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INTRODUCTION
The standard treatment for cerebral aneurysms is endovascular repair. However, the treatment of wide-necked aneurysms still presents challenges owing to the risks of coil protrusion into the parent artery and recurrence.4)13) Endovascular embolization of these wide-necked aneurysms increases the frequency and necessity of techniques involving adjunctive devices such as stents and balloons.3)5)6)8)9)12) Therefore, when planning the treatment of wide-necked aneurysms, preparations such as premedication and peri-aneurysmal vascular profiling are required for the smooth use of adjunctive devices and the prevention of procedure-related complications.1)14) However, wide-necked aneurysms have been defined using many indices, such as neck width, dome-to-neck ratio, and aspect ratio, which may result in confusion when used in clinical practice. Therefore, to predict whether assisted techniques are required, another index for wide-necked aneurysms is necessary. The aim of this study was to establish a practical definition of wide-necked aneurysm that can predict the use of adjunctive devices.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and aneurysms
Between January 2012 and December 2016, endovascular treatments with coil embolization were performed for 552 cerebral aneurysms in 526 patients in a single institution. After approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of our institution (approval No. 2018001), medical records and radiologic images were retrospectively reviewed. Based on medical records, the aneurysms were divided into ruptured (n=209, 37.9%) or unruptured aneurysms (n=343, 62.1%). Based on radiologic imaging, the measurements and calculations of the morphology of the aneurysms were performed on two- or three-dimensional rotational angiography. Finally, the (1) dome-to-neck ratio (maximum dome width/maximum neck width) and (2) aspect ratio (dome height/maximum neck width) were calculated to measure the neck size of the aneurysms. We also calculated a new reference value, termed (3) K-ratio, ([dome height+maximum dome width]/[2×maximum neck width]) in order to consider both the dome height and width of the aneurysm (Fig. 1).
Coiling procedures
Patients with an unruptured aneurysm received antiplatelet premedication (100 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel) each day for at least 7 days, and patients with a ruptured aneurysm received a loading dose of antiplatelet medication (100 mg aspirin and 300 mg clopidogrel) immediately after the dome was covered with the coil. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon under general anesthesia with systemic intravenous heparinization. Activated clotting time was obtained at baseline and hourly thereafter. Four types of stents (Neuroform stent [Stryker Neurovascular, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA], Enterprise stent [Codman & Shurtleff, Raynham, Massachusetts, USA], Solitaire stent (Solitaire AB neurovascular remodeling device; Covidien, Irvine, California, USA), and Low-profile Visualized Intraluminal Support stent (MicroVention, Tustin, California, USA]) and three types of balloons (Scepter XC [MicroVention], Hyperform, and Hyperglide [ev3/Covidien]) were used. The use of an adjunctive device was either planned before the procedure, or applied when needed during the procedure.
Radiographic and clinical outcomes
Immediate occlusion results were graded using the Raymond grading system as complete occlusion (Grade I), residual neck (Grade II), and residual aneurysm (Grade III).13) Procedure-related complications included thromboembolic infarction, aneurysm perforation, and parent artery dissection.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software for Windows (version 19.0 [IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA]) and R package (version 3.2.5, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Continuous variables are expressed as the mean and standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables are expressed as the frequency and percentage.
Multivariable logistic regression with a forward stepwise method was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The threshold for statistical significance was set to P<0.05.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the optimal cut-off values of (1) dome-to-neck ratio, (2) aspect ratio, and (3) K-ratio to predict the need for an adjunctive device. The pROC software package was used to draw ROC curves and to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) and 95% CI. The Youden index was used to determine optimal cut-off values.
RESULTS
Demographic and aneurysmal characteristics
In total, 506 (91.7%) and 46 aneurysms (8.3%) arose from the anterior and posterior circulation, respectively. The mean aneurysmal height was 5.54±3.74 mm (range, 1.63–34.4 mm), aneurysmal width was 4.10±2.88 mm (range, 1.3–27.7 mm), and the neck width was 3.68±1.68 mm (range, 1.32–16.1 mm).
Angiographic and clinical outcomes
All patients were treated successfully using a standard coiling technique. The initial angiographic results revealed that 424 (76.8%), 90 (16.3%), and 38 cases (6.9%) had occlusions of Raymond grades I, II, and III, respectively.
There were 28 procedure-related complications (5.1%). Thromboembolism with neurologic deficit was documented in 10 cases (1.8%). Intraoperative aneurysm rupture occurred in 14 (2.5%) cases, and all patients recovered without neurologic deficits. Dissection of the parent artery was observed in four cases (0.7%).
Relationship between ratio index and use of device
In 275 (49.8%) and 277 (50.2%) cases of aneurysms, treatment proceeded with and without the use of an adjunctive device, respectively. Among the 277 cases that required an adjunctive device, stents were used in 245 cases (88.4%), and balloons were used in 32 cases (11.6%). In cases of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms, 40.2% (29/69) and 73.9% (164/222) of the patients, respectively, were treated with an adjunctive device.
The mean values of the dome-to-neck ratio, aspect ratio, and K-ratio were 1.17±0.39, 1.58±0.61, and 1.37±0.47, respectively. Along with the overall values, the mean values of these ratios for aneurysms treated with adjunctive devices and those treated without adjunctive devices are shown in Table 1. Only the K-ratio demonstrated a significant difference according to adjunctive device use (P<0.001). The optimal cut-off values of the dome-to-neck ratio, aspect ratio, and K-ratio obtained using the Youden index were 1.0, 1.4, and 1.3, respectively (Fig. 2).
DISCUSSION
Whether or not an aneurysm has a wide neck, is an important factor to determine the feasibility of endovascular treatment. The challenge of wide-necked aneurysms, which are difficult to treat by simply packing the coils into the aneurysm, can be overcome by the use of stents and balloons. In addition, when conducting coil embolization for the treatment of a wide-necked aneurysm, the catheter type, size, and puncture site should be planned in advance if the use of ancillary devices, such as stents and balloons, are being considered. Therefore, the present study investigated the index that was most reflective of the use of adjunctive devices for wide-necked aneurysms. Among them, we found that the K-ratio, which incorporates both the height and width of the aneurysm dome, was the most relevant index of wide-necked aneurysms. This finding suggests that the K-ratio is an appropriate indicator for judging wide-necked aneurysms. Based on virtual models of aneurysms (Figs. 3, 4), the K-ratio appears to be more useful for identifying wide-necked aneurysms than the dome-to-neck ratio or aspect ratio.
We also calculated the appropriate reference value for this index to establish the most appropriate treatment strategy for wide-necked aneurysms, and the K-ratio cut-off value was set to 1.3. For K-ratios <1.3, the sensitivity and specificity for the use of adjunctive devices were 72.9% and 63.6%, respectively. The calculated cut-off values of the dome-to-neck ratio and aspect ratio were 1.0 and 1.4, respectively, and their sensitivities were low (dome-to-neck ratio, 44.8%; aspect ratio, 66.4%).
Another important factor affecting the use of an adjunctive device was the presence of aneurysm rupture. Among aneurysms with a K-ratio <1.3, which indicates a wide neck, an adjunctive device was used in only 40.2% cases of ruptured aneurysms (29/69), whereas 73.9% cases of unruptured aneurysms (164/222) were treated with an adjunctive device. This difference in the rate of adjunctive device use was statistically significant (P<0.001). We speculate that there are several reasons for this result: (1) increased risk of delaying surgery due to the necessity for anti-platelet agents prior to the use of an adjunctive device, (2) thromboembolic complication due to insufficient premedication, and (3) patient burden of prolonged general anesthesia.1)10)11)15) In summary, in cases with a K-ratio <1.3, we found that adjunctive devices were used heavily when treating unruptured aneurysms with sufficient premedication.
Using a cut-off dome-to-neck ratio <2,532 (96.4%) aneurysms were defined as wide-necked. Meanwhile, 230 (41.6%) and 291 aneurysms (52.7%) were classified as wide-necked when an aspect ratio <1.6 and K-ratio <1.3 were applied as the cut-off values, respectively, which was similar to the 277 (50.2%) cases that required an adjunctive device. These results suggest that the definition of wide-necked aneurysm using the dome-to-neck ratio may require reconsideration. Brinjikji et al.2) proposed that a dome-to-neck ratio <1.6 should be used as the criterion for wide-necked aneurysms.
This study has several limitations. First, only patients treated by a single surgeon were analyzed to control for inconsistencies in criteria for adjunctive device use across operators. This is appropriate for comparing the relationship between the index ratios and device usage, but the cut-off values may differ according to the individual surgeon's preference for device use. Therefore, the new ratio should be verified in other patient populations. Second, we limited the reason for the use of adjunctive devices to the presence of a wide neck. Although in most cases, the neck width determines whether an adjunctive device is needed to preserve the parent artery, this excludes incidental causes such as aneurysm location, vascular status, parent artery, and dome orientation.7)
CONCLUSIONS
In this retrospective study, we established a practical definition for wide-necked aneurysms by comparing the association of multiple indicators with the use of adjunctive devices in endovascular treatment. In the present population, the K-ratio ([dome height+maximum dome width]/[2×maximum neck width]) was
the most suitable definition of wide-necked aneurysm for predicting treatment with an adjunctive device. Especially for the management of unruptured aneurysms with a K-ratio <1.3, the use of an adjunctive device can provide a safe and reliable treatment.
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