Application of carbon dioxide as a novel approach to eradicate poultry red mites

JeongWoo Kang; Md Akil Hossain; Jiyeon Jeong; Haechul Park; Jin-Hyun Kim; Min-Su Kang; Yong-Kuk Kwon; Yong-Sang Kim; Sung-Won Park

doi:10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e37

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Kang, Hossain, Jeong, Park, Kim, Kang, Kwon, Kim, and Park: Application of carbon dioxide as a novel approach to eradicate poultry red mites

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J Vet Sci 2020;21(2):e37.

Published online: 4 March 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e37

Application of carbon dioxide as a novel approach to eradicate poultry red mites

JeongWoo Kang¹, Md Akil Hossain¹, Jiyeon Jeong², Haechul Park¹, Jin-Hyun Kim², Min-Su Kang², Yong-Kuk Kwon², Yong-Sang Kim¹, Sung-Won Park^1,^*

¹Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea

²Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon 39660, Korea

^*Corresponding author: Sung-Won Park Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Korea. E-mail: pasawa@korea.kr

Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Received 4 September 2019 Revised 28 February 2020 Accepted 2 March 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Poultry red mites (PRMs), Dermanyssus gallinae, are one of the most harmful ectoparasites of laying hens. Because of their public health impact, safe, effective methods to eradicate PRMs are greatly needed. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) was shown to eradicate phytophagous mites; however, there is no evidence that PRMs can be eradicated by CO₂. Thus, the efficacy of CO₂, applied by direct-spraying and dry ice-generated exposure, for eradicating PRMs was investigated. Both treatments eradicated > 85% of PRMs within 24 h and 100% of PRMs by 120 h of post-treatment. Therefore, these novel approaches may be useful for eradicating PRMs in clinical settings.

Keywords: Acaricides, asphyxiator, carbon dioxide, Dermanyssus gallinae

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Fig. 1.

Schematic representations of CO₂ treatment methods to eradicate PRMs in this study. (A) Direct spraying of CO₂. (B) Exposure to dry ice-generated CO₂ in a closed chamber. CO₂, carbon dioxide; PRM, poultry red mite.

Table 1.

Efficacy of CO₂ treatment for the eradication of poultry red mites using different application methods

CO₂ treatment method	Eradication rate (%) at different time intervals after CO₂ treatment
	2 h			24 h			48 h			120 h
	833 ppm	2,500 ppm	4,167 ppm	833 ppm	2,500 ppm	4,167 ppm	833 ppm	2,500 ppm	4,167 ppm	833ppm	2,500 ppm	4,167 ppm
Control		0.0 ± 0.0			0.0 ± 0.0			0.0 ± 0.0			1.7 ± 2.0
Exposure (1 min)	25.8 ± 5.6	34.5 ± 6.5	42.5 ± 4.8	35.2 ± 5.4	41.0 ± 4.3	48.7 ± 10.1	50.5 ± 6.7	55.4 ± 4.3	60.2 ± 9.4	72.6 ± 8.5	92.5 ± 3.2	95.2 ± 5.5
Exposure (2 min)	31.5 ± 9.9	48.7 ± 4.6	50.2 ± 5.8	35.6 ± 4.3	55.5 ± 5.7	59.5 ± 6.7	59.5 ± 10.0	68.7 ± 6.8	69.2 ± 5.6	73.7 ± 6.7	89.2 ± 9.5	97.7 ± 9.0
Exposure (5 min)	45.4 ± 5.7	72.2 ± 5.4	70.7 ± 6.7	55.8 ± 2.6	76.7 ± 6.8	75.5 ± 6.0	57.4 ± 9.7	85.5 ± 7.4	80.6 ± 7.2	85.3 ± 8.4	92.2 ± 8.7	99.5 ± 8.5
Exposure (10 min)	59.7 ± 7.1	77.5 ± 4.3	76.6 ± 4.3	64.5 ± 9.3	80.6 ± 5.4	82.8 ± 4.6	69.5 ± 2.7	85.6 ± 8.1	88.4 ± 11.2	84.2 ± 12.5	5 95.7 ± 7.5	97.5 ± 8.7
Exposure (30 min)	62.5 ± 5.7	77.8 ± 5.8	77.2 ± 7.3	72.8 ± 10.0	82.2 ± 9.8	85.5 ± 6.3	78.5 ± 6.9	89.8 ± 3.5	91.5 ± 9.7	85.4 ± 11.7	96.2 ± 5.4	99.0 ± 2.0
Spray (10 sec)		74.6 ± 15.2			89.4 ± 11.5			96.8 ± 12.8			100.0 ± 0.0

Data represent the mean ± SD of 3 replicate analyses. The eradication rates of poultry red mites in CO₂ treatment groups (both CO₂ exposure and spraying) are significantly (p < 0.05) different than the control group at each observation time (2, 24, 48, and 129 h). CO, carbon dioxide.

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