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Lim, Lim, and Kim: Analysis on Transitional Change of Refractive Error Distributions in Pediatric Population Using KNHANES
Original Article

Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2019; 60(12): 1263-1268.

Published online: 17 December 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2019.60.12.1263

Analysis on Transitional Change of Refractive Error Distributions in Pediatric Population Using KNHANES

Soo Hyun Lim, MD1, Hyun Taek Lim, MD, PhD2, Dae Hee Kim, MD1

1Department of Ophthalmology, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

2Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to Dae Hee Kim, MD. Kim's Eye Hospital, #136 Yeongsin-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07301, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2639-7517, Fax: 82-2-2633-3976, skdh17@hanmail.net

Received 7 June 2019       Revised 19 July 2019       Accepted 6 December 2019

©2019 The Korean Ophthalmological Society

The Korean Ophthalmological Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate transitional changes in refractive error distributions in a pediatric population using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data.

Methods

We investigated 7,181 subjects from the 4th and 5th (2008–2012) KNHANES and 1,225 subjects from the 7th (2016) KNHANES; all subjects were 5 to 18 years of age. We used the average spherical equivalent (SE) of both eyes calculated with noncycloplegic refractive errors measured via autorefractor. We determined SE percentiles by age in order from hyperopia to myopia. We acquired the mean SE by age. We investigated the proportions of subjects with mild, moderate, and severe refractive errors by age.

Results

Mean refractive errors were −1.73 ± 2.16 diopters in subjects in the 4th and 5th KNHANES and −1.66 ± 2.21 diopters in subjects in the 7th KNHANES; these were not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.071). Mean refractive errors were more myopic in subjects in the 4th and 5th than in subjects in the 7th KNHANES only at 8 and 9 years of age (p = 0.018, p = 0.026). The distribution of percentiles by age was similar between the two groups. The respective proportions of hyperopia, emmetropia, and myopia were 6.2%, 27.6%, and 66.2% in subjects in the 4th and 5th survey, and 7.3%, 29.7% and 63.0% in subjects in the 7th survey. There was no significant difference in refractive error proportion between the 2 groups (p = 0.326).

Conclusions

There was no definite transitional change of refractive error distributions between the two KNHANES groups. However, additional periodic surveys are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Keywords: Childhood, KNHANES, Myopia, Prevalence, Refractive error

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Comparison of mean spherical equivalents (SE) of subjects between group 1 (2008-2012 data, dashed line) and group 2 (2016 data, solid line) according to age (inverted Y-axis). Thick line showed mean SE of both eyes. p-value signified statistical significance when comparing mean SE of both eyes between group 1 and 2 (Mann-Whitney U test).

jkos-60-1263-g001
Figure 2

Comparison of 5, 50 and 95 percentiles of the mean spherical equivalents of both eyes between group 1 (2008–2012 data, dashed line) and group 2 (2016 data, solid line) by age in the order from hyperopia to myopia (inverted Y-axis). Similar distributions were noted between 2 groups.

jkos-60-1263-g002
Figure 3

Comparison of proportion of the subjects with mild, moderate and severe refractive errors between group 1 (2008–2012 data, left) and group 2 (2016 data, right) by age. The proportions were similar between 2 groups.

jkos-60-1263-g003
Table 1

Myopia prevalence between 16 and 19 years of age reported by previous and present studies in Korea

jkos-60-1263-i001

D = diopters; KNHANES = Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; N/A = not available.

Notes

This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 121st Annual Meeting of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2019.

Conflicts of Interest The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

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