Approximately 25% of women suffer from a degree of incontinence, prolapse, or vaginal laxity due to the weakening of the pelvic floor after a “normal” delivery [12]. There is an association between urinary incontinence, pelvic floor muscle strength, and the number and type of deliveries [34]. During a vaginal delivery, it is quite common (15–50% of women may be affected) for the pelvic floor muscles (levator) to be damaged to some extent [567]. If this condition is not adequately repaired and persists for an extended period of time, it can lead to increased risk for pelvic floor dysfunction. After delivery, more than 60% of patients recover from pelvic floor muscle injuries within 1 year [8]. However, women with persistent levator avulsion show significantly worse deterioration patterns in muscle strength, hiatus measurements, and vaginal symptoms such as a loose vagina or lump sensation [89]. These findings emphasize the importance of proper recovery from pelvic floor muscle injuries sustained at birth. Currently, we are not aware of any preventive methods; such methods could significantly reduce injuries to the pelvic floor muscles during pregnancy and childbirth.

Zinc is the second most common trace element in the human body and is a cofactor for many enzymes [10]. It plays a vital role in connective tissue biosynthesis, and we have investigated the role of zinc in previous publications [1112]. We have shown that in human vaginal smooth muscle cells, 20 μM zinc levels have a beneficial effect on the production of extracellular components produced by the muscle, which thereby increase the levels of collagen and elastin that are produced, as well as the amount of smooth muscle. In addition, animal experiments have demonstrated the importance of zinc [1314]. One animal study showed that zinc plays an important role in vaginal extracellular matrix (ECM) composition: plasma zinc levels were significantly lower in buffaloes with antepartum prolapse [14]. Additionally, when rats were kept on a diet lacking zinc, the structure of the vagina became similar to a menopausal vagina's structure [13]. Another study found that when zinc replacement was performed locally in the vagina, the vaginal ECM regenerated, and a vaginal ECM resembling that of juvenile rats was created [11]. In humans, tissue zinc levels are significantly lower in patients with all types of hernias, and risk factors for the development of hernias are similar to those for the development of vaginal prolapse [15]. Even if there is no absolute zinc deficiency in pregnant women, the risk of peripartum and postpartum complications is still increased by zinc serum levels that are at the lower end of the normal range [161718]. While maternal zinc levels did not differ before delivery, plasma zinc levels were significantly decreased in women who underwent vaginal deliveries, relative to the zinc levels of women who received cesarean sections [16]. This is probably due to the high stress placed on skeletal and uterine muscles during childbirth [16].

The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in pregnancy are well known. It has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids can increase the production of muscle proteins, thereby enhancing muscle strength [19202122]. Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids increases muscle anabolic signaling activity, thereby stimulating protein synthesis in muscles [20].

Leucine is an essential amino acid that is also capable of stimulating the synthesis of muscle proteins. It enhances regeneration and prevents muscle tissue from degradation. Leucine can also prevent muscular weakness related to aging [23]. Numerous studies have documented leucine's beneficial role in enhancing muscle protein synthesis [232425].

The aim of this study was to investigate the recovery of pelvic floor injuries and their related symptoms after daily supplementation with a specially formulated dietary supplement. This supplement was designed to promote the restoration of muscular injuries following delivery and contains ingredients of a multivitamin composition that can be taken during lactation. The key ingredients of the supplement were zinc, leucine, and omega-3 fatty acids.

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We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-week follow-up period. A 1:1 randomization ratio was generated and completed by SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) version 9.4. We enrolled postpartum women who underwent a normal prenatal course without significant medical comorbidities, and who had a first-time, normal vaginal delivery in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Debrecen in Hungary. Women were enrolled within 48 hours of delivery, after signing a written informed-consent form. Exclusion criteria were as follows: one or more previous pregnancies with vaginal delivery (multipara), multiple gestations, premature birth, operative vaginal delivery (other than outlet vacuum delivery), gestational diabetes, caesarean section, allergy to fish, vegetarian lifestyle, history of uterine malformation or prior uterine surgery. Furthermore, patients with known zinc or copper deficiencies and patients with collagen or connective tissue diseases were also excluded.

After enrollment, women were randomized to receive the specially formulated dietary supplement (Mommytoo vitamin; Fempharma, LLC, Budapest, Hungary) (treatment group) or a prenatal vitamin (PNV; control group). Women in the treatment group were asked to take the oral dietary supplement every day for 6 weeks. The dietary supplement in the treatment group included a daily dose of PNV, 4 g of leucine, 30 mg of zinc, and 900 mg omega-3 fatty acids (465 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 375 mg docosahexaenoic acid). The daily supplementation in control group women consisted of a routine PNV.

After randomization, subjects received the dietary supplement in a sealed, uniform box. The completely identical boxes were labeled with codes that were not known by researchers participating in the clinical trial. The patients could not be identified by the code. Participants did not know what kind of preparations they were given (i.e., what the tablets looked like in the 2 groups), and were randomly assigned to a group without informing them to which group they belonged. After enrollment, women were asked to complete the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory 6 (POPDI-6) and the Urinary Distress Inventory 6 (UDI-6). Serum samples were obtained to measure zinc levels in a certified laboratory. At the 6 week post-delivery visit, a general gynecological exam was performed and a POP-Q measurement was obtained. In addition, the strength of the voluntary contractions of the vaginal muscles were measured by a perineometer (Peritron; Laborie, Williston, VT, USA) in a standardized fashion [2627]. A 3-dimensional (3D) pelvic floor ultrasound was also performed to evaluate defects in the musculus levator ani using GE Voluson S8 3D ultrasound equipment (GE Medical Systems, Chicago, IL, USA). Both the levator hiatus and the levator-urethra gap (LUG) was measured as described previously [282930]. Serum sample was taken from the participants to determine their serum zinc and copper level. Participants were asked to complete the POPDI-6 and UDI-6 questionnaires again.

Co-primary outcomes were the measurement of vaginal squeeze force by a perineometer and the measurement of musculus levator ani defects by ultrasound (LUG) [262728293031].

Secondary outcomes were questionnaire (POPD-6 and UDI-6) results, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) measurements, a digital survey of pelvic floor muscle strength, and serum zinc concentrations. These were performed immediately following delivery and at 6 weeks after delivery.

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Fig. 1 summarizes the assessment for eligibility, randomization, allocation, and exclusions of participants. Of the 113 women screened, 66 met entry criteria and were randomized to treatment or control groups. Fifty-three women completed the trial. Of the 47 participants who were excluded, 10 did not meet inclusion criteria, and 37 decided not to participate in the trial. Thirty-four women were randomly assigned to the control group and 32 to the treatment group.

Of the 32 individuals randomly assigned to treatment group, 5 did not complete the trial: 2 were lost to follow-up, 3 withdrew from participation because of minor adverse events (1 woman developed a rash, 1 woman could not swallow pills, and 1 mother felt that her infant's vomiting was related to the supplement). Of the 34 women randomized to the control group, 8 did not complete the trial: 4 were lost to follow-up, 2 withdrew consent before taking any supplements, 1 developed a minor adverse event (rash), and 1 refused any examination at the follow-up visit. In total, 53 women completed the trial: 26 in the control group and 27 in the treatment group.

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We are the first to report the effects of a specially formulated postpartum recovery supplement on the recovery of pelvic floor function after vaginal delivery. We found that daily supplementation resulted in improved recovery of the pelvic floor after a normal vaginal delivery. Previous publications have showed that after delivery, pelvic floor muscle injuries recover within 1 year, in more than 60% of cases [8]. However, women with persistent levator avulsion show significantly worse deterioration patterns in muscle strength, hiatus measurements, and vaginal symptoms (e.g., loose vagina or lump sensations) [89]. These findings emphasize the importance of proper recovery from pelvic floor muscle injuries sustained at delivery.

Pelvic floor muscle injuries have been linked to anterior and central compartment prolapse and likely represent the missing link between delivery and the development of prolapse. A levator avulsion seems to increase the risk of significant anterior and central compartment prolapse by 3-fold [33]. Our findings are in agreement with prior observations. We have found that anterior vaginal wall prolapse at or beyond the hymenal ring was significantly more common in the control group compared to the treatment group. This may be explained by the fact that we found that significantly larger LUG in the control group was an indicator of more levator avulsion, which caused more anterior vaginal wall prolapse. In addition, a wide genital hiatus (defined as GH ≥4 cm) was significantly more frequent in the control group compared to the treatment group at 6 weeks after delivery also likely the result of the presence of levator injuries. Similar to the presence of significant anterior vaginal wall prolapse, bothersome prolapse symptoms were more common in the control group.

Vaginal squeeze pressure has been previously used as a marker for pelvic floor function [34]. Levator injury has been associated with weaker pelvic floor muscle contraction measured with palpation, perineometry, and ultrasound [35]. Weak vaginal squeeze pressure has been associated with more anterior compartment prolapse and with minor and major avulsion [9]. Weak pelvic floor muscle strength (defined as the mean of 3 vaginal squeeze pressure measurements by Peritron perineometer ≤17 cm H₂O) was significantly less frequent in our treatment group compared to the control group at 6 weeks after delivery, likely secondary to less levator injury being present.

We believe that our specially formulated postpartum supplement contributed to the faster and superior recovery of the pelvic floor, secondary to the special composition of the supplement. Zinc serum levels have been shown to significantly decrease after vaginal delivery, but not after elective cesarean sections [16]. Our supplement contained higher doses of zinc compared to the control group. Despite no difference in the mean serum zinc levels between the control and treatment group at 6 weeks, zinc levels on average increased significantly more in the treatment group from baseline to 6 weeks postpartum compared to the control group. In addition, our supplement contained high doses of the essential amino acid leucine. Leucine is the only nutritional amino acid capable of stimulating the synthesis of muscle proteins [24]. It is directly involved in protein synthesis as it directly stimulates protein synthesis in muscles, but it has not been shown to contribute to pelvic floor recovery [232425]. The beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids in pregnancy is well known. In humans, it has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids can increase the production of muscle proteins, thereby enhancing muscle strength [192021].

Our findings indicate that the special composition of our supplement containing all 3 key ingredients (zinc, leucine and omega-3 fatty acid) in a unique ratio may be responsible for the observed beneficial effects on pelvic floor recovery. The composition of the supplement was based on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of zinc, which is 40 mg. The UL represents the maximum daily intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects. For this reason, women took 30 mg of zinc as a supplement to the normal dietary intake, but not exceeding the UL of 40 mg per day. Leucine was tested previously in doses up to 10 gm per day and found to be safe [232425]. One of the main problems with leucine supplementation is the large amounts required. Our aim was to identify the smallest dose possible that was still effective for our postpartum women. Previously, it was shown that omega-3 fatty acids can increase the production of muscle proteins and that 900 mg is a safe well-established dose. In addition, omega-3 fatty acids have been tried in clinical trials at doses up to 4 gm a day [19202122].

The strength of this study was its randomized nature and that it is the first trial to test the effects of a food supplement on the recovery of postpartum pelvic floor function. An important strength of the study was that study participants were blinded to the allocation. Another strength of this RCT is that the investigators performing the perinoemetry, the transperineal ultrasound, and the pelvic floor assessment were also blinded to the allocation. In addition, the measurements of LUG were performed prior to breaking the randomization. Also, a strength of this study was our participants' high compliance in taking the supplements, as reflected by the significant elevation of zinc serum levels in both the treatment and control groups. Previous research has revealed that after vaginal delivery, zinc levels are expected to decrease significantly. However, in our study population, zinc levels increased significantly, suggesting patient compliance with the allocated supplements [16]. The trial discontinuation rate in the treatment group was not statistically different compared to the control group (15.6% vs. 23.5%, P>0.05). The up to 80% attrition rate is comparable to that of other randomized controlled trials.

The main limitations of our study include the lack of capability to detect differences in several secondary outcomes and the relatively low number of women enrolled. Another was that we did not assess levator injury either by ultrasound or by perineometry immediately after delivery. In our experience, it is quite difficult to accurately assess levator injuries immediately after delivery, secondary to the tissue swelling, edema, and pain that may be involved with the examinations. A further weakness of our study was the homogenous non-diverse study population, which can be explained by the fact that the vast majority of the local population belongs to only one race and ethnicity. Another limitation to the generalizability of this study is the fact that over 90% of women had an episiotomy during delivery. Our trial did not provide accurate insight into the mechanism of action of the supplement. It is possible that the observed effects are secondary through an anti-inflammatory process rather than a direct effect on the levator muscles and ECM.

In summary, patients receiving the specially formulated postpartum recovery supplement showed improved recovery in pelvic floor function after vaginal delivery. Postpartum women who received the supplement were less likely to have weak vaginal squeeze pressure, presence of levator muscle injury, anterior vaginal prolapse at or beyond the hymenal ring, bothersome bulge symptoms, and wide genital hiatus compared to women who received a PNV only at 6 weeks after vaginal delivery. Further research is needed to validate our findings in a more diverse and larger population.

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