Oral health condition according to distribution of periodontopathic bacterial complex

Ji-Hye Kim; Dong-Ik Lee; Sang-Uk Im; Eun-Suk Jeon; Keun-Bae Song; Youn-Hee Choi

doi:10.11149/jkaoh.2020.44.1.41

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Kim, Lee, Im, Jeon, Song, and Choi: Oral health condition according to distribution of periodontopathic bacterial complex

Original Article

J Korean Acad Oral Health 2020;44(1):41-47.

Published online: 15 March 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2020.44.1.41

Oral health condition according to distribution of periodontopathic bacterial complex

Ji-Hye Kim^1,^†, Dong-Ik Lee^1,^†, Sang-Uk Im¹, Eun-Suk Jeon², Keun-Bae Song¹, Youn-Hee Choi^1,

¹Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

²Department of Dental Hygiene, Choonhae College of Health Sciences, Ulsan, Korea

Corresponding Author: Youn-Hee Choi Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Korea Tel: +82-53-660-6875 Fax: +82-53-423-2947 E-mail: cyh1001@knu.ac.kr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-8097

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 4 January 2020 Revised 21 February 2020 Accepted 25 February 2020

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the distribution of periodontopathic bacteria and oral conditions.

Methods

Stimulated saliva was collected from 162 adults aged 60 years and above. The prevalence and amount of periodontopathic bacteria in the saliva were analyzed using real-time PCR. Pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were examined to evaluate the oral conditions of the subjects. Patients who had at least one tooth surface involved, with a pocket depth ≥4 mm or clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm were classified as having periodontal disease.

Results

The detection rates of most bacteria in the orange and green complexes were more than 90%, while those of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia in the red complex were 58.6% and 61.7%, respectively. The number of bacteria in the red complex positively correlated with each other. There were no significant differences in the number of types of red complex bacteria in the saliva and the distribution of residual number of teeth and periodontal disease (P>0.05). On the other hand, the number of remaining teeth in subjects with higher bacterial density were more than those with lesser bacterial density. In addition, the occurrence of dental disease differed significantly depending on the number of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia.

Conclusions

The relative amount of periodontopathic bacteria is important in the occurrence of periodontal disease, and the number of these bacteria positively correlated with each other.

Keywords: Oral health, Periodontopathic bacterial complex, Periodontal disease

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Fig. 1.

Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in study participants by multiplex real-time PCR.

Fig. 2.

Correlation of red complex bacteria. *P-value was analyzed by Pearson's correlation.

Table 1.

General characteristics of the study participants

Variables	N (%)
Total	162 (100)
Age
＜80	90 (55.2)
≥80	72 (44.8)
Gender
Male	53 (32.7)
Female	109 (67.3)
Living arragement
Alone	40 (24.7)
With spouse	103 (63.6)
With family	19 (11.7)
Visiting dental clinic during past 1 year
No	101 (62.3)
Yes	61 (37.7)
Usage of denture
No	88 (54.3)
Yes	74 (45.7)
Number of remaining teeth
0	15 (9.3)
1-10	30 (18.5)
11-20	37 (22.8)
≥21	80 (49.4)

Table 2.

Amount of periodontopathic bacteria in study participants by multiplex real-time PCR (Mean±S.D.)

	Average Ct value	Average copy number
Red Complex
P. gingivalis	17.88±15.34	3.8×10⁵±1.1×10⁶
T. forsythia	20.07±16.02	4.4×10⁴±1.0×10⁵
T. denticola	30.55±9.04	7.1×10⁴±2.7×10⁵
Orange Complex
P. intermedia	27.21±4.61	2.1×10⁶±6.0×10⁶
F. nucleatum	25.38±2.28	9.7×10⁵±2.3×10⁶
P. micra	27.62±6.40	2.2×10⁴±3.7×10⁴
C. rectus	31.73±3.62	5.2×10⁴±1.9×10⁵
P. nigrescens	24.79±12.01	3.8×10⁴±1.4×10⁵
E. nodatum	21.09±11.73	3.5×10⁴±6.6×10⁴
Green Complex
E. corrodens	27.70±7.16	1.7×10⁵±3.1×10⁵
Etc.
A. actinomycetemcomitans	27.07±13.73	6.7×10³±2.7×10⁴
Total	19.64±1.97	2.5×10⁸±2.2×10⁸

Table 3.

Oral health status according to red complex bacteria species

The number of strains	N (%)	Number of remaining teeth	Periodontitis
The number of strains	N (%)	Number of remaining teeth	No	Yes
0	7 (4.3)	14.29±7.59	1 (3.2)	6 (5.3)
1	42 (25.9)	15.21±10.77	8 (25.8)	27 (23.7)
2	36 (22.2)	18.67±10.97	8 (25.8)	23 (20.2)
3	77 (47.5)	19.08±8.47	14 (45.2)	58 (50.9)
Total	162 (100)	17.78±9.74	31 (100)	114 (100)
P-value	0.139*		0.855^†

*P-value was analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

^† P-value was analyzed by Chi-squared test.

Table 4.

Oral health status according to the number of red complex bacteria

Division	The number of bacteria	N (%)	The number of remaining teeth	Periodontitis^‡
Division	The number of bacteria	N (%)	The number of remaining teeth	No	Yes
P. gingivalis
	<3.8×10⁵	133 (82.1)	16.91±10.13	29 (93.5)	88 (77.2)
	≥3.8×10⁵	29 (17.9)	21.76±6.50	2 (6.5)	26 (22.8)
P-value			0.002*	0.041^†
T. forsythia
	<4.4×10⁴	126 (77.8)	16.67±10.18	28 (19.3)	82 (71.9)
	≥4.4×10⁴	36 (22.2)	21.64±6.84	3 (9.7)	32 (28.1)
P-value			0.001*	0.034^†
T. denticola
	<7.1×10⁴	134 (82.7)	17.10±10.07	27 (87.1)	91 (79.8)
	≥7.1×10⁴	28 (17.3)	21.00±7.32	4 (12.9)	23 (20.2)
P-value			0.021*	0.356^†

*P-value was analyzed by independent t-test.

^† P-value was analyzed by Chi-squared test.

^‡ Edentulous subjects were excluded from the analysis.

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