During MI/R, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway has been considered as one of the master pathways to regulate MI/R. It governs remodeling events encompassing myocardial apoptosis, fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation. TGF-β pathway propagates their signals from activation of cell surface receptors to down-stream mediators via phosphorylation. As a downstream executor, Smad family has been identified and expanded as seven members-positive factors (alternatively known as canonical members; Smad2, Smad3, Smad1 and Smad5) and inhibitory factors (alternatively known as non-canonical members; Smad6 and Smad7) downstream factors in this pathway. While positive Smad members promote TGF-β mediated cellular apoptosis, fibrosis, and inflammation, inhibitory Smad repressed these responses, highlighted as attracting candidates for cardiac protection agents against MI/R.3) Further reports regarding dual roles of Smad7 as either pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factor,4) together with emerging functions of microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs to regulate hundreds of target sets post-transcriptionally by minimum 6-mer seed mediated base-pairing,3) initiated to expand TGF-β pathway further.

Interestingly, certain set of miRNAs, such as miR-1, miR-15, miR-133, miR-144, miR-21, miR-24, miR-29, miR-94a, miR-101, miR-126, miR-214, miR-451 and miR-494 have been appreciated for their dysregulated expression level during MI/R.5) These observations led researchers to define MI/R associated miRNAs for better understanding pathogenesis with translational applications such as developing diagnostic markers, supported by previous observation that miRNA's expressional signature can define certain cardiovascular diseases.6) More miRNAs have been listed in MI/R model and miR-484 is one of them showing its dysregulation in human ischemic heart samples,5) which suggests its potential function in MI/R model. Subsequently, there have been reports about those miRNAs such as miR-24 and miR-21 that post-transcriptionally regulate Smad members,3) further expanding TGF-β mediated MI/R remodeling processes. Now, we are ready to add miR-484 in the TGF-β pathway as a regulator for Smad7 in MI/R.7)

What we have been known about miR-484 are quite interesting. It has been initially profiled in the human ischemic heart failure patient samples.5) Later, miR-484 was reported to regulate mitochondrial fission protein, Fis1, as its direct target and Foxo3a was observed as its trans-activator in MI/R.8) Furthermore, Liu et al.7) investigated how miR-484 ameliorated MI/R induced cellular death and inflammatory signaling. Particularly, Liu et al.7) claimed that miR-484 expression is attenuated under MI/R, mirroring human ischemic patients' profiling pattern5) and defined Smad7 as its direct target, to expand its experimentally validated target repertoire. Simultaneously, their study also provided an additional evidence to support dual functions of Smad7 in the TGF-β signaling pathway in MI/R.4)

MicroRNAs are very promising candidates for the therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases.^9,10) Indeed, miRNAs have been shown their tight controls for pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. Specific expression patterns of miRNAs in MI/R model have been continuously reported and their mechanisms underlying MI/R have been kept updated.1)2)8)11) These could be valuable resources for diagnosis and prevention/intervention for myocardial infarction. For example, human miR-199a-3p has been shown its uncontrolled cardiac repair activity against MI/R in the pig model, more human relevant large animal model11) and it is a rationalized study-candidate based on its dysregulated expression in MI/R.5) Likely, list of certain miRNAs associated with MI/R together with dissecting their mechanisms are increasing and Liu et al.'s investigation7) participates on this. In the future, miRNA mediated therapeutics in MI/R could be more reliable based on further accumulations of our knowledge, such as a complete-list of MI/R associated miRNAs to identify the most effective candidates, together with technical improvements for their delivery and dosage-control.