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Abstract
Research on physical activity and health is actively being conducted. In the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was newly introduced in 2014. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of physical activity and related factors in Koreans who were assessed through the GPAQ by dividing the physical activity by occupation, leisure, and transport domain. This study used data from the KNHANES (2014–2016), the study population of which included 17,357 participants aged 12 to 80 years. We compared the differences in physical activity by sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors. Moreover, we also compared the mean metabolic equivalent of task and daily sitting time according to physical activity domain by sex and age group. Finally, we investigated the sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors that significantly affect the average physical activity per week. The various factors were found to differ in the frequency of physical activity levels. In addition, there was a difference in the amount of physical activity per occupation, leisure, and transport domain in each age group. Finally, age, sex, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, arthritis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis, sleeping time, and perceived health status significantly affected physical activity. The levels of physical activity significantly differed by sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors. There was also a difference in the physical activity levels according to the age and sex per each domain of physical activity.
References
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Table 1.
Proportion of subjects according to the physical activity level by sociodemographic factors
| Variable | Low PA | Mod PA | High PA | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | 8,675 (49.9) | 6,449 (37.1) | 2,233 (12.87) | |
| Sex | ＜0.001 | |||
| Male | 3,387 (42.1) | 2,790 (37.6) | 1,353 (20.2) | |
| Female | 5,288 (50.5) | 3,659 (39.2) | 880 (10.2) | |
| Age (yr) | ＜0.001 | |||
| 12−18 | 419 (29.0) | 730 (46.6) | 369 (24.3) | |
| 19−39 | 1,898 (40.1) | 1,823 (40.7) | 765 (19.1) | |
| 40−59 | 2,993 (48.8) | 2,182 (37.9) | 702 (13.2) | |
| 60−69 | 1,536 (53.4) | 1,009 (36.2) | 256 (10.2) | |
| ≥70 | 1,829 (68.4) | 705 (26.3) | 141 (5.2) | |
| Marital status | ＜0.001 | |||
| Single | 1,304 (32.4) | 1,846 (45.3) | 846 (22.1) | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 1,440 (63.4) | 644 (30.2) | 112 (6.3) | |
| Married | 5,929 (50.6) | 3,955 (36.2) | 1,275 (13.1) | |
| Smoking | ＜0.001 | |||
| Never smoker | 7,085 (45.5) | 5,477 (39.7) | 1,783 (14.6) | |
| Former smoker | 183 (41.9) | 158 (40.5) | 65 (17.5) | |
| Current | 1,292 (49.9) | 779 (32.5) | 374 (17.5) | |
| Alcohol | ＜0.001 | |||
| Non | 1,464 (45.8) | 1,157 (40.3) | 362 (13.7) | |
| Social | 6,267 (46.0) | 4,679 (38.8) | 1,600 (15.0) | |
| High risk drinking | 838 (47.5) | 581 (34.5) | 260 (17.9) | |
| Household income | ＜0.001 | |||
| Low | 2,239 (49.5) | 1,458 (36.9) | 489 (13.5) | |
| Low-middle | 2,201 (47.1) | 1,625 (38.6) | 535 (14.2) | |
| Middle-high | 2,170 (45.6) | 1,642 (38.5) | 581 (15.8) | |
| High | 2,030 (43.1) | 1,706 (39.8) | 2,224 (17.0) | |
| Residential area | ＜0.001 | |||
| Urban | 6,670 (44.2) | 5,588 (40.3) | 1,897 (15.3) | |
| Rural | 2,005 (57.8) | 861 (28.0) | 336 (14.1) | |
| Education | ＜0.001 | |||
| ≤Elementary school | 2,646 (57.5) | 1,394 (32.2) | 387 (10.1) | |
| Middle school | 1,159 (47.1) | 854 (39.0) | 288 (13.8) | |
| High school | 2,450 (43.0) | 2,030 (39.5) | 794 (17.4) | |
| ≥University | 2,390 (43.3) | 2,163 (40.5) | 757 (16.1) | |
| Employment status | 0.001 | |||
| Employed | 3,755 (47.0) | 2,689 (39.5) | 801 (13.3) | |
| Not employed | 4,709 (46.9) | 3,427 (37.2) | 1,259 (15.7) | |
| Occupational category | ＜0.001 | |||
| Manager | 99 (51.5) | 61 (30.7) | 31 (17.7) | |
| Professional and related worker | 820 (41.7) | 770 (41.3) | 278 (16.8) | |
| Clerk | 741 (45.2) | 628 (41.8) | 171 (12.8) | |
| Service worker | 440 (41.4) | 396 (41.3) | 152 (17.1) | |
| Sales worker | 527 (47.3) | 405 (39.3) | 127 (13.2) | |
| Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery worker | 501 (61.5) | 190 (25.0) | 84 (13.3) | |
| Craft and related trades worker | 379 (49.8) | 208 (28.5) | 134 (21.6) | |
| Equipment, machine operation and assembling worker | 473 (55.7) | 240 (29.6) | 99 (14.6) | |
| Elementary worker | 723 (47.5) | 519 (36.7) | 171 (15.6) | |
| Carrier soldier | 4 (27.7) | 2 (10.5) | 10 (61.7) | |
| Work schedule pattern | ＜0.001 | |||
| Day | 4,487 (47.5) | 3,245 (37.3) | 1,145 (15.0) | |
| Night/overnight | 560 (38.2) | 546 (43.2) | 217 (18.5) | |
| Shift | 241 (40.8) | 209 (37.9) | 90 (21.2) | |
| Others | 8 (25.6) | 14 (55.3) | 4 (19.0) | |
| Mean working time∗ | 42.2±0.3a | 39.5±0.3b | 41.0±0.5ab | ＜0.001 |
Table 2.
Proportion of subjects according to the physical activity level by health related factors
Values are presented as number (%).
PA: physical activity, BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure, HTN: hypertension, IFG: impaired fasting glucose, DM: diabetes mellitus, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, TG: triglyceride, OA: osteoarthritis, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Table 3.
Proportion of subjects according to the physical activity level by psychological health related factors
Table 5.
Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses of factors associated with METs-minute per week in all study participants
| Variable | Univariable model | Multivariable model∗ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | SE | p-value | Coefficient | SE | p-value | |
| Age | −18.61 | 1.04 | ＜0.001 | −22.27 | 3.81 | ＜0.001 |
| Sex (female vs. male) | −533.17 | 42.81 | ＜0.001 | −503.64 | 70.69 | ＜0.001 |
| BMI | 0.31 | 5.65 | 0.956 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| Middle school vs. ≤elementary school | 309.65 | 54.18 | ＜0.001 | 1.39 | 101.52 | 0.989 |
| High school vs. ≤elementary school | 572.3 | 54.07 | ＜0.001 | 181.56 | 106.22 | 0.088 |
| ≥College vs. ≤elementary school | 402.11 | 47.6 | ＜0.001 | −153.55 | 125.83 | 0.223 |
| Household income | ||||||
| Low-middle vs. low | 304.44 | 61.81 | ＜0.001 | −4.75 | 102.37 | 0.963 |
| Middle-high vs. low | 338.85 | 66.35 | ＜0.001 | −92.59 | 106.53 | 0.385 |
| High vs. low | 407.19 | 60.9 | ＜0.001 | 39.53 | 109.52 | 0.718 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Social drinker vs. nonuser | 105.59 | 47.42 | 0.026 | −177.48 | 100.92 | 0.079 |
| High risk drinking vs. nonuser | 312.52 | 93.83 | 0.001 | −156.09 | 139.28 | 0.263 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Ex-smoker vs. never smoker | 201.04 | 171.98 | 0.243 | −72.78 | 195.76 | 0.71 |
| Current smoker vs. never smoker | 242.83 | 77.34 | 0.002 | 52.02 | 98.21 | 0.596 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Widowed/divorced/separated vs. single | −862.45 | 65.26 | ＜0.001 | 46.51 | 142.62 | 0.744 |
| Married vs. single | −488.75 | 51.3 | ＜0.001 | −14.31 | 106.08 | 0.893 |
| Residential area: urban vs. rural | −14.17 | 99.72 | 0.887 | |||
| Employment status: employed vs. not-employed | 202.44 | 46.9 | ＜0.001 | 97.31 | 79.39 | 0.221 |
| Work schedule pattern | ||||||
| Night/overnight vs. day | 181.69 | 76.11 | 0.017 | −17.29 | 77.2 | 0.824 |
| Shift vs. day | 255.93 | 130.47 | 0.05 | 163.46 | 127.41 | 0.2 |
| Others vs. day | 222.88 | 351.6 | 0.526 | 79.72 | 288.09 | 0.782 |
| Worktime | 3.21 | 216 | 0.138 | |||
| Central obesity: yes vs. no | −228.19 | 53.44 | ＜0.001 | −106.8 | 69.56 | 0.125 |
| High blood pressure: yes vs. no | −269.21 | 44.34 | ＜0.001 | 82.06 | 67.25 | 0.223 |
| Impaired blood glucose: yes vs. no | −243.16 | 51 | ＜0.001 | −52.85 | 120.87 | 0.662 |
| Low HDL-C: yes vs. no | −349.49 | 45.17 | ＜0.001 | −221.34 | 56.75 | ＜0.001 |
| High TG: yes vs. no | −147.06 | 50.32 | 0.004 | −75.59 | 69.78 | 0.279 |
| Coronary heart disease: yes vs. no | −402.39 | 143.201 | 1 0.005 | 268.61 | 312.39 | 0.39 |
| Stroke: yes vs. no | −498.08 | 94.24 | ＜0.001 | 113.23 | 179.57 | 0.529 |
| Arthritis (OA, RA): yes vs. no | −450.72 | 58.54 | ＜0.001 | 320.44 | 115.28 | 0.006 |
| Osteoporosis: yes vs. no | −659.3 | 60.82 | ＜0.001 | 166.29 | 128.09 | 0.195 |
| Allergic rhinitis/sinusitis | 283.06 | 62.63 | ＜0.001 | 242.33 | 86.64 | 0.005 |
| Thyroid disease | −283.89 | 74.49 | ＜0.001 | −41.43 | 81.07 | 0.61 |
| Liver cirrhosis | −148.4 | 236.18 | 0.53 | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | −226.18 | 199.93 | 0.258 | |||
| COPD | −210.3 | 246.27 | 0.394 | |||
| Cancer | −251.09 | 99.94 | 0.012 | 184.77 | 168.45 | 0.273 |
| Sleep duration | −11.49 | 2.87 | ＜0.001 | −21.07 | 9.31 | 0.024 |
| Perceived health status | −436.11 | 47.26 | ＜0.001 | −335.09 | 65.2 | ＜0.001 |
| Perceived stress | 72.74 | 51.5 | 0.158 | |||
| PHQ-9 score ≥10 | 105.3 | 140.19 | 0.453 | |||
| Suicidal idea | 124.21 | 166.12 | 0.455 | |||
Table 4.
Mean METs-minute per week and daily sitting time according to age groups, sex, physical activity levels
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