guidelines have been established for the management of PDAA. Most investigators agree that the size of the aneurysmal sac is not a risk factor for rupture. Nevertheless, it should be treated immediately after discovery. The treatment modalities are largely divided into surgical and endovascular. Surgical treatments include resection, ligation, and bypass. Although surgery is considered to be the initial definitive treatment for PDAA, it is associated with higher procedure-related morbidity and mortality than endovascular treatment.^7,8 With the rapid advances and development of embolization materials and super-selective techniques, surgical treatment is being performed in limited circumstances, such as hemorrhagic shock or the failure of endovascular treatment.

Median arcuate ligament (MAL) syndrome (MALS) is a disorder caused by compression of the celiac artery root, resulting in decreased blood flow. Although CAS has a significant causal relationship with the formation of PDAA, it remains controversial whether MAL release should be performed. Some authors argue that transarterial embolization (TAE) without revascularization can lead to a recurrence of PDAA or ischemic dysfunction of a related organ, such as the liver, spleen, or duodenum, as a result of the absence of the major collateral vessels.^9,10 On the other hand, several authors have reported that revascularization after TAE may not be necessary because there was no recurrence of the aneurysm after TAE during the follow-up period.¹¹ This is supported by the need for MAL release in the treatment of CAS, the difficulty of endovascular treatment at the celiac artery orifice, and the higher probability of conversion to open surgery than laparoscopy when surgery is performed.¹¹ According to a study based on three-dimensional CT, MALS can be divided into three categories according to the stenosis rate and length: type A, <50% and ≤ 3 mm; type B, 50-80% and 3-8mm; type C, 80-100% and ≥8 mm.¹² In the present case, the stenosis was considered to be type B. Furthermore, persistent intraperitoneal hematoma and infection occurred after the procedure. When considering surgical treatment, extensive surgery such as celiac revascularization should be considered if the MAL release is insufficient. Therefore, considering the general condition of the patient, it was decided to follow up closely without performing surgery, and there was no significant recurrence according to CT performed later.

In conclusion, PDAAs caused by CAS should be treated regardless of the size and symptoms because of the possibility of rupture. Endovascular treatment is now considered to be a more appropriate first-line measure because surgical treatment results in higher mortality and morbidity. There is no consensus regarding the necessity of active treatment of accompanying MALS; however, deciding whether to proceed will depend on the degree of CAS. Careful evaluation and multidisciplinary discussion are required for optimal management of these aneurysms.

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