Effectiveness of a Multi-Dimensional Group Counseling Program Based on the GATHER Approach on the Quality of Life in Surgically Menopausal Women

Fereshteh Salimi Moghadam; Zohreh Mahmoodi; Kourosh Kabir; Parvaneh Mirabi; Mansoureh Yazdkhasti

doi:10.6118/jmm.19200

Journal List > J Menopausal Med > v.25(3) > 1140542

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Moghadam, Mahmoodi, Kabir, Mirabi, and Yazdkhasti: Effectiveness of a Multi-Dimensional Group Counseling Program Based on the GATHER Approach on the Quality of Life in Surgically Menopausal Women

Original Article

Journal of Menopausal Medicine 2019; 25(3): 130-141.

Published online: 31 December 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.19200

Effectiveness of a Multi-Dimensional Group Counseling Program Based on the GATHER Approach on the Quality of Life in Surgically Menopausal Women

Fereshteh Salimi Moghadam¹, Zohreh Mahmoodi², Kourosh Kabir³, Parvaneh Mirabi⁴, Mansoureh Yazdkhasti²

¹Department of Midwifery, Medical School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.

²Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.

³Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.

⁴Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

Address for Correspondence: Mansoureh Yazdkhasti, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Hasan Abad Blvd, Ooge St, Karaj 3149779453, Iran. Tel: 98-026-32563328, Mansoyazd@yahoo.com

Received 4 April 2019 Revised 10 October 2019 Accepted 11 November 2019

The Korean Society of Menopause

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Abstract

Objectives

Surgical menopause can influence women's quality of life in many aspects. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of a multi-dimensional group counseling program based on the great clients, ask clients, tell clients, help clients, explain how to use, return for follow up (GATHER) approach, on quality of life in the surgically menopausal women.

Methods

This randomized clinical trial was conducted using two groups. The study comprised 78 women meeting inclusion criteria who had visited 4 healthcare centers in Tehran from December 2017 to September 2018. The participants were selected through simple random sampling (39 in each group). The intervention group underwent 6 consecutive weekly group counseling sessions based on GATHER approach, whereas the control group received no interventions. Data were collected using the Menopause-specific Quality of Life questionnaire at 4 time-points (i.e., baseline, immediately after the intervention, 1 month after the intervention, and 3 months after the intervention).

Results

The trend of changes at four time-points obtained on the basis of repeated measures test results showed significant betweengroup differences in vasomotor (P = 0.001), psychosocial (P = 0.025), and physical (P = 0.001) domains. Friedman test showed significant between-group differences in the mean score trend of changes at 4 time-points in sexual (P = 0.002) and overall quality of life (P = 0.004) domains.

Conclusions

On the basis of the study results, implementation of this approach with less expenditure in healthcare centers aimed at improving quality of life in surgically menopausal women is highly recommended.

Go to :

Keywords: Counseling, Menopause, Quality of life

INTRODUCTION

Menopause is an important phenomenon in every woman's life and can be initiated in a primary (i.e., natural) or a secondary form (i.e., via surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc.). Surgical menopause refers to the removal of both ovaries with or without the removal of the uterus [1]. Depending on its timing, surgical menopause can be categorized as pre-mature for patients who are under 40 or early menopause for patients who are under 45 years old. In surgical menopause the body automatically enters the menopausal phase without any preparation. This can cause a crisis in women's lives [2 3]. Annually, in the United States, 36,000 women under the age of 45 undergo either a hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy or surgical menopause. The most common ages for undergoing surgical menopause in decreasing order of occurrence are under 35, 35–39, 40–44, and above 44 [4] (Fig. 1). In the UK, 1 in every 5 women who has had hysterectomy has also undergone oophorectomy. According to the World Health Organization's health report in 2002, 146,422 women have undergone hysterectomy in Iran, a figure that has been rising in recent years [5].

Fig. 1

Prevalence of surgical menopause in the U.S.

Sudden menopausal crisis, caused by the immediate drop in sex hormone levels, causes an exacerbation in the distressing symptoms of menopause [4]. This crisis compromises the vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual wellbeing of a woman [6]. Marra et al. [4] reported that 100% of women with surgical menopause experience a wide range of vasomotor symptoms. In 90% of cases, they experience more severe hot flashes compared to those who go through natural menopause. This process continues for an average of 8.5 years after the surgery. Additionally, undergoing oophorectomy prior to the age of 45 results in a 5-time increase in the morbidity rate resulting from neurologic and mental disorders [4]. It also increases the risk of developing various cardiovascular diseases [7], reduced bone density [8], neurological diseases, and cardio-metabolic and urogenital disorders. Surgical menopause also has a negative effect on a woman's sexual well-being and satisfaction [8 9]. Overall, these issues significantly influence women's quality of life and satisfaction [10]. These problems not only influence the quality of life in surgically menopausal women, but also cause distress, disability, as well as enormous financial burden on health systems [11]. The quality of life in surgically menopausal women is lower in all domains, especially in psychosocial domain compared to the natural menopausal women [12]. The majority of the surgically menopausal women who experience moderate to severe symptoms need preventive care for at least up to 10 years after undergoing risk-reducing salpingooophorectomy, in order to improve their quality of life [13]. The use of hormonal therapy is considered to be the last option, due to its side effects such as causing breast and uterine cancer [10]. Therefore, alternative methods such as education or counseling are often suggested [5]. It is thought that increasing women's awareness through applying proper educational methods, which are in accordance with social norms, results in improving the quality of their lives in various aspects [14]. Group counseling along with interpersonal communication further increases the effectiveness of the education provided. In these sessions, participants are able to share similar experiences with their peers, ultimately contributing in making better decisions by group members for resolving their own issues [15]. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a multi-dimensional group counseling program, based on the great clients, ask clients, tell clients, help clients, explain how to use, return for follow up (GATHER) approach, on the quality of life of the surgically postmenopausal women.

Go to :

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This randomized clinical trial, consisting of a control and an intervention group, was conducted from December 2017 to September 2018. Data sampling was done in two stages: initially, 4 healthcare centers from the northwest region that are affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected. Subjects were then assigned to two groups of intervention and control by applying simple random sampling as follows; first, a registration list was created using the participants' information. Next, the participants were invited to report to a designated location on a particular day in order to receive information on the purpose of the study. Then, a written consent was obtained from the eligible individuals who were willing to participate in the study. Each person was then given ID code. Next, random numbers were generated in order to read the numbers from top to bottom. After registering the random numbers, the odd numbers were designated to the control group and the even numbers to the intervention group. This process was continued until the sample size was exhausted. Sample size was calculated using the G-Power software (USA) with a 95% confidence interval (α = 5%, β = 20%, and power = 80%), in accordance with the guidelines specified [16], with an estimated 20% lost to follow-up rate 78 persons.

The data was collected at 4-time points: 1) before the intervention/baseline, 2) after the intervention, 3) 1 month after the intervention, and 4) 3 months after the intervention. The inclusion criteria were: 1) bilateral salpingo oophorectomy (BSO) with or without hysterectomy, 2) married women, 3) 35–55 years old, and 4) within 6 months of BSO.

Exclusion criteria included: 1) surgically menopausal women who had received additional treatments in form of chemo or radiation therapy or BSO due to cancer, 2) using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) within 6 months and till the end of the study period, 3) using drinking or smoking, and 4) women who had chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, seizures, or mental disorders.

The study was designed as follows: the intervention group was organized into 4 subgroups (3 groups, 10th and 1 group, 9th). Four subgroups received 6 continuous, weekly sessions of group counseling for an average of 90 minutes per session addressing 4 symptoms of vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual domains. The sessions were conducted in a bright and quiet environment away from any noise pollution with the participants gathering in a circle for better face-to-face interaction. These group counseling sessions were done in 3 phases while adhering to the GATHER approach: 1) orientation and proceeding phase in first session, 2) proceeding phase in second to fifth session, and 3) conclusion phase in sixth session.

It should be noted that the participants were also consulted in devising the discussion guidelines and topics. The content of the meetings is listed in Table 1. There were no interventions in the control group.

Table 1

Group counseling session agenda including the introduction, intervention, and termination of the program based on the GATHER approach for counseling

Session	G	A	T	H	E	R
First	Greeting the participants, program introduction, rules for proper communication, discussing the purpose of the meetings, introducing the researcher and group members to one another, establishing the rules such as punctuality and secrecy.	Asking peers to share their experiences and information on postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms.	Telling or familiarizing the participants with the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, the change in the ovarian function during menopause, defining surgical menopause and its related symptoms, distressing postmenopausal symptoms, vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbances, and presentation of viable solutions.	Gathering and assessing potential solutions discussed in the session and helping individuals in selecting the correct and useful strategies with the approval of an expert counselor.	Explaining and discussing techniques for implementing those strategies.	Return for follow-up.
Second	Greeting the participants, reviewing previous session's assignments with a checklist.	Asking peers to share their experiences and information on expressing psychosocial issues such as depression, anxiety, mood disorders, and tendency to isolate oneself, and memory impairment.	Offering advice on (telling the participants about) the importance of having faith in God, self-respect, creating happiness in life, changing lifestyle, spiritual beliefs, exercise routine, yoga, and group activities.	Gathering and assessing potential solutions discussed in the session and helping individuals in selecting the correct and useful strategies with the approval of an expert counselor.	Explaining and discussing techniques for implementing those strategies.	Return for follow-up.
Third	Greeting the participants, reviewing previous session's assignments with a checklist.	Asking peers to share their experiences.	Telling them about the physical symptoms of menopause, weakness, fatigue, decreased energy level, good nutrition and its significance, food pyramid, weight gain and weight control, regular exercise, and skin care.	Gathering and assessing potential solutions discussed in the session and helping individuals in selecting the correct and useful strategies with the approval of an expert counselor.	Explaining and discussing techniques for implementing those strategies.	Return for follow-up.
Fourth	Greeting the participants, reviewing previous session's assignments with a checklist.	Asking peers to share their experiences and information on physical symptoms of menopause such as joint, muscle, and back pain.	Telling the participants about the importance of osteoporosis prevention, having an appropriate exercise routine to reduce joint and muscle pain, healthy diet (and dietary supplement use if needed), as well as daily walks for at least 20 minutes.	Gathering and assessing potential solutions discussed in the session and helping individuals in selecting the correct and useful strategies with the approval of an expert counselor.	Explaining and discussing techniques for implementing those strategies.	Return for follow-up.
Fifth	Greeting the participants, reviewing previous session's assignments with a checklist.	Asking peers to share their experiences and information on genitourinary disorders and their associated symptoms (sneezing, coughing, urinary frequency, etc.).	Telling the participants about the sexual side effects of menopause, the importance of having a healthy sexual relationship and its positive effect on women's well-being as well as offering advice on reducing vaginal dryness, maintaining proper personal hygiene, and strengthening pelvic floor muscles by performing various maneuvers such as Kegel exercises.	Gathering and assessing potential solutions discussed in the session and helping individuals in selecting the correct and useful strategies with the approval of an expert counselor.	Explaining and discussing techniques for implementing those strategies.	Return for follow-up.
Sixth session	Greeting the participants, reviewing previous session's assignments with a checklist.	Asking peers to share their experiences and information on various symptoms of menopause in four symptom domains namely vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual based on the discussions in previous sessions.	Telling the participants about (i.e., summarizing) general recommendation based on the advice that had been offered in previous sessions.	Gathering and assessing potential solutions discussed in the session and helping individuals in selecting the correct and useful strategies with the approval of an expert counselor.	Explaining and discussing techniques for implementing those strategies.	Return for follow-up. Since this was the last counseling session, follow-up was done via a virtual meeting.

G: great clients, A: ask clients, T: tell clients, H: help clients, E: explain how to use, R: return for follow up.

In order to consider the ethical issues and due to the observed low quality of life in the control group, upon completion of the study, the control group participants were offered notebooks containing detailed contents of the group counseling sessions.

A demographic questionnaire was used to investigate factors related to the characteristics of a particular population. The Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire was also used to assess the quality of life in various symptom domains namely vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual. The MENQOL questionnaire is a widely-recognized, standardized tool that was developed and used by Hilditch et al. [17] in 2008. Content validity within the Iranian society was done by Yasdkhasti et al. [18] in 2011. The reliability of this questionnaire was done by test-retest analysis in the overall quality of life (r = 0.84), vasomotor (r = 0.80), psychosocial (r = 0.79), physical (r = 0.82), and sexual (r = 0.83) domains [2]. According to scoring and points and number of questions (29 questions), minimum and maximum scores for vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual dimensions were, respectively, 3 to 24, 7 to 56, 16 to 128, and 3 to 24; the overall quality of life was 29 to 232. According to the MENQOL questionnaire, a higher score indicates lower quality of life whereas a lower score indicates a better one in surgically menopausal women.

Two of the participants were lost to follow up in the intervention group, one due to being absent from three sessions because of the time conflict with work hours and the other due to relocation. (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2

Consort diagram shows the flow of participants through each stage of a randomized trial.

Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0 software (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used for qualitative variables. Statistical results from the quantitative data were presented with mean ± standard deviation. Data normality was reviewed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The score for the sexual domain did not follow a normal distribution in either of the intervention or control groups. For that reason, non-parametric tests such as Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests were used to assess those scores. Scores in other domains followed a normal distribution. Therefore, parametric tests such as t test and two-way analysis (time × group) of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures of “time” were used to analyze the multidimensional counseling program on each of the dependent variables. Also, the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used in the case that the sphericity assumption was not established. The a priori level of significance was set at 0.05.

Go to :

RESULTS

In this study, the characteristics of demographic data on 78 participants (n = 39 per group) were analyzed. There were no significant statistical differences between the control and intervention groups in terms of the age, menopausal age, body mass index, number of children (live or dead), number of abortions, socioeconomic status, life satisfaction, or level of education. These variables were homogenous before the intervention/baseline (Table 2).

Table 2

Comparison of baseline demographics characteristics between intervention and control groups

Variable	Intervention (n = 39)	Control (n = 39)	P value
Age (y)			0.648^a
42–46	6 (15.4)	5 (12.8)
47–51	20 (51.3)	17 (43.6)
52–56	13 (33.3)	17 (43.6)
Menopausal age (y)			0.815^a
38–42	4 (10.3)	3 (7.7)
43–47	13 (33.3)	10 (25.6)
48–52	20 (51.3)	23 (59)
53–57	2 (5.1)	3 (7.7)
Body mass index(kg/m²)			0.318^a
20–24	9 (23.1)	7 (17.9)
25–29	22 (56.4)	20 (51.3)
30–34	8 (20.5)	12 (30.8)
Number of children
Live			0.998^a
0–2	35 (89.7)	34 (87.2)
3–5	4 (10.3)	5 (12.8)
Dead			0.152^a
0	37 (94.9)	39 (100)
1	2 (5.1)	0 (0)
Number of abortion			0.077^a
0–1	39 (100)	36 (92.3)
2–3	0 (0)	3 (7.7)
Socio economic status			0.753^b
Poor	3 (7.7)	2 (5.1)
Moderate	21 (53.8)	21 (53.8)
Good	15 (38.5)	15 (38.5)
Life satisfaction			0.489^b
Yes	28 (71.8)	30 (76.9)
Somewhat	6 (15.4)	7 (17.9)
No	5 (12.8)	2 (5.1)
Level of Education			0.738^b
Elementary	3 (7.7)	5 (12.8)
Middle school	3 (7.7)	2 (5.1)
High school Diploma	22 (56.4)	24 (61.5)
Academic	11 (28.2)	8 (20.5)

Data are presented as number (%).

^aChi-square results.

^bFishers exact test.

At baseline, mean scores in domains of vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and overall quality of life were compared using the independent t test and results showed no significant difference between the control and intervention groups. Additionally, at baseline, the mean scores for the sexual domain were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test for control and intervention groups. The results showed no significant difference (Table 3).

Table 3

Baseline comparison of the mean of overall quality of life score and its domains in two groups

Domain	Intervention (n = 39)	Control (n = 39)	P value
Vasomotor	15.35 ± 5.69	14.95 ± 8.25	0.806^a
Psychosocial	31.11 ± 10.92	27.13 ± 12.04	0.136^a
Physical	65.63 ± 21.25	57.82 ± 23.56	0.132^a
Sexual	15.57 ± 6.18	12.60 ± 5.85	0.324^b
Quality of life	127.65 ± 33.25	112.49 ± 36.11	0.06^a

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

^aIndependent t test.

^bMann-Whitney test.

Paired t test results in the intervention group showed that the mean score of overall quality of life, vasomotor, psychosocial, and physical domains 3 months after the intervention was significantly different compared to those baseline. The Wilcoxon test results in the intervention group showed that the mean score for the sexual domain 3 months after the intervention was significantly different compared to those of baseline. Paired t test results in the control group showed no statistically significant differences (Table 4).

Table 4

Comparison of the overall quality of life score and its domains before and 3 months after the intervention in each of the control and intervention groups

Domain	Intervention (n = 39)			Control (n = 39)
Domain	Baseline	3 months after	Results	Baseline	3 months after	Results
Vasomotor	15.35 ± 5.69	11.95 ± 4.39	P = 0.008	14.95 ± 8.25	15.05 ± 13.43	P = 0.973
Vasomotor	15.35 ± 5.69	11.95 ± 4.39	t = 2.87^a	14.95 ± 8.25	15.05 ± 13.43	t = −0.47^a
Psychosocial	31.11 ± 10.92	22.57 ± 16.63	P = 0.001	27.13 ± 12.04	26.13 ± 11.72	P = 0.532
Psychosocial	31.11 ± 10.92	22.57 ± 16.63	t = 3.69^a	27.13 ± 12.04	26.13 ± 11.72	t = 0.63^a
Physical	65.63 ± 21.25	47.70 ± 16.34	P = 0.001	57.82 ± 23.56	71.15 ± 24.07	P = 0.001
Physical	65.63 ± 21.25	47.70 ± 16.34	t = 4.19^a	57.82 ± 23.56	71.15 ± 24.07	t = −3.87^a
Sexual	15.57 ± 6.18	10.70 ± 8.32	P = 0.002	12.60 ± 5.85	12.59 ± 5.88	P = 0.1
Sexual	15.57 ± 6.18	10.70 ± 8.32	Z = −2.39^b	12.60 ± 5.85	12.59 ± 5.88	Z = −5.44^b
Quality of life	127.65 ± 33.25	92.92 ± 29.44	P = 0.001	112.49 ± 36.11	115.12 ± 5.94	P = 0.415
Quality of life	127.65 ± 33.25	92.92 ± 29.44	t = 4.71^a	112.49 ± 36.11	115.12 ± 5.94	t = −0.35^a

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

^aPaired t test.

^bWilcoxon test.

The ANOVA test results with repeated measures in control and intervention groups showed that the temporal trends of the mean scores in the vasomotor, psychosocial, and physical domains during at 4 time-points (i.e., baseline, after the intervention, 1 month after the intervention, and 3 months after the intervention) were statistically significant between the two groups. The results of the Mauchly's test for the vasomotor and sexual domains revealed that the sphericity assumption was not established (P = 0.001). Therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser assumption was used to correct the degrees of freedom of the repeated measures test. The Friedman test showed a statistically significant difference between the control and intervention groups, in the mean score trend in the sexual and overall quality of life domains during at 4 time-points (Table 5).

Table 5

The repeated measures and Friedman tests of quality of life and its domains at 4 time-points in intervention and control groups

Domain	Group	Baseline	After	1 month after	3 months after	Results
Domain	Group	Baseline	After	1 month after	3 months after	Within group	Between group
Vasomotor	Intervention	15.35 ± 5.69	12.32 ± 5.14	12.60 ± 3.17	11.95 ± 4.39	F = 0.051	F = 216.48
	Control	14.95 ± 8.25	14.85 ± 6.76	16.08 ± 14.20	15.05 ± 13.43	P = 0.823^a	P = 0.001^a
Psychosocial	Intervention	31.11 ± 10.92	24.57 ± 11.40	52.81 ± 8.52	22.57 ± 16.63	F = 2.36	F = 4.52
	Control	27.13 ± 12.04	28.10 ± 11.50	26.67 ± 10.96	26.13 ± 11.72	P = 0.035^a	P = 0.025^a
Physical	Intervention	65.63 ± 21.25	53.78 ± 20.19	45.70 ± 20.97	47.70 ± 16.34	F = 4.91	F = 5.68
	Control	57.82 ± 23.56	63.85 ± 24.87	65.79 ± 24.83	71.15 ± 24.07	P = 0.005^a	P = 0.001^a
Sexual	Intervention	15.57 ± 6.18	12.70 ± 5.04	12.14 ± 5.40	10.70 ± 8.32	X² = 34.69	X² = 29.84
	Control	12.60 ± 5.85	12.92 ± 5.13	14.28 ± 8.69	13.59 ± 5.88	P = 0.003^b	P = 0.002^b
Quality of life	Intervention	127.65 ± 33.25	103.38 ± 34.15	92.24 ± 28.33	92.92 ± 29.44	X² = 63.092	X² = 45.25
	Control	112.49 ± 36.11	119.72 ± 36.96	122.82 ± 37.49	115.12 ± 5.94	P = 0.061^b	P = 0.004^b

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

^aRepeated measures test.

^bFriedman test.

Go to :

DISCUSSION

In our study, comparison of mean scores of vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual domains, as well as the overall quality of life at baseline in the intervention and control groups showed no statistically significant difference. The mean score of overall quality of life and their domains after the intervention was significantly different compared to that baseline in the intervention group. There were no statistically significant differences in control group. Also, the trend of changes at 4 time-points based on the results of the repeated measures test showed statistically significant difference in overall quality of life and their domains between the two groups. Surgical menopause can result in a crisis in women's life and have a negative effect on the quality of their life [9], as it causes sudden changes in various aspects of their lives, which are distressing and bothersome [17]. In a descriptive study conducted on 700 postmenopausal women, 4 symptom domains related to the quality of life namely vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual, as well as overall quality of life were analyzed using MENQOL questionnaire. The main distressing issues based on a decreasing order of severity were related to vasomotor and physical domains, respectively. Therefore, proper interventions were designed to mainly focus on improving the quality of life in those particular domains [19]. In the present study, the effectiveness of implementing group counseling sessions was assessed in improving the quality of life of surgical postmenopausal women and decreasing the associated distressing symptoms in 4 domains of vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual, as well as the overall quality of life. The results of the study showed that, implementation of a 6-week, consecutive, and multi-dimensional group counseling program had a positive effect in the intervention group compared to the control regarding decreasing the distressing postmenopausal symptoms. As such, statistically significant differences were observed in the average scores for overall quality of life and its 4 domains at 4 time-points between the intervention and control groups in the average scores for overall quality of life and its 4 domains (i.e., vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual) at 4 time-points.

The rate of hot flash in surgically postmenopausal was reported 90% to 100% vs. 80% in naturally menopausal women [20]. Several studies have also evaluated the effectiveness of group counseling in reducing the vasomotor symptoms using the group support method [16 17 19 20 21] as well as group discussion methods described by Forouhari et al. [22] and Rostami et al. [23]. In the study by Rostami et al. [23], vasomotor scores in the intervention and control groups were compared 3 months after the group counseling, which showed a statistically significant reduction in hot flash, daytime sweating, and night sweats and improvements in other distressing symptoms [22]. In this study, the effectiveness of the group counseling program on the vasomotor domain was evaluated over time, and a significant decrease was found in the score for this domain.

Surgical menopause is also associated with psychological effects in addition to physical ones [24]. Experiencing the abrupt onset of menopause along with its associated symptoms and having to deal with the new state can place women in a vulnerable state of mental health and cause psychosocial crisis [21 25]. Many women experience severe menopausal symptoms interfering with their daily life routine, and negatively influencing their overall quality of life [26]. Eighty percent of women in various parts of the Middle East experience distressing symptoms such as headaches, sexual issues (such as vaginal dryness and decreased libido), palpitations, hot flashes, sweating, insomnia, and irritability, all of which can reduce their quality of life [16]. A clinical trial study on 89 patients with breast cancer based on a group psychosocial intervention reported that women in the intervention group had less depression, less overall mood disturbance, better overall quality of life, and fewer psychiatric symptoms than those in the control group, beginning immediately post-intervention and remaining so at 2 years post-intervention [10]. In a study of 350 Iranian post-menopausal women, a series of premature menopausal complications including forgetfulness and lack of concentration (56%), psychological and mood issues (52.6%), insomnia (50.6%), and hot flashes and fatigue (48.9%) have been reported [27]. The results of a study showed that surgically menopausal women experience a higher level of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as a lower overall quality of life compared to the women with natural menopause. Therefore, in the present study, it is suggested to design a multi-dimensional counseling program for postmenopausal women aimed at improving the quality of their life [28]. Psychological changes caused by menopause can influence various elements of empowerment such as self-efficacy and self-esteem; they can diminish one's sense of self-worth and create a negative self-concept in postmenopausal women. They can also cause a sense of inadequacy and lack of control over the distressing symptoms of menopause [29]. On the other hand, knowledge enrichment through participation in group counseling sessions plays a crucial role in enabling postmenopausal women to deal with their psychosocial issues. In a study, an educational intervention was implemented based on an empowering model developed to enable health promoting behaviors, and a positive correlation was observed between the elements of the empowering model and the health promoting behaviors [30]. In another study by Faraji et al. [16], the effectiveness of group counseling on psychosocial symptoms, with a focus on self-care, was investigated. In their study, a positive impact was observed after conducting five weekly, consecutive group counseling sessions with an average of 60 minutes per session. In our study, group counseling also showed a positive impact in the psychosocial domain in the intervention group.

Surgical menopause leads to serious health consequences such as osteoporosis, memory loss, genitourinary and sleep disorders, weight gain, muscle pain, fatigue, and lack of energy [4]. Several studies have suggested providing education and counseling to postmenopausal women to improve their physical wellbeing [14 20 31 32]. In another study, the effectiveness of the “green practice” was investigated on improving the sleep quality in elderly women who had no routine physical activity. The study was conducted for 10 weeks with 3 sessions per week, each lasting 60 minutes. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, in which a statistically significant increase was observed in the average score for sleep quality before and after the intervention in the intervention group [30]. The results of a study also showed the positive effect of group counseling on diabetic postmenopausal women who were recommended to have an exercise routine and a proper diet, taking dietary supplements as needed. The study showed that, after 3 months, with respect to the physical well-being, the quality of life improved in the intervention group [33]. Exercise, proper diet, and daily walks for at least 20 minutes were also included in the present study. There was a statistically significant difference in the average score of physical fitness between the control and intervention groups, indicating the effectiveness of these strategies in reducing distressing physical symptoms.

Hypoestrogenism can also cause distressing symptoms in postmenopausal women such as vaginal dryness, decreased libido, and sexual contact avoidance due to the dyspareunia [34]. In one study, a 70% reduction in sexual performance and an 80% reduction in sex drive were reported [35]. Changes in libido, avoiding sexual contact, and reduction in quality of life with respect to sex have all been reported to be more significant in surgically postmenopausal women compared to the ones who go through natural menopause [3 36]. It is reported that surgically postmenopausal women are at a 17% increased risk for developing disorders of sexual dysfunction compared to naturally postmenopausal women [34]. After conducting a large trial with an emphasis on biomedicine, Newton et al. [37] concluded that not all the symptoms of menopause can be attributed to the decrease in sex hormones; they emphasized that in order to alleviate menopausal symptoms. One needs to consider the psychosocial and cultural issues of postmenopausal women and design multi-dimensional programs addressing such issues. The effect of counseling in improving the quality of life of the menopausal women was evaluated in a semi-experimental study, consisting of control and intervention groups and using a counseling method that is based on the GATHER approach. This study was conducted in form of 4 continuous, weekly counseling sessions with each session lasting for 45 to 60 minutes in the intervention group. The control group received routine counseling. The results of the study based on the MENQOL questionnaire showed that there was only a statistically significant difference in the quality of life score as it was related to sexual well-being and that the difference in the scores for vasomotor, psychosocial, and physical domains did not show any significant difference [38]. Another study showed that a group counseling program consisting of 4 sessions, 120 minutes each, that focused on improving sexual function in menopausal women led to statistically significant improvements after 2 months compared to its status prior to the intervention, while the difference was not significant in the control group [39]. In another study conducted on women with an average age of 39 ± 5 years old, it was found that group counseling, involving 8 sessions 60-minute sessions, improved the intimacy and marriage satisfaction in the intervention group after the last counseling session [40]. Similarly, our study with 6 weekly group counseling sessions resulted in significant improvements in the quality of life in regards to sexual well-being baseline as well as one and three months later in the intervention group. Yazdkhasti et al. [25] also examined the effects of implementing an educational support group program in improving the quality of life and reducing the distressing menopausal symptoms in 4 domains namely vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual. The program consisted of 10 weekly sessions each lasting 120 minutes. No interventions were done in the control group. The results, according to the MENQOL questionnaire, showed a statistically significant difference between the symptom scores related to vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual domains in the intervention group 3 months after the intervention compared to baseline. This different was not statistically significant in the control group. Regarding the effectiveness of the proposed program in the present study, it appears that group counseling offers promising solutions in resolving the distressing symptoms of menopause, and also postmenopausal women who participate in such programs are better prepared to discuss their issues regarding sexual well-being and other domains with their peers and are able to benefit from the experiences of others as well.

A particular limitation of this study was the probability of content leakage from the intervention to the control group. This limitation was minimized to our best efforts by having the participants from the control and intervention groups attend the counseling sessions at the healthcare center on different dates. Additionally, occasionally the length of the counseling sessions caused mild fatigue in some participants. This was addressed by holding brief receptions. Factors such as accounting for different participant lifestyles, providing routine care in healthcare centers, and public education through mass media or social networks were beyond the scope of this study and the authors' control.

In the present study, the implementation of multi-dimensional group counseling sessions addressing the vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual domains in surgically postmenopausal women led to the significant improvements in reported symptoms in these domains as well as the overall quality of life for these individuals. It was also found that knowledge enhancement through sharing similar experiences among peers by those who have experienced the distressing symptoms of menopause firsthand, in a reliable and trustworthy setting with the presence of an expert counselor to guide the process, has helped the participants to make better and more effective decisions over the course of the study. Therefore, implementing this approach with less expenditure in health care organizations aimed at improving the quality of life in surgically postmenopausal women is highly recommended.

Go to :

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Permission to conduct a study with a code of ethics IR.Abzums.REC.1396.214 was obtained.

Ethical issues (including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have been completely observed by the authors. IRCT Id: 20180110038302N4. The authors would like to thank the participants, the staff at all the participating healthcare centers, as well as the research affairs department of the Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

Go to :

Notes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Go to :

References

1. Al Kadri H, Hassan S, Al-Fozan HM, Hajeer A. Hormone therapy for endometriosis and surgical menopause. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (1):CD005997. PMID: 19160262.

2. Niro J, Panel P. [Interest of hysterectomy with or without bilateral oophorectomy in the surgical treatment of endometriosis: CNGOF-HAS Endometriosis Guidelines]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. 2018; 46:314–318. PMID: 29530555.

3. Rotem M, Kushnir T, Levine R, Ehrenfeld M. A psycho-educational program for improving women's attitudes and coping with menopause symptoms. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2005; 34:233–240.

4. Marra AR, Puig-Asensio M, Edmond MB, Schweizer ML, Bender D. Infectious complications of laparoscopic and robotic hysterectomy: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2019; 29:518–530. PMID: 30833440.

5. Currie H. BMS Vision for menopause Care in the UK; is implementation achievable? Post Reprod Health. 2019; 25:5–6.

6. Tarvardi M, Shabani A. [Assessment of psychological problems in menopause women and relationship's between individual and social characteristic and menopausal symptoms in referred to tabriz educational hospitalS in 2005-2006]. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2007; 5:37–45.

7. Erekson EA, Martin DK, Ratner ES. Oophorectomy: the debate between ovarian conservation and elective oophorectomy. Menopause. 2013; 20:110–114. PMID: 22929033.

8. Tsiligiannis S, Panay N, Stevenson JC. Premature ovarian insufficiency and long-term health consequences. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2019; 17:604–609. PMID: 30819073.

9. Lip GY, Blann AD, Jones AF, Beevers DG. Effects of hormonereplacement therapy on hemostatic factors, lipid factors, and endothelial function in women undergoing surgical menopause: implications for prevention of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 1997; 134:764–771. PMID: 9351746.

10. Simpson JS, Carlson LE, Trew ME. Effect of group therapy for breast cancer on healthcare utilization. Cancer Pract. 2001; 9:19–26. PMID: 11879269.

11. Li S, Ho SC, Sham A. Relationship between menopause status, attitude toward menopause, and quality of life in Chinese midlife women in Hong Kong. Menopause. 2016; 23:67–73. PMID: 26671191.

12. Elit L, Esplen MJ, Butler K, Narod S. Quality of life and psychosexual adjustment after prophylactic oophorectomy for a family history of ovarian cancer. Fam Cancer. 2001; 1:149–156. PMID: 14574171.

13. Hickey M, Trainer A, Braat S, Davey MA, Krejany E, Wark J. What Happens After Menopause? (WHAM): protocol for a prospective, multicentre, age-matched cohort trial of risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in high-risk premenopausal women. BMJ Open. 2017; 7:e018758.

14. Kalkım A, Dağhan Ş. Theory-based osteoporosis prevention education and counseling program for women: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2017; 11:119–127. PMID: 28688497.

15. Sehhatie Shafaie F, Mirghafourvand M, Jafari M. Effect of education through support group on early symptoms of menopause: a randomized controlled trial. J Caring Sci. 2014; 3:247–256. PMID: 25709980.

16. Faraji K, Kamrani MA, Saeieh SE, Farid M. Could a midwife leading health behavior counseling improve self-care of women during perimenopause? A quasi-experimental study. J Midlife Health. 2018; 9:195–199. PMID: 30692815.

17. Hilditch JR, Lewis J, Peter A, van Maris B, Ross A, Franssen E, et al. A menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire: development and psychometric properties. Maturitas. 2008; 61:107–121. PMID: 19434884.

18. Yazdkhasti M, Keshavarz M, Khoei EM, Hosseini A, Esmaeilzadeh S, Pebdani MA, et al. The effect of support group method on quality of life in post-menopausal women. Iran J Public Health. 2012; 41:78–84.

19. Nazarpour S, Simbar M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Alavi Majd H. Quality of life and sexual function in postmenopausal women. J Women Aging. 2018; 30:299–309. PMID: 29077541.

20. Direkvand-Moghadam A, Delpisheh A, Montazeri A, Sayehmiri K. Quality of life among Iranian infertile women in postmenopausal period: a cross-sectional study. J Menopausal Med. 2016; 22:108–113. PMID: 27617245.

21. Yazdkhasti M, Simbar M, Abdi F. Empowerment and coping strategies in menopause women: a review. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015; 17:e18944. PMID: 26019897.

22. Forouhari S, Safari Rad M, Moattari M, Mohit M, Ghaem H. [The effect of education on quality of life in menopausal women referring to Shiraz Motahhari clinic in 2004]. Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2009; 16:39–45.

23. Rostami A, Ghofrani Pour F, Ramezanzadeh F. The effect of education on quality of life in women [dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University;2001. 12:p. 25–29. [Persian].

24. Abdullah B, Moize B, Ismail BA, Zamri M, Mohd Nasir NF. Prevalence of menopausal symptoms, its effect to quality of life among Malaysian women and their treatment seeking behaviour. Med J Malaysia. 2017; 72:94–99. PMID: 28473671.

25. Yazdkhasti M, Keshavarz M, Khoei EM, Hosseini A, Esmaeilzadeh S, Pebdani MA, et al. The effect of support group method on quality of life in post-menopausal women. Iran J Public Health. 2012; 41:78–84.

26. Nosek M, Kennedy HP, Gudmundsdottir M. Distress during the menopause transition: a rich contextual analysis of midlife women's narratives. Sage Open. 2012; 2:2158–2440.

27. Bener A, Falah A. A measurement-specific quality-of-life satisfaction during premenopause, perimenopause and postmenopause in Arabian Qatari women. J Midlife Health. 2014; 5:126–134. PMID: 25316998.

28. Faubion SS, Kuhle CL, Shuster LT, Rocca WA. Long-term health consequences of premature or early menopause and considerations for management. Climacteric. 2015; 18:483–491. PMID: 25845383.

29. Karimy M, Aminshokravi F, Zareban E, Koohpayezadeh J, Baradaran H, Khoshdel A. [The effect of education based on individual empowerment model on the quality of life in the menopause women in Zarandieh]. Yafte. 2014; 16:80–90.

30. Kermode M, Herrman H, Arole R, White J, Premkumar R, Patel V. Empowerment of women and mental health promotion: a qualitative study in rural Maharashtra, India. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7:225. PMID: 17761003.

31. Khajavi D. Kanmohamadi R. The effect of “green exercise” on improving the sleep quality of female elderly without regular physical activity in Arak city. Journal of Woman and Family Studies. 2016; 3:7–32.

32. Camerini L, Schulz PJ, Nakamoto K. Differential effects of health knowledge and health empowerment over patients' self-management and health outcomes: a cross-sectional evaluation. Patient Educ Couns. 2012; 89:337–344. PMID: 22959333.

33. Parsa P, Ahmadinia Tabesh R, Soltani F, Karami M, Khorami N. Effects of group counseling on self-care behaviors in menopausal women with diabetes. J Menopausal Med. 2017; 23:108–116. PMID: 28951859.

34. Nappi RE, Martini E, Terreno E, Albani F, Santamaria V, Tonani S, et al. Management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: current and emerging therapies. Int J Womens Health. 2010; 2:167–175. PMID: 21072309.

35. Meston CM, Frohlich PF. The neurobiology of sexual function. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57:1012–1030. PMID: 11074867.

36. Nappi RE, Lello S, Melis GB, Albani F, Polatti F, Genazzani AR. LEI (Lack of tEstosterone Impact) survey in a clinical sample with surgical menopause. Climacteric. 2009; 12:533–540. PMID: 19905905.

37. Newton KM, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus LC, Ehrlich K, Guiltinan J. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 145:869–879. PMID: 17179056.

38. Aloumanis K, Karras D, Drossinos V, Korelis E, Polydorakis A. Fracture incidence, quality of life, and back pain during 18-months treatment with teriparatide in Greek postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the European forsteo observational study. J Osteoporos. 2011; 2011:510398. PMID: 21941680.

39. Babakhani N, Taravati M, Masoumi Z, Garousian M, Faradmal J, Shayan A. The effect of cognitive-behavioral consultation on sexual function among women: a randomized clinical trial. J Caring Sci. 2018; 7:83–88. PMID: 29977878.

40. Dhikav V, Karmarkar G, Gupta R, Verma M, Gupta R, Gupta S, et al. Yoga in female sexual functions. J Sex Med. 2010; 7(2 Pt 2):964–970. PMID: 19912493.

Go to :

TOOLS

Similar articles