Objective versus Self-reported Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Hoyong Sung; Jungjun Lim; Junbae Mun; Yeonsoo Kim

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2020.38.1.28

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Sung, Lim, Mun, and Kim: Objective versus Self-reported Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2020;38(1):28-36.

Published online: 20 January 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2020.38.1.28

Objective versus Self-reported Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Hoyong Sung¹, Jungjun Lim¹, Junbae Mun², Yeonsoo Kim^1,

¹Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

²Department of Physical Education, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Yeonsoo Kim Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea Tel: +82-2-880-7794, Fax: +82-2-872-2867, E-mail: kys0101@snu.ac.kr

Received 26 September 2019 Revised 24 October 2019 Accepted 9 December 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was to compare the relationships between physical activity (measured using an accelerometer vs. self-reported) and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Differences in accelerometry physical activity between 10-minute bouts and total bouts were also compared.

Methods

Data originated from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression was used to predict cardiovascular disease risk from physical activity levels.

Results

Self-reported physical activity could not significantly predict the odds of having cardiovascular risk. However, the insufficiently active group classified according to the total-bout physical activity had significantly greater odds of having hypertension or prehypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.00–1.82), diabetes mellitus (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.01–3.19), and dyslipidemia (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.17–2.36) than the highly active group. Regarding the 10-minute bout physical activity, the inactive group had significantly greater odds of having only hypertension or prehypertension (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.02–2.76) than the highly active group.

Conclusion

Total-bout physical activity measured using an accelerometer could significantly predict the cardiovascular disease risk compared to 10-minute bout physical activity. However, self-reported physical activity could not significantly predict the cardiovascular disease risk.

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, Fitness trackers, Health, Risk assessment, Self report

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Fig. 1.

Flow diagram of participants excluded.

Table 1.

Characteristics of participants

Variable	Male		Female
Variable	No. (%)	Mean±SE	No. (%)	Mean±SE
Age (yr)
19−29	72 (15.8)^§	23.5±0.39	120 (14.8)^§	24.3±0.30
30−39	92 (20.1)^§	35.1±0.26	161 (19.9)^§	35.4±0.22
40−49	108 (23.6)^§	44.6±0.30	218 (26.9)^§	44.9±0.19
50−59	128 (28.0)^§	55.0±0.23	226 (27.9)^§	54.6±0.19
＞60	57 (12.5)^§	62.0±0.18	85 (10.5)^§	62.1±0.16
EDU
＜Elementary School	32 (7.0)^§		69 (8.5)^§
＜Middle School	41 (9.0)^§		81 (10.0)^§
＜High School	178 (38.9)^§		332 (41.0)^§
＞Undergraduate	206 (45.1)^§		328 (40.5)^§
Alcohol∗
No	130 (28.4)^§		440 (54.3)^§
Yes	327 (71.6)^§		370 (45.7)^§
Smoking^†
No	324 (70.9)^§		780 (96.3)^§
Yes	133 (29.1)^§		30 (3.7)^§
BMI (kg/m²)^‡
Underweight	9 (2.0)^§	17.8±0.22	45 (5.6)^§	17.5±0.10
Normal	263 (57.5)^§	22.7±0.10	556 (68.6)^§	21.9±0.07
Obese	185 (40.5)^§	27.5±0.17	209 (25.8)^§	27.7±0.16
CVD biomarker
SBP (mm Hg)	457 (36.1)^∥	118.4±0.65	810 (63.9)^∥	111.9±0.53
DBP (mm Hg)	457 (36.1)^∥	78.5±0.48	810 (63.9)^∥	72.8±0.32
GLU (mg/dL)	457 (36.1)^∥	100.2±1.04	810 (63.9)^∥	95.6±0.73
HbA1c (%)	457 (36.1)^∥	5.7±0.04	810 (63.9)^∥	5.6±0.02
TC (mg/dL)	457 (36.1)^∥	188.9±1.58	810 (63.9)^∥	189.6±1.20
TG (mg/dL)	457 (36.1)^∥	138.6±3.44	810 (63.9)^∥	103.4±2.16
LDL (mg/dL)	457 (36.1)^∥	113.3±1.45	810 (63.9)^∥	113.6±1.06
HDL (mg/dL)	457 (36.1)^∥	48.0±0.53	810 (63.9)^∥	55.3±0.43

SE: standard error, EDU: educational status (for example, ＜elementary school means that people up to elementary school graduated), BMI: body mass index, CVD: cardiovascular disease, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, GLU: glucose, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.

^∗ No means that “have never been drunk alcohol before” or “less than one glass of alcohol consumed in a month in a recent year,” Yes means that “more than one glass of alcohol a month in a recent year”;

^† No means that “have never been smoked cigarette before” or past smoker, Yes means that current smoker;

^‡ Underweight (＜18.5 kg/m), normal (≥18.5 kg/m² and ＜25 kg/m²), obese (≥25 kg/m²);

^§ Compared among the variable's groups within same sex;

^∥ Compared between male and female.

Table 2.

Comparisons of self-report and accelerometer MVPA

Characteristics	n	Self-report MVPA∗	Accelerometer MVPA∗ (total^†)	Accelerometer MVPA∗ (10-min bouts^‡)
Total	1,267	364.32±16.76	211.36±4.67	93.18±3.62
Sex
Male	457	474.64±36.28	247.15±8.78	104.07±6.82
Female	810	302.09±16.00	191.17±5.24	87.03±4.14
Age (yr)
19−29	192	500.29±53.10	206.92±10.52	85.17±6.53
30−39	253	405.81±41.58	177.49±8.56	59.42±6.98
40−49	326	304.85±26.28	202.14±8.48	81.49±6.26
50−59	354	294.29±22.24	223.69±9.52	109.51±7.64
＞60	142	417.75±68.85	268.15±17.99	150.33±14.14

Values are presented as mean±standard error.

MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity.

^∗ Moderate physical activity time in minutes per week+vigorous physical activity time in minutes per week multiplied by 2;

^† MVPA performed in totaled on a minute-by-minute;

^‡ MVPA performed in bouts same or above 10 minutes.

Table 3.

Covariate-adjusted odds ratios of being included in CVD risk groups

CVD risk	PA tool	H-active	PA level∗			P for trend
CVD risk	PA tool	H-active	Active	I-active	Inactive^†	P for trend
HTN (n=232)^‡	SR	Ref	0.67 (0.49−0.92)	1.06 (0.77−1.46)	0.95 (0.69−1.30)	0.844
Pre-HTN (n=305)^§	A-total	Ref	1.13 (0.83−1.53)	1.35 (1.00−1.82)^††		0.041
Pre-HTN (n=305)^§	A-bout	Ref	1.31 (0.79−2.19)	1.56 (0.98−2.46)	1.67 (1.02−2.76)^††	0.034
DM (n=96)^∥	SR	Ref	0.74 (0.39−1.35)	0.83 (0.45−1.47)	0.79 (0.43−1.39)	0.430
	A-total	Ref	1.12 (0.61−2.09)	1.77 (1.01−3.19)^††		0.032
	A-bout	Ref	0.85 (0.33−2.30)	1.47 (0.68−3.53)	1.32 (0.55−3.43)	0.252
DLP (n=528)^¶	SR	Ref	1.25 (0.87−1.80)	0.97 (0.67−1.41)	1.11 (0.78−1.59)	0.775
	A-total	Ref	1.05 (0.73−1.51)	1.65 (1.17−2.36)^††		0.002
	A-bout	Ref	1.08 (0.59−2.02)	1.14 (0.67−2.01)	1.75 (0.98−3.18)	0.018
OBE (n=394)∗∗	SR	Ref	1.05 (0.75−1.48)	0.99 (0.71−1.39)	0.95 (0.68−1.33)	0.758
	A-total	Ref	1.01 (0.72, 1.41)	1.10 (0.79−1.52)		0.533
	A-bout	Ref	1.17 (0.66, 2.11)	1.17 (0.70−2.00)	1.24 (0.71−2.20)	0.503

Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

CVD: cardiovascular disease, PA: physical activity, H-Active: highly active, I-Active: insufficiently active, HTN: hypertension, SR: self-report, Ref: reference, A-total: accelerometer in total minutes, A-bout: accelerometer in 10-min bouts, DM: diabetes mellitus, DLP: dyslipidemia, OBE: obesity.

^∗ Odds of being included in CVD risk group compared to highly active as the reference group of PA level (in HTN, odds ratio means that odds of being included in pre-HTN or HTN group);

^† No participants when MVPA was considered from A-total covariates: sex, age, alcohol, smoking, educational status;

^‡ ≥140 systolic blood pressure (BP) or ≥90 diastolic BP;

^§ 140＞systolic BP≥130 or 90＞diastolic BP≥80;

^∥ ≥126 glucose or ≥6.5 hba1c;

^¶ At least included in one of risk groups such as total cholesterol (≥240), triglyceride (≥200), high-density lipoprotein (≥160), or low-density lipoprotein (＜40);

^∗∗ ≥25 kg/m²;

^†† Statistically significant values.

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