Journal List > J Korean Ophthalmol Soc > v.61(2) > 1142601

Lee, Kim, Kim, and Park: Relationship between Ocular Fatigue and Use of a Virtual Reality Device

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate ocular fatigue after the use of a head-mounted display (HMD)-type virtual reality device.

Methods

Healthy adult volunteers were examined for ocular fatigue before and after watching videos for 10 min with an HMD-type virtual reality device. Subjective ocular fatigue was measured using a questionnaire. Objective fatigue was measured using the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF), high frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation, and accommodation amplitude. The accommodation amplitude was measured using the push-up method and the dynamic measurement mode of the autorefractometer. Changes in the spherical equivalent were also measured.

Results

The questionnaire-based subjective ocular fatigue increased (p = 0.020) after use of the HMD device. In the dominant eye, the high frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation increased (p < 0.05). The accommodation amplitude using the push-up method was decreased in the nondominant eye (p = 0.007), and temporary myopia was observed (p < 0.05). However, there was no increase in ocular fatigue in the CFF or the accommodation amplitude using the dynamic measurement mode, which showed no significant difference before and after using the HMD device (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

A subjective test and some objective tests suggested that use of the HMD-type virtual reality display increased ocular fatigue. However, no increase in ocular fatigue was measured using CFF nor in the accommodation amplitude using the dynamic measurement mode which was a limitation of the study. More studies with the aim to alleviate ocular fatigue after using HMD-type virtual reality devices are therefore needed.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Head mounted display (HMD) based virtual reality (VR) display (XQ800ZAA-HC1KR, Samsung Electronics, Yongin, Korea). Subjects watched video for 10 minutes with VR device.

jkos-61-125-g001
Figure 2

Measurement report of auto refractormeter (Speedy-i, Right MfgCo., Tokyo, Japan). The horizontal axis of the graph represents target distance and vertical axis of the graph represents accommodation responses.

jkos-61-125-g002
Figure 3

Flicker fusion frequency tester (Model 12021A, Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, IN, USA). It can measure threshold frequency where a flickering light is perceived as continuous, defined as the critical flicker fusion frequency.

jkos-61-125-g003
Figure 4

Auto refractormeter (WAM-5500 Grand Seiko, Hiroshima, Japan). Objective refraction was measured under single viewing conditions. Moving target stimulate accommodation and auto refractormeter measure amplitude of accommodation dynamically.

jkos-61-125-g004
Table 1

Subjects characteristics

jkos-61-125-i001

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

*Paired t-test.

Table 2

The changes of modified VQRS Score before and after watching virtual reality device

jkos-61-125-i002

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

VQRS = virtual reality symptom questionnaire; VR = virtual reality.

*Paired t-test.

Table 3

The changes of factors associated with ocular fatigue before and after watching virtual reality device

jkos-61-125-i003

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

HFC = high frequency component; VR = virtual reality.

*Paired t-test.

Table 4

The difference of subjective amplitude of accommodation with push up method and objective amplitude of accommodation with autorefractormeter

jkos-61-125-i004

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

VR = virtual reality.

*Paired t-test.

Table 5

Questionnaire about presbyopia, experience of virtual reality device, 3D stereoscopic video, sickness

jkos-61-125-i005

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 6

Correlation between experience of presbyopia symptom and the change of result value before and after watching virtual reality device

jkos-61-125-i006

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

HFC = high frequency component.

*Mann-Whitney U test.

Table 7

Correlation between experience of virtual reality device in the last 3 years and the change of result value before and after watching virtual reality device

jkos-61-125-i007

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

HFC = high frequency component.

*Mann-Whitney U test.

Notes

This work was supported by Samsung Display Co., Ltd.

This study was presented as a e-poster at The 122nd Annual meeting of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2019.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Modified virtual reality symptom questionnaire.

jkos-61-125-a001

Appendix 2

Questionnaires on experience of presbyopia, virtual reality device and sickness.

jkos-61-125-a002

References

1. Kwon J, Kang SY, Kim KH, et al. The ocular fatigue of watching three-dimensional (3d) images. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2012; 53:941–946.
crossref
2. Song EJ, Jung A. A study for reducing of cyber sickness on virtual reality. J DCS. 2017; 18:429–434.
3. Sharples S, Cobb S, Moody A, Wilson JR. Virtual reality induced symptoms and effects (VRISE): Comparison of head mounted display (HMD), desktop and projection display systems. Displays. 2008; 29:58–69.
crossref
4. Wehr F, Held J. Stereoscopic versus monoscopic displays: learning fine manual dexterity skills using a microsurgical task simulator. Appli Ergon. 2019; 77:40–49.
crossref
5. Lambooij M, Fortuin M, Heynderickx I, IJsselsteijn W. Visual discomfort and visual fatigue of stereoscopic displays: a review. J Imaging Sci Techn. 2009; 53:30201.
crossref
6. Cho KJ, Kim SY, Yang SW. The refractive errors of dominant and non-dominant eyes. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2009; 50:275–279.
crossref
7. Shneor E, Hochstein S. Eye dominance effects in feature search. Vision Res. 2006; 46:4258–4269.
crossref pmid
8. Rice ML, Leske DA, Smestad CE, Holmes JM. Results of ocular dominance testing depend on assessment method. J AAPOS. 2008; 12:365–369.
crossref pmid pmc
9. Ames SL, Wolffsohn JS, McBrien NA. The development of a symptom questionnaire for assessing virtual reality viewing using a head-mounted display. Optom Vis Sci. 2005; 82:168–176.
crossref pmid
10. Kajita M, Ono M, Suzuki S, Kato K. Accommodative microfluctuation in asthenopia caused by accommodative spasm. Fukushima J Med Sci. 2001; 47:13–20.
crossref pmid
11. Charman W, Heron G. Fluctuations in accommodation: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1988; 8:153–164.
crossref pmid
12. Nakatsuka C, Hasebe S, Nonaka F, Ohtsuki H. Accommodative lag under habitual seeing conditions: comparison between adult myopes and emmetropes. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003; 47:291–298.
crossref pmid
13. Park SM, Lee HM. Objective evaluation of asthenopia using accommodative microfluctuation in the high-frequency region. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2018; 23:477–484.
crossref
14. Ju LH, Lee DH, Lee DH, Kim JH. The relationship between the high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation, accommodative lag and accommodative amplitude in presbyopic eyes. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2014; 55:1606–1612.
crossref
15. Lee WY. A study on driving characteristics of the elderly driver using a driving simulator. J Korean Soc Saf. 2006; 21:103–111.
16. Chen Y, Buhr KA, Hoeve JV. Study of critical flicker fusion (CFF) function and P100 latency of visual evoked potential (VEP) in normal subjects and patients who recovered from acute optic neuritis. Int J Ophthalmol Clin Res. 2017; 4:067.
crossref
17. Mitsuhashi T. Measurement and analysis methods for critical flicker frequency and observer fatigue caused by television watching. Electronics & Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science. 1995; 78:1–12.
18. Nivetha C, Jagadamba A, Usha GS. Critical fusion frequency a simple non-invasive tool to measure fatigue in granite factory workers. IOSR-JDM. 2016; 15:83–86.
19. Lee HJ, Kim SJ. Factors associated with visual fatigue from curved monitor use: a prospective study of healthy subjects. PLoS One. 2016; 11:e0164022.
crossref
20. Gur S, Ron S, Heicklen-Klein A. Objective evaluation of visual fatigue in VDU workers. Occup Med (Lond). 1994; 44:201–204.
crossref pmid
21. Thiagarajan P, Ciuffreda KJ. Visual fatigue and accommodative dynamics in asymptomatic individuals. Optom Vis Sci. 2013; 90:57–65.
crossref pmid
22. Kang DW, Eom YS, Rhim JW, et al. Evaluation of objective accommodation power in different age groups using an auto accommodation refractometer. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2016; 57:20–24.
crossref
23. Kundart J, Tai YC, Hayes JR, et al. Real-time objective measurement of accommodation while reading. J Behav Optom. 2011; 22:130–134.
24. Sharma IP. RAF near point rule for near point of convergence-a short review. Ann Eye Sci. 2017; 2.
crossref
25. Guo J, Weng D, Zhang Z, et al. Subjective and objective evaluation of visual fatigue caused by continuous and discontinuous use of HMDs. J Soc Inf Disp. 2019; 27:108–119.
crossref
26. Cha KR, Kim CH. Virtual reality in current and future psychiatry. Korean J Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 14:28–41.
27. Kim N, Phan AH, Erdenebat MU, et al. 3D display technology. Disp Imag. 2014; 1:73–95.
28. Turnbull PR, Phillips JR. Ocular effects of virtual reality headset wear in young adults. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7:16172.
crossref
29. Shibata T. Head mounted display. Displays. 2002; 23:57–64.
crossref
30. Yano S, Emoto M, Mitsuhashi T. Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images. Displays. 2004; 25:141–150.
crossref
31. Hoffman DM, Girshick AR, Akeley K, Banks MS. Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. J Vis. 2008; 8:33.
crossref pmc
32. Han SJ. Quantitative analysis of display fatigue induced by 2D, 3D videos. J Digit Converg. 2016; 14:329–335.
crossref
33. Kim SU, Han SJ, Koo KC. Analysis of display fatigue induced by HMD-based virtual reality bicycle. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc. 2017; 18:692–699.
34. Kim J, Sunil Kumar Y, Yoo J, Kwon S. Change of blink rate in viewing virtual reality with HMD. Symmetry. 2018; 10:400.
crossref
35. Han J, Bae SH, Suk HJ. Comparison of visual discomfort and visual fatigue between head-mounted display and smartphone. Electron Imaging. 2017; 2017:212–217.
crossref
36. Kaido M, Kawashima M, Ishida R, Tsubota K. Severe symptoms of short tear break-up time dry eye are associated with accommodative microfluctuations. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017; 11:861–869.
crossref pmid pmc
37. Jeng WD, Ouyang Y, Huang TW, et al. Research of accommodative microfluctuations caused by visual fatigue based on liquid crystal and laser displays. Appl Opt. 2014; 53:H76–H84.
crossref
38. Tanahashi M, Miyao M, Sakakibara H, et al. The effect of VDT work on the fluctuations of accommodation. Ind Health. 1986; 24:173–189.
crossref pmid
39. Namba T, Tanzawa K, Nakano K, et al. Evaluation of asthenopia caused by game consoles. Kawasaki Journal of Medical Welfare. 2018; 24:9–16.
40. Shim YB, Ko CJ. The study on the near point in Koreans. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 1982; 23:627–632.
41. Win-Hall DM, Ostrin LA, Kasthurirangan S, Glasser A. Objective accommodation measurement with the Grand Seiko and Hartinger coincidence refractometer. Optom Vis Sci. 2007; 84:879–887.
crossref pmid
42. Wold JE, Hu A, Chen S, Glasser A. Subjective and objective measurement of human accommodative amplitude. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003; 29:1878–1888.
crossref pmid
43. Luberto F, Gobba F, Broglia A. Temporary myopia and subjective symptoms in video display terminal operators. Med Lav. 1989; 80:155–163.
pmid
44. Iwasaki T, Tawara A, Miyake N. Reduction of asthenopia related to accommodative relaxation by means of far point stimuli. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2005; 83:81–88.
crossref pmid
45. Hepsen IF, Evereklioglu C, Bayramlar H. The effect of reading and near-work on the development of myopia in emmetropic boys: a prospective, controlled, three-year follow-up study. Vision Res. 2001; 41:2511–2520.
crossref pmid
46. Huang HM, Chang DS, Wu PC. The association between near work activities and myopia in children-a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0140419.
crossref
47. Loman J, Quinn GE, Kamoun L, et al. Darkness and near work: myopia and its progression in third-year law students. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109:1032–1038.
pmid
48. Kinge B, Midelfart A, Jacobsen G, Rystad J. The influence of nearwork on development of myopia among university students. A three-year longitudinal study among engineering students in Norway. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000; 78:26–29.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles