African swine fever: Etiology, epidemiological status in Korea, and perspective on control

Dongwan Yoo; Hyunil Kim; Joo Young Lee; Han Sang Yoo

doi:10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e38

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Yoo, Kim, Lee, and Yoo: African swine fever: Etiology, epidemiological status in Korea, and perspective on control

Review

J Vet Sci 2020;21(2):e38.

Published online: 4 March 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e38

African swine fever: Etiology, epidemiological status in Korea, and perspective on control

Dongwan Yoo^1,², Hyunil Kim³, Joo Young Lee⁴, Han Sang Yoo^2,^*

¹Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA

²Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

³Optipharm Inc., Cheongju 28158, Korea

⁴Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co. (Ltd.), Daejeon 34055, Korea

^*Corresponding author: Han Sang Yoo College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea. E-mail: yoohs@snu.ac.kr

Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Received 30 December 2019 Revised 18 February 2020 Accepted 19 February 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus, a member of the Asfarviridae family, is one of the most important diseases in the swine industry due to its clinical and economic impacts. Since the first report of ASF a century ago, ample information has become available, but prevention and treatment measures are still inadequate. Two waves of epizootic outbreaks have occurred worldwide. While the first wave of the epizootic outbreak was controlled in most of the infected areas, the second wave is currently active in the European and Asian continents, causing severe economic losses to the pig industry. There are different patterns of spreading in the outbreaks between those in European and Asian countries. Prevention and control of ASF are very difficult due to the lack of available vaccines and effective therapeutic measures. However, recent outbreaks in South Korea have been successfully controlled on swine farms, although feral pigs are periodically being found to be positive for the ASF virus. Therefore, we would like to share our story regarding the preparation and application of control measures. The success in controlling ASF on farms in South Korea is largely due to the awareness and education of swine farmers and practitioners, the early detection of infected animals, the implementation of strict control policies by the government, and widespread sharing of information among stakeholders. Based on the experience gained from the outbreaks in South Korea, this review describes the current understanding of the ASF virus and its pathogenic mechanisms, epidemiology, and control.

Keywords: African swine fever, epidemiology, South Korea, disease outbreaks, virology

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Fig. 1.

Genome structure of ASFV. Numbers in parentheses indicate respective MGFs (e.g., 360 indicates MGF360). ASFV, African swine fever virus; MGF, multigene family; VR, variable region; CCR, central conserved region; ITR, inverted terminal repeat; TC, terminal crosslinks.

Fig. 2.

On March 18 2017, an ASF breakout occurred in Russia near its border with Mongolia (OIE). ASF, African swine fever; OIE, World Organization of Animal Health.

Fig. 3.

Map of ASF outbreaks in South Korea. Fourteen cases of ASF in domestic pigs and 406 cases of ASF in wild boars have been reported near the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. The yellow, red, and violet colors indicate ASF cases in the first outbreak and in domestic and wild pigs, respectively. ASF, African swine fever.

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