Longitudinal Panel Study of Sports Injuries in University Elite Athletes

Eunkuk Kim; Junghoon Cha; Hokyung Choi; Jinyoung You

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2020.38.1.43

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Kim, Cha, Choi, and You: Longitudinal Panel Study of Sports Injuries in University Elite Athletes

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2020;38(1):43-54.

Published online: 20 January 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2020.38.1.43

Longitudinal Panel Study of Sports Injuries in University Elite Athletes

Eunkuk Kim¹, Junghoon Cha², Hokyung Choi³, Jinyoung You^1,

¹Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea

²Department of Community Sports, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea

³Research Institute for Sports Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea

Correspondence: Jinyoung You Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, 1239 Yangjae-daero, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Korea Tel: +82-2-410-6830, Fax: +82-2-410-6719, E-mail: yjan15@naver.com

^∗ This study was supported by research grant of Korean Society of Sports Medicine for 2018.

Received 15 January 2020 Revised 17 February 2020 Accepted 18 February 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The first aim of this study was to retrospectively survey sports injuries among 608 athletes participating in 26 sport events. The second aim was to compare the characteristics of sports injuries depending on the occurrences during the high school and university periods.

Methods

The data were collected based on the daily injury report form proposed by the International Olympic Committee from March to June 2019.

Results

Four hundred and thirty-nine athletes (313 men) of 608 participated athletes experienced a total of 747 sports injuries, indicating 0.7 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures (AEs). The incidence rate during the university period was 6.1 injuries/1,000 AEs, which was approximately two-fold higher than that during the high school period (2.8 injuries/1,000 AEs). The reported frequency of injuries was the highest among long distance athletics (n=60, 8.0%), and in each subgroup as well.

Conclusion

Many more injuries were incurred during practice wherein injuries in long-distance athletics were the most common than in competition athletics; handball injuries and taekwondo injuries were the most common during high school and university, respectively. The most contact injuries occurred in taekwondo and most noncontact injuries occurred in gymnastics during high school and in badminton during university. The most commonly affected body parts were the knee, shoulder, and ankle. Severe injuries were the most frequent in long distance athletics, and emergent situations were the most common in taekwondo.

Keywords: Athletic injuries, High school, Incidence, Longitudinal panel study, University

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Table 1.

Characteristics of sports Injuries during all athletes’ career

Sports	n	Injury	Sex		Injury time			Classification of pain status			Mechanism			Absence day			Hospital	IR (95% CI)
Sports	n	Injury	Male	Female	Training	Competition	Others	NP	PP	RP	IC	NC	NK	No absence	1 Day	>7 Day	Hospital	IR (95% CI)
Middle/long	21	60	60	0	57	3	0	36	16	8	5	11	44	19	4	37	0	0.6
		(8.0)	(100.0)		(95.0)	(5.0)		(60.0)	(26.7)	(13.3)	(8.3)	(18.3)	(73.3)	(31.7)	(6.7)	(61.7)		(0.5–0.7)
Weightlifting	31	57	37	20	43	10	4	12	37	8	13	19	25	26	9	16	6	0.6
		(7.6)	(64.9)	(35.1)	(75.4)	(17.5)	(7.0)	(21.1)	(64.9)	(14.0)	(22.8)	(33.3)	(43.9)	(45.6)	(15.8)	(28.1)	(10.5)	(0.5–0.8)
Fencing	31	53	27	26	39	10	4	13	33	7	21	17	15	19	14	15	5	0.7
		(7.1)	(50.9)	(49.1)	(73.6)	(18.9)	(7.5)	(24.5)	(62.3)	(13.2)	(39.6)	(32.1)	(28.3)	(35.8)	(26.4)	(28.3)	(9.4)	(0.6–0.8)
Handball	24	47	29	18	34	13	0	12	32	3	26	17	4	18	6	14	9	1.0
		(6.3)	(61.7)	(38.3)	(72.3)	(27.7)		(25.5)	(68.1)	(6.4)	(55.3)	(36.2)	(8.5)	(38.3)	(12.8)	(29.8)	(19.1)	(0.5–1.8)
Taekwondo	25	45	35	10	26	18	1	13	27	5	32	6	7	19	4	13	9	0.4
		(6.0)	(77.8)	(22.2)	(57.8)	(40.0)	(2.2)	(28.9)	(60.0)	(11.1)	(71.1)	(13.3)	(15.6)	(42.2)	(8.9)	(28.9)	(20.0)	(0.4–0.5)
Gymnastics	21	42	20	22	39	2	1	11	25	6	4	26	12	15	12	10	5	0.5
		(5.6)	(47.6)	(52.4)	(92.9)	(4.8)	(2.4)	(26.2)	(59.5)	(14.3)	(9.5)	(61.9)	(28.6)	(35.7)	(28.6)	(23.8)	(11.9)	(0.3–0.7)
Modern pentathlon	18	39	27	12	36	2	1	8	25	6	16	4	19	18	1	16	4	0.6
		(5.2)	(69.2)	(30.8)	(92.3)	(5.1)	(2.6)	(20.5)	(64.1)	(15.4)	(41.0)	(10.3)	(48.7)	(46.2)	(2.6)	(41.0)	(10.3)	(0.6–0.7)
Badminton	22	35	12	23	28	7	0	5	24	6	2	18	15	11	8	11	5	0.4
		(4.7)	(34.3)	(65.7)	(80.0)	(20.0)		(14.3)	(68.6)	(17.1)	(5.7)	(51.4)	(42.9)	(31.4)	(22.9)	(31.4)	(14.3)	(0.4–0.5)
Wrestling	23	34	29	5	29	5	0	4	25	5	24	3	7	11	3	15	5	0.8
		(4.6)	(85.3)	(14.7)	(85.3)	(14.7)		(11.8)	(73.5)	(14.7)	(70.6)	(8.8)	(20.6)	(32.4)	(8.8)	(44.1)	(14.7)	(0.5–1.3)
Hockey	24	32	13	19	20	10	2	16	13	3	22	0	10	6	4	19	3	0.6
		(4.3)	(40.6)	(59.4)	(62.5)	(31.3)	(6.3)	(50.0)	(40.6)	(9.4)	(68.8)		(31.3)	(18.8)	(12.5)	(59.4)	(9.4)	(0.5–0.7)
Bowling	19	31	18	13	23	6	2	6	18	7	2	5	24	17	4	8	2	0.5
		(4.1)	(58.1)	(41.9)	(74.2)	(19.4)	(6.5)	(19.4)	(58.1)	(22.6)	(6.5)	(16.1)	(77.4)	(54.8)	(12.9)	(25.8)	(6.5)	(0.4–0.6)
Sprint	17	30	30	0	28	2	0	7	22	1	4	8	18	8	8	13	1	0.7
		(4.0)	(100.0)		(93.3)	(6.7)		(23.3)	(73.3)	(3.3)	(13.3)	(26.7)	(60.0)	(26.7)	(26.7)	(43.3)	(3.3)	(0.5–0.8)
Throw	15	29	20	9	23	4	2	13	14	2	3	8	1	9	5	14	1	0.6
		(3.9)	(69.0)	(31.0)	(79.3)	(13.8)	(6.9)	(44.8)	(48.3)	(6.9)	(10.3)	(27.6)	8(62.1)	(31.0)	(17.2)	(48.3)	(3.4)	(0.4–0.7)
Judo	17	27	27	0	19	7	1	6	20	1	15	3	9	10	2	11	4	0.6
		(3.6)	(100.0)		(70.4)	(25.9)	(3.7)	(22.2)	(74.1)	(3.7)	(55.6)	(11.1)	(33.3)	(37.0)	(7.4)	(40.7)	(14.8)	(0.4–0.9)
Shooting	19	26	17	9	19	2	5	8	18	0	4	9	13	14	0	12	0	0.7
		(3.5)	(65.4)	(34.6)	(73.1)	(7.7)	(19.2)	(30.8)	(69.2)		(15.4)	(34.6)	(50.0)	(53.8)		(46.2)		(0.6–0.7)
Boxing	19	25	24	1	16	8	1	11	11	3	18	4	3	7	3	14	1	0.8
		(3.3)	(96.0)	(4.0)	(64.0)	(32.0)	(4.0)	(44.0)	(44.0)	(12.0)	(72.0)	(16.0)	(12.0)	(28.0)	(12.0)	(56.0)	(4.0)	(0.6–1.0)
Swimming	14	23	23	0	19	0	4	7	13	3	6	7	10	4	10	7	2	0.3
		(3.1)	(100.0)		(82.6)		(17.4)	(30.4)	(56.5)	(13.0)	(26.1)	(30.4)	(43.5)	(17.4)	(43.5)	(30.4)	(8.7)	(0.3–0.4)
Canoe	10	17	14	3	13	1	3	6	8	3	1	8	8	9	1	6	1	0.6
		(2.3)	(82.4)	(17.6)	(76.5)	(5.9)	(17.6)	(35.3)	(47.1)	(17.6)	(5.9)	(47.1)	(47.1)	(52.9)	(5.9)	(35.3)	(5.9)	(0.4–0.9)
Cycling	12	15	14	1	7	8	0	11	4	0	10	2	3	1	3	9	2	0.7
		(2.0)	(93.3)	(6.7)	(46.7)	(53.3)		(73.3)	(26.7)		(66.7)	(13.3)	(20.0)	(6.7)	(20.0)	(60.0)	(13.3)	(0.5–0.8)
Jump	11	14	8	6	10	3	1	4	10	0	4	4	6	2	1	10	1	0.6
		(1.9)	(57.1)	(42.9)	(71.4)	(21.4)	(7.1)	(28.6)	(71.4)		(28.6)	(28.6)	(42.9)	(14.3)	(7.1)	(71.4)	(7.1)	(0.4–0.9)
Waterpolo	9	14	14	0	12	1	1	3	10	1	7	4	3	8	4	2	0	0.7
		(1.9)	(100.0)		(85.7)	(7.1)	(7.1)	(21.4)	(71.4)	(7.1)	(50.0)	(28.6)	(21.4)	(57.1)	(28.6)	(14.3)		(0.4–1.2)
Rowing	12	14	12	2	11	0	3	8	5	1	2	3	9	5	3	5	1	1.0
		(1.9)	(85.7)	(14.3)	(78.6)		(21.4)	(57.1)	(35.7)	(7.1)	(14.3)	(21.4)	(64.3)	(35.7)	(21.4)	(35.7)	(7.1)	(0.7–1.4)
Tennis	9	13	2	11	9	3	1	6	7	0	0	6	7	8	1	4	0	0.4
		(1.7)	(15.4)	(84.6)	(69.2)	(23.1)	(7.7)	(46.2)	(53.8)			(46.2)	(53.8)	(61.5)	(7.7)	(30.8)		(0.3–0.4)
Sledding	4	12	12	0	12	0	0	2	9	1	5	6	1	3	4	4	1	0.6
		(1.6)	(100.0)		(100.0)			(16.7)	(75.0)	(8.3)	(41.7)	(50.0)	(8.3)	(25.0)	(33.3)	(33.3)	(8.3)	(0.3–1.0)
Golf	8	9	9	0	2	1	6	5	3	1	0	3	6	4	3	1	1	0.5
		(1.2)	(100.0)		(22.2)	(11.1)	(66.7)	(55.6)	(33.3)	(11.1)		(33.3)	(66.7)	(44.4)	(33.3)	(11.1)	(11.1)	(0.5–0.6)
Archery	4	4	3	1	3	0	1	1	3	0	1	0	3	2	0	2	0	1.8
		(0.5)	(75.0)	(25.0)	(75.0)		(25.0)	(25.0)	(75.0)		(25.0)		(75.0)	(50.0)		(50.0)		(0.3–4.6)
Total	439	747	536	211	577	126	44	234	432	81	247	201	299	273	117	288	69	0.7
		(100)	(71.8)	(28.2)	(77.2)	(16.9)	(5.9)	(31.3)	(57.8)	(10.8)	(33.1)	(26.9)	(40.0)	(36.5)	(15.7)	(38.6)	(9.2)	(0.6–0.8)

Values are presented as number (%).

NP: no pain, PP: persistent pain, RP: recurrent pain, IC: injury by person or equipment, NC: non-contact injury, NK: unknown injury, IR: incidence rate, CI: confidence interval.

Table 2.

Body part of sports injuries

Body part	All career	High school year	Collegiate year
Neck	4 (0.5)	0	3 (1.0)
Shoulder	114 (15.3)	45 (17.6)	49 (16.7)
Elbow	39 (5.2)	15 (5.9)	10 (3.4)
Wrist	55 (7.4)	15 (5.9)	19 (6.5)
Hand	37 (5.0)	17 (6.7)	14 (4.8)
Back	3 (0.4)	1 (0.4)	2 (0.7)
Low back	95 (12.7)	27 (10.6)	30 (10.2)
Pelvis	12 (1.6)	5 (2.0)	6 (2.0)
Thigh	37 (5.0)	10 (3.9)	20 (6.8)
Knee	142 (19.0)	42 (16.5)	52 (17.7)
Low leg	42 (5.6)	14 (5.5)	23 (7.8)
Ankle	118 (15.8)	40 (15.7)	46 (15.7)
Foot	40 (5.4)	19 (7.5)	17 (5.8)
Others	9 (1.2)	5 (2.0)	2 (0.7)
Total	747 (100.0)	255 (100.0)	293 (100.0)

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 3.

Characteristics of sports Injuries during athletes’ high school years

Sports	n	Injury	Sex		Injury time			Classification of pain status			Mechanism			Absence day			Hospital	IR (95% CI)
Sports	n	Injury	Male	Female	Training	Competition	Others	NP	PP	RP	IC	NC	NK	No absence	1 Day	>7 Day	Hospital	IR (95% CI)
Middle/long	15	28	28	0	25	3	0	19	5	4	3	3	22	7	2	19	0	2.7
		(11.0)	(100)		(89.3)	(10.7)		(67.9)	(17.9)	(14.3)	(10.7)	(10.7)	(78.6)	(25.0)	(7.1)	(67.9)		(1.6–4.3)
Handball	17	22	14	8	13	9	0	4	16	2	12	8	2	8	1	7	6	2.9
		(8.6)	(63.6)	(36.4)	(59.1)	(40.9)		(18.2)	(72.7)	(9.1)	(54.5)	(36.4)	(9.1)	(36.4)	(4.5)	(31.8)	(27.3)	(1.8–4.4)
Weightlifting	13	19	9	10	13	5	1	2	15	2	5	8	6	9	4	5	1	2.5
		(7.5)	(47.4)	(52.6)	(68.4)	(26.3)	(5.3)	(10.5)	(78.9)	(10.5)	(26.3)	(42.1)	(31.6)	(47.4)	(21.1)	(26.3)	(5.3)	(1.6–4.0)
Taekwondo	13	18	13	5	11	6	1	4	13	1	13	2	3	8	2	3	5	2.4
		(7.1)	(72.2)	(27.8)	(61.1)	(33.3)	(5.6)	(22.2)	(72.2)	(5.6)	(72.2)	(11.1)	(16.7)	(44.4)	(11.1)	(16.7)	(27.8)	(1.9–2.9)
Fencing	13	17	11	6	10	5	2	6	8	3	5	8	4	6	5	5	1	3.4
		(6.7)	(64.7)	(35.3)	(58.8)	(29.4)	(11.8)	(35.3)	(47.1)	(17.6)	(29.4)	(47.1)	(23.5)	(35.3)	(29.4)	(29.4)	(5.9)	(2.3–4.7)
Gymnastics	10	14	6	8	12	2	0	3	9	2	1	10	3	4	4	4	2	3.4
		(5.5)	(42.9)	(57.1)	(85.7)	(14.3)		(21.4)	(64.3)	(14.3)	(7.1)	(71.4)	(21.4)	(28.6)	(28.6)	(28.6)	(14.3)	(2.0–5.5)
Throw	9	13	7	6	9	4	0	3	8	2	3	4	6	8	2	3	0	3.2
		(5.1)	(53.8)	(46.2)	(69.2)	(30.8)		(23.1)	(61.5)	(15.4)	(23.1)	(30.8)	(46.2)	(61.5)	(15.4)	(23.1)		(1.6–5.8)
Badminton	10	11	3	8	8	3	0	1	7	3	1	4	6	3	2	5	1	5.7
		(4.3)	(27.3)	(72.7)	(72.7)	(27.3)		(9.1)	(63.6)	(27.3)	(9.1)	(36.4)	(54.5)	(27.3)	(18.2)	(45.5)	(9.1)	(2.1–11.5)
Judo	11	11	11	0	9	2	0	4	6	1	6	1	4	4	0	5	2	2.8
		(4.3)	(100)		(81.8)	(18.2)		(36.4)	(54.5)	(9.1)	(54.5)	(9.1)	(36.4)	(36.4)		(45.5)	(18.2)	(1.5–5.1)
Hockey	9	10	5	5	6	4	0	6	4	0	6	0	4	2	1	6	1	2.6
		(3.9)	(50.0)	(50.0)	(60.0)	(40.0)		(60.0)	(40.0)		(60.0)		(40.0)	(20.0)	(10.0)	(60.0)	(10.0)	(1.7–3.8)
Cycling	8	10	9	1	4	6	0	9	1	0	7	1	2	0	2	7	1	2.0
		(3.9)	(90.0)	(10.0)	(40.0)	(60.0)		(90.0)	(10.0)		(70.0)	(10.0)	(20.0)		(20.0)	(70.0)	(10.0)	(1.3–3.1)
Wrestling	1	9	7	2	8	1	0	1	7	1	7	1	1	4	0	3	2	5.4
		(3.5)	(77.8)	(22.2)	(88.9)	(11.1)		(11.1)	(77.8)	(11.1)	(77.8)	(11.1)	(11.1)	(44.4)		(33.3)	(22.2)	(1.5–12.6)
Shooting	8	9	5	4	6	1	2	5	4	0	3	4	2	4	0	5	0	2.5
		(3.5)	(55.6)	(44.4)	(66.7)	(11.1)	(22.2)	(55.6)	(44.4)		(33.3)	(44.4)	(22.2)	(44.4)		(55.6)		(1.8–3.3)
Swimming	7	8	8	0	8	0	0	2	3	3	4	2	2	0	5	3	0	2.5
		(3.1)	(100)		(100)			(25.0)	(37.5)	(37.5)	(50.0)	(25.0)	(25.0)		(62.5)	(37.5)		(1.5–4.3)
Bowling	6	8	5	3	6	1	1	1	5	2	0	0	8	7	0	1	0	8.5
		(3.1)	(62.5)	(37.5)	(75.0)	(12.5)	(12.5)	(12.5)	(62.5)	(25.0)			(100)	(87.5)		(12.5)		(1.3–22.8)
Sprint	6	7	7	0	6	1	0	2	5	0	0	3	4	2	3	1	1	2.8
		(2.7)	(100)		(85.7)	(14.3)		(28.6)	(71.4)			(42.9)	(57.1)	(28.6)	(42.9)	(14.3)	(14.3)	(2.2–3.5)
Modern pentathlon	6	7	4	3	7	0	0	3	2	2	2	0	5	0	0	7	0	5.3
		(2.7)	(57.1)	(42.9)	(100)			(42.9)	(28.6)	(28.6)	(28.6)		(71.4)			(100)		(1.7–11.4)
Boxing	6	6	6	0	3	3	0	4	2	0	5	1	0	3	0	3	0	5.4
		(2.4)	(100)		(50.0)	(50.0)		(66.7)	(33.3)		(83.3)	(16.7)		(50.0)		(50.0)		(2.0–10.2)
Tennis	4	5	0	5	3	2	0	3	2	0	0	2	3	3	0	2	0	2.4
		(2.0)		(100)	(60.0)	(40.0)		(60.0)	(40.0)			(40.0)	(60.0)	(60.0)		(40.0)		(1.4–3.8)
Water polo	4	4	4	0	4	0	0	2	2	0	1	3	0	2	2	0	0	2.0
		(1.6)	(100)		(100)			(50.0)	(50.0)		(25.0)	(75.0)		(50.0)	(50.0)			(1.4–2.6)
Sledding	2	4	4	0	4	0	0	0	3	1	1	3	0	2	0	2	0	2.3
		(1.6)	(100)		(100)				(75.0)	(25.0)	(25.0)	(75.0)		(50.0)		(50.0)		(1.6–3.0)
Rowing	3	4	4	0	2	0	2	3	1	0	1	0	3	0	2	1	1	2.3
		(1.6)	(100)		(50.0)		(50.0)	(75.0)	(25.0)		(25.0)		(75.0)		(50.0)	(25.0)	(25.0)	(1.7–3.1)
Golf	4	4	4	0	1	0	3	3	1	0	0	1	3	2	0	1	1	2.8
		(1.6)	(100)		(25.0)		(75.0)	(75.0)	(25.0)			(25.0)	(75.0)	(50.0)		(25.0)	(25.0)	(1.7–3.9)
Canoe	3	3	2	1	3	0	0	2	1	0	1	2	0	1	0	2	0	3.1
		(1.2)	(66.7)	(33.3)	(100)			(66.7)	(33.3)		(33.3)	(66.7)		(33.3)		(66.7)		(1.4–6.2)
Jump	3	3	1	2	3	0	0	0	3	0	1	1	1	0	0	3	0	9.1
		(1.2)	(33.3)	(66.7)	(100)				(100)		(33.3)	(33.3)	(33.3)			(100)		(2.1–20.2)
Archery	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	2.2
		(0.4)	(100)		(100)				(100)				(100)			(100)		(2.2–2.2)
Total	198	255	178	77	185	58	12	92	134	29	88	72	95	89	37	104	25	2.8
		(100)	(69.8)	(30.2)	(72.5)	(22.7)	(4.7)	(36.1)	(52.5)	(11.4)	(34.5)	(28.2)	(37.3)	(34.9)	(14.5)	(40.8)	(9.8)	(1.7–3.9)

Values are presented as number (%).

NP: no pain, PP: persistent pain, RP: recurrent pain, IC: injury by person or equipment, NC: non-contact injury, NK: unknown injury, IR: incidence rate, CI: confidence interval.

Table 4.

Characteristics of sports Injuries during athletes' collegiate years

Sports	n	Injury	Sex		Injury time			Classification of pain status			Mechanism			Absence day			Hospital	IR (95% CI)
Sports	n	Injury	Male	Female	Training	Competition	Others	NP	PP	RP	IC	NC	NK	No absence	1 Day	>7 Day	Hospital	IR (95% CI)
Middle/long	15	26	26	0	25	1	0	12	10	4	2	7	17	10	1 (3.8)	15	0	4.5
		(8.9)	(100.0)		(96.2)	(3.8)		(46.2)	(38.5)	(15.4)	(7.7)	(26.9)	(65.4)	(38.5)		(57.7)		(2.9–6.6)
Modern pentathlon	13	26	17	9	24	2	0	2	22	2	13	3	10	14	1 (3.8)	8	3	9.9
		(8.9)	(65.4)	(34.6)	(92.3)	(7.7)		(7.7)	(84.6)	(7.7)	(50.0)	(11.5)	(38.5)	(53.8)		(30.8)	(11.5)	(4.9–16.4)
Taekwondo	16	25	19	6	14	10	1	7	14	4	17	3	5	13	1 (4.0)	7	4	6.2
		(8.5)	(76.0)	(24.0)	(56.0)	(40.0)	(4.0)	(28.0)	(56.0)	(16.0)	(68.0)	(12.0)	(20.0)	(52.0)		(28.0)	(16.0)	(3.5–10.1)
Bowling	13	20	14	6	15	4	1	6	9	5	2	4	14	8	4	6	2	9.1
		(6.8)	(70.0)	(30.0)	(75.0)	(20.0)	(5.0)	(30.0)	(45.0)	(25.0)	(10.0)	(20.0)	(70.0)	(40.0)	(20.0)	(30.0)	(10.0)	(3.4–15.7)
Fencing	16	19	8	11	13	5	1	2	14	3	9	7	3	5	6	7	1	5.1
		(6.5)	(42.1)	(57.9)	(68.4)	(26.3)	(5.3)	(10.5)	(73.7)	(15.8)	(47.4)	(36.8)	(15.8)	(26.3)	(31.6)	(36.8)	(5.3)	(3.1–7.1)
Wrestling	13	17	14	3	15	2	0	1	15	1	11	2	4	4	2	10	1	3.6
		(5.8)	(82.4)	(17.6)	(88.2)	(11.8)		(5.9)	(88.2)	(5.9)	(64.7)	(11.8)	(23.5)	(23.5)	(11.8)	(58.8)	(5.9)	(2.5–5.0)
Sprint	12	17	17	0	17	0	0	3	13	1	3	4	10	5	5	7	0	5.4
		(5.8)	(100.0)		(100.0)			(17.6)	(76.5)	(5.9)	(17.6)	(23.5)	(58.8)	(29.4)	(29.4)	(41.2)		(2.5–10.2)
Weightlifting	14	15	10	5	13	1	1	3	11	1	2	5	8	6	2	5	2	9.3
		(5.1)	(66.7)	(33.3)	(86.7)	(6.7)	(6.7)	(20.0)	(73.3)	(6.7)	(13.3)	(33.3)	(53.3)	(40.0)	(13.3)	(33.3)	(13.3)	(2.7–18.2)
Badminton	13	15	7	8	12	3	0	2	11	2	1	8	6	6	4	2	3	5.8
		(5.1)	(46.7)	(53.3)	(80.0)	(20.0)		(13.3)	(73.3)	(13.3)	(6.7)	(53.3)	(40.0)	(40.0)	(26.7)	(13.3)	(20.0)	(2.2–12.3)
Gymnastics	9	13	10	3	13	0	0	2	9	2	2	6	5	6	2	5	0	7.8
		(4.4)	(76.9)	(23.1)	(100.0)			(15.4)	(69.2)	(15.4)	(15.4)	(46.2)	(38.5)	(46.2)	(15.4)	(38.5)		(1.7–16.4)
Boxing	11	11	10	1	6	4	1	2	7	2	7	2	2	1	1	8	1	7.5
		(3.8)	(90.9)	(9.1)	(54.5)	(36.4)	(9.1)	(18.2)	(63.6)	(18.2)	(63.6)	(18.2)	(18.2)	(9.1)	(9.1)	(72.7)	(9.1)	(2.9–30.2)
Handball	5	10	7	3	10	0	0	0	10	0	8	1	1	6	0	2	2	10.8
		(3.4)	(70.0)	(30.0)	(100.0)				(100.0)		(80.0)	(10.0)	(10.0)	(60.0)		(20.0)	(20.0)	(1.9–23.9)
Swimming	7	9	9	0	7	0	2	2	6	1	0	4	5	1	5	1	2	2.8
		(3.1)	(100.0)		(77.8)		(22.2)	(22.2)	(66.7)	(11.1)		(44.4)	(55.6)	(11.1)	(55.6)	(11.1)	(22.2)	(1.6–4.7)
Throw	5	9	7	2	8	0	1	4	5	0	0	2	7	0	1	7	1	3.0
		(3.1)	(77.8)	(22.2)	(88.9)		(11.1)	(44.4)	(55.6)			(22.2)	(77.8)		(11.1)	(77.8)	(11.1)	(2.2–4.1)
Canoe	7	9	7	2	6	1	2	3	4	2	0	6	3	4	1	3	1	2.2
		(3.1)	(77.8)	(22.2)	(66.7)	(11.1)	(22.2)	(33.3)	(44.4)	(22.2)		(66.7)	(33.3)	(44.4)	(11.1)	(33.3)	(11.1)	(1.5–2.9)
Hockey	9	9	5	4	5	2	2	3	3	3	5	0	4	3	2	4	0	3.1
		(3.1)	(55.6)	(44.4)	(55.6)	(22.2)	(22.2)	(33.3)	(33.3)	(33.3)	(55.6)		(44.4)	(33.3)	(22.2)	(44.4)		(1.9–4.6)
Water polo	6	6	6	0	5	0	1	0	5	1	3	1	2	4	2	0	0	15.9
		(2.0)	(100.0)		(83.3)		(16.7)		(83.3)	(16.7)	(50.0)	(16.7)	(33.3)	(66.7)	(33.3)			(1.7–30.2)
Judo	5	6	6	0	2	3	1	0	6	0	3	0	3	1	1	4	0	4.8
		(2.0)	(100.0)		(33.3)	(50.0)	(16.7)		(100.0)		(50.0)		(50.0)	(16.7)	(16.7)	(66.7)		(1.7–8.3)
Jump	4	5	3	2	3	2	0	3	2	0	2	2	1	0	1	4	0	16.0
		(1.7)	(60.0)	(40.0)	(60.0)	(40.0)		(60.0)	(40.0)		(40.0)	(40.0)	(20.0)		(20.0)	(80.0)		(1.7–30.2)
Cycling	5	5	5	0	3	2	0	1	4	0	2	1	2	1	2	2	0	3.7
		(1.7)	(100.0)		(60.0)	(40.0)		(20.0)	(80.0)		(40.0)	(20.0)	(40.0)	(20.0)	(40.0)	(40.0)		(1.5–7.3)
Tennis	5	5	2	3	2	2	1	3	2	0	0	4	1	2	0	3	0	4.4
		(1.7)	(40.0)	(60.0)	(40.0)	(40.0)	(20.0)	(60.0)	(40.0)			(80.0)	(20.0)	(40.0)		(60.0)		(1.3–9.6)
Rowing	4	5	5	0	4	0	1	2	2	1	1	2	2	3	0	2	0	3.4
		(1.7)	(100.0)		(80.0)		(20.0)	(40.0)	(40.0)	(20.0)	(20.0)	(40.0)	(40.0)	(60.0)		(40.0)		(2.1–5.1)
Shooting	5	5	3	2	3	0	2	3	2	0	0	2	3	4	0	1	0	7.4
		(1.7)	(60.0)	(40.0)	(60.0)		(40.0)	(60.0)	(40.0)			(40.0)	(60.0)	(80.0)		(20.0)		(5.0–10.3)
Sledding	3	4	4	0	4	0	0	1	3	0	4	0	0	1	2	0	1	4.7
		(1.4)	(100.0)		(100.0)			(25.0)	(75.0)		(100.0)			(25.0)	(50.0)		(25.0)	(1.9–7.3)
Archery	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	–
		(0.3)		(100.0)	(100.0)				(100.0)				(100.0)	(100.0)
Golf	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1.3
		(0.3)	(100.0)			(100.0)			(100.0)			(100.0)			(100.0)			(1.3–1.3)
Total	217	293	222	71	230	45	18	67	191	35	97	77	119	109	47	113	24	6.1
		(100.0)	(75.8)	(24.2)	(78.5)	(15.4)	(6.1)	(22.9)	(65.2)	(11.9)	(33.1)	(26.3)	(40.6)	(37.2)	(16.0)	(38.6)	(8.2)	(4.6–7.6)

Values are presented as number (%).

NP: no pain, PP: persistent pain, RP: recurrent pain, IC: injury by person or equipment, NC: non-contact injury, NK: unknown injury, IR: incidence rate, CI: confidence interval.

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