PDF
Citation
Print
Abstract
Objectives
This study investigated the effects of a hydrofluoric acid (HA; solution of hydrogen fluoride [HF] in water)-based smart etching (SE) solution at an elevated temperature on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramics in terms of bond strength and morphological changes.
Materials and Methods
Eighty sintered Y-TZP specimens were prepared for shear bond strength (SBS) testing. The bonding surface of the Y-TZP specimens was treated with 37% phosphoric acid etching at 20°C–25°C, 4% HA etching at 20°C–25°C, or HA-based SE at 70°C–80°C. In all groups, zirconia primers were applied to the bonding surface of Y-TZP. For each group, 2 types of resin cement (with or without methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate [MDP]) were used. SBS testing was performed. Topographic changes of the etched Y-TZP surface were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results were analyzed and compared using 2-way analysis of variance.
Results
Regardless of the type of resin cement, the highest bond strength was measured in the SE group, with significant differences compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). In all groups, MDP-containing resin cement yielded significantly higher bond strength values than MDP-free resin cement (p < 0.05). It was also shown that the Y-TZP surface was etched by the SE solution, causing a large change in the surface topography.
References
1. Chen L, Suh BI, Brown D, Chen X. Bonding of primed zirconia ceramics: evidence of chemical bonding and improved bond strengths. Am J Dent. 2012; 25:103–108.
2. Pilo R, Kaitsas V, Zinelis S, Eliades G. Interaction of zirconia primers with yttria-stabilized zirconia surfaces. Dent Mater. 2016; 32:353–362.
3. Nagaoka N, Yoshihara K, Feitosa VP, Tamada Y, Irie M, Yoshida Y, Van Meerbeek B, Hayakawa S. Chemical interaction mechanism of 10-MDP with zirconia. Sci Rep. 2017; 7:45563.
4. Xie H, Li Q, Zhang F, Lu Y, Tay FR, Qian M, Chen C. Comparison of resin bonding improvements to zirconia between one-bottle universal adhesives and tribochemical silica coating, which is better? Dent Mater. 2016; 32:403–411.
5. Kitayama S, Nikaido T, Takahashi R, Zhu L, Ikeda M, Foxton RM, Sadr A, Tagami J. Effect of primer treatment on bonding of resin cements to zirconia ceramic. Dent Mater. 2010; 26:426–432.
6. Koizumi H, Nakayama D, Komine F, Blatz MB, Matsumura H. Bonding of resin-based luting cements to zirconia with and without the use of ceramic priming agents. J Adhes Dent. 2012; 14:385–392.
7. Lim MJ, Yu MK, Lee KW. The effect of continuous application of MDP-containing primer and luting resin cement on bond strength to tribochemical silica-coated Y-TZP. Restor Dent Endod. 2018; 43:e19.
8. Cavalcanti AN, Foxton RM, Watson TF, Oliveira MT, Giannini M, Marchi GM. Bond strength of resin cements to a zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments. Oper Dent. 2009; 34:280–287.
9. Guazzato M, Albakry M, Quach L, Swain MV. Influence of surface and heat treatments on the flexural strength of a glass-infiltrated alumina/zirconia-reinforced dental ceramic. Dent Mater. 2005; 21:454–463.
10. Wolfart M, Lehmann F, Wolfart S, Kern M. Durability of the resin bond strength to zirconia ceramic after using different surface conditioning methods. Dent Mater. 2007; 23:45–50.
11. Sriamporn T, Thamrongananskul N, Busabok C, Poolthong S, Uo M, Tagami J. Dental zirconia can be etched by hydrofluoric acid. Dent Mater J. 2014; 33:79–85.
12. Smielak B, Klimek L. Effect of hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching duration on select surface roughness parameters for zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2015; 113:596–602.
13. Cho JH, Kim SJ, Shim JS, Lee KW. Effect of zirconia surface treatment using nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid on the shear bond strengths of resin cements. J Adv Prosthodont. 2017; 9:77–84.
14. Dérand P, Dérand T. Bond strength of luting cements to zirconium oxide ceramics. Int J Prosthodont. 2000; 13:131–135.
15. Borges GA, Sophr AM, de Goes MF, Sobrinho LC, Chan DC. Effect of etching and airborne particle abrasion on the microstructure of different dental ceramics. J Prosthet Dent. 2003; 89:479–488.
16. Derand T, Molin M, Kvam K. Bond strength of composite luting cement to zirconia ceramic surfaces. Dent Mater. 2005; 21:1158–1162.
17. Lee MH, Son JS, Kim KH, Kwon TY. Improved resin-zirconia bonding by room temperature hydrofluoric acid etching. Materials (Basel). 2015; 8:850–866.
18. Liu D, Tsoi JK, Matinlinna JP, Wong HM. Effects of some chemical surface modifications on resin zirconia adhesion. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2015; 46:23–30.
19. Ansari S, Jahedmanesh N, Cascione D, Zafarnia P, Shah KC, Wu BM, Moshaverinia A. Effects of an etching solution on the adhesive properties and surface microhardness of zirconia dental ceramics. J Prosthet Dent. 2018; 120:447–453.
20. Yang B, Scharnberg M, Wolfart S, Quaas AC, Ludwig K, Adelung R, Kern M. Influence of contamination on bonding to zirconia ceramic. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007; 81:283–290.
21. Kim MJ, Kim YK, Kim KH, Kwon TY. Shear bond strengths of various luting cements to zirconia ceramic: surface chemical aspects. J Dent. 2011; 39:795–803.
22. Qian M, Lu Z, Chen C, Zhang H, Xie H. Alkaline nanoparticle coatings improve resin bonding of 10-meth acryloyloxydecyldihydrogenphosphate-conditioned zirconia. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016; 11:5057–5066.
Figure 1.
Shear bond strength values of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) in each group etched under various conditions with different resin cements. MDP, methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; PA, phosphoric acid; HA, hydrofluoric acid; SE, smart etching. Identical uppercase letters indicate no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05).
Figure 2.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 30,000 times magnification of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) surfaces etched under different conditions. (A) Etching-free specimen (control); (B) 37% phosphoric acid (PA)-etched specimen; (C) 4% hydrofluoric acid (HA)-etched specimen; (D) HA-based smart etching (SE)-etched specimen.
Figure 3.
Atomic force microscopy images of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) surfaces etched under different conditions. (A) Etching-free specimen (control); (B) 37% phosphoric acid (PA)-etched specimen; (C) 4% hydrofluoric acid (HA)-etched specimen; (D) HA-based smart etching (SE)-etched specimen.
Table 1.
Materials used, manufacturers, and major components
PA, phosphoric acid; HA, hydrofluoric acid; SE, smart etching; HCl, hydrochloric acid; BPDM, biphenyl dimethacrylate; HEMA, hydroxyethyl methacrylate; UDMA, urethane dimethacrylate; MDP, methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; Bis-GMA, bisphenyl A glycidyl methacrylate; TEGDMA, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
Table 2.
Shear bond strength values of each experimental group according to the use of methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-free or MDP-containing resin cement after etching the yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) surface under various conditions
XML Download