Effects of an Aging Management Program for Middle-aged Women on Resilience and Successful Aging

Hyeyun Jung; Kyung Mi Sung

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.4.392

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Jung and Sung: Effects of an Aging Management Program for Middle-aged Women on Resilience and Successful Aging

Original Article

Korean J Women Health Nurs 2019;25(4):392-408.

Published online: 19 December 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.4.392

Effects of an Aging Management Program for Middle-aged Women on Resilience and Successful Aging

Hyeyun Jung¹, Kyung Mi Sung²

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Chunnam Techno University, Gokseong, Korea

²Professor, College of Nursing · Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea

Corresponding author: Kyung Mi Sung College of Nursing · Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 816-15 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52727, Korea. Tel: +82-55-772-8246 Fax: +82-55-772-8222 E-mail: sung@gnu.ac.krsungkyungmi7@gmail.com

Received 24 September 201920 November 2019 Accepted 21 November 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an aging management program on the resilience and successful aging of middle-aged women.

Methods

A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control and pre-post test design was used. The participants were 39 middle-aged women living in urban areas in Korea. The experimental group (n=22) received the aging management program for a total of 10 weeks, 90 minutes to 120 minutes per week. The aging management program consisted of strategies to enhance the behavior, promotion conditions, and habits of the program, including various activities for middle-aged women. The data were analyzed using χ² tests, independent t-tests, and repeated measures analysis of variance with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program.

Results

The resilience score of the experimental group was significantly higher level than the score of the control group in the time-to-group interactions (F=3.70, p=0.029). The successful aging score of the experimental group was significantly higher than the score of the control group in the time-to-group interactions (F=5.86, p=0.004). However, the sub-hypotheses of resilience (self-regulation and interpersonal relationships) and successful aging (physical aging adaptation and psychological age adaptation) were partially accepted.

Conclusions

The aging management program for middle-aged women was identified as an effective intervention for promoting resilience and successful aging in middle-aged women. Therefore, this suggests that the aging care program could be a useful intervention program to improve the mental health of middle-aged women living in communities.

Keywords: Women, Middle aged, Psychological resilience, Aging, Preventive health services

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Figure 1.

Theoretical framework for the study [13]. AMA=Aging Management Activity.

Figure 2.

The procedure for development of aging management program for middle-aged women.

Table 1.

The Contents of Aging Management Program for Middle-aged Women

Session No. Interventional activity	Theoretical factor	Contents	TIB promotion
1–3. Art activity	-Intention	How to write an audit diary to promote positive emotions	Social factor
	-Facilitating conditions	How to use the declaration of happiness	Perceived consequence
		Intimacy-forming activity	Affect
		Create workbooks for strengths
4–6. Gardening activity	-Intention	Sharing experiences as social roles change with aging	Social factor
	-Facilitating conditions	Hydroponic plant activity photo SNS sharing	Perceived consequence
		Community garden photo SNS sharing
7–9. Physical activity	-Intention	How to write an exercise journal	Habit hierarchies
	-Facilitating conditions	Expressing feelings about physical discomfort	Affect
		Elastic band exercise SNS sharing	Habit hierarchies
10. Completion	-Intention	Program activity feeling sharing	Social factor
	-Facilitating conditions	Share what’s changed in your daily life	Affect

TIB=Triandis interpersonal behavior; SNS=Social Networking Service.

Table 2.

Characteristics of the Participants (N=39)

Characteristics	Categories	Total	Experimental (n=20)	Control (n=19)	t/χ²	p
		n(%)	n(%)	n(%)
Age (year)^†	45–50	18 (46.2)	9 (45.0)	9 (47.3)	15.38	.424
	51–55	14 (35.9)	6 (30.0)	8 (42.2)
	56–59	7 (17.9)	5 (25.0)	2 (10.5)
	M±SD	51.79±4.33	52.35±5.35	51.21±3.47	0.81	.419
Husband’s age	45–50	10 (25.7)	5 (25.0)	5 (26.3)	20.05	.330
	51–55	15 (38.4)	9 (45.0)	6 (31.6)
	56–59	14 (35.9)	6 (30.0)	8 (42.1)
	M±SD	54.23±5.03	54.40±5.57	54.05±4.55	0.21	.833
Monthly income (10,000 won)	100–199	8 (20.5)	2 (10.0)	6 (31.6)	6.08	.193
	200–299	9 (23.1)	5 (25.0)	4 (21.0)
	300–399	10 (25.6)	7 (35.0)	3 (15.8)
	400–499	10 (25.6)	4 (20.0)	6 (31.6)
	≥500	2 (5.1)	2 (10.0)	0 (0)
Education level^†	Middle school	4 (9.8)	3 (15.0)	1 (4.8)	3.44	.179
	High school	23 (48.8)	15 (75.0)	8 (38.1)
	College	12 (41.5)	2 (10.0)	10 (57.1)
Marital satisfaction^†	Unsatisfactory	5 (12.8)	2 (10.0)	3 (15.8)	0.46	.928
	Normal	18 (46.2)	9 (45.0)	9 (47.4)
	Satisfaction	14 (35.9)	8 (40.0)	6 (31.5)
	Very satisfactory	2 (5.1)	1 (5.0)	1 (5.3)
Occupation^†	Housewife	26 (66.7)	15 (75.0)	11 (57.8)	2.25	.521
	Office worker	6 (15.4)	3 (15.0)	3 (15.8)
	Technician	1 (2.6)	0 (0)	1 (5.3)
	Professionals	6 (15.4)	2 (10.0)	4 (21.1)

M±SD=mean±standard deviation.

^† Fisher’s exact test.

Table 3.

Effects of Aging Care Program for Middle-aged Women (N=39)

Variables	Groups	Pretest	1st posttest	2nd posttest	1st posttest-pre		2nd posttest-pre		Sources	F	p
Variables	Groups	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	t (p)	M±SD	t (p)	Sources	F	p
Resilience	Experimental	3.50±0.39	4.01±0.32	3.87±0.43	0.50±0.44	5.08 (<.001)	0.36±0.49	3.29 (.004)	G	21.01	<.001
	Control	3.37±0.46	3.52±0.33	3.34±0.34	0.14±0.57	1.07 (.298)	−0.02±0.59	−0.21 (.834)	T	8.14	.001
									G*T	3.70	.029
Self-regulation	Experimental	3.52±0.49	4.03±0.40	3.90±0.59	0.51±0.59	3.90 (.001)	0.38±0.72	2.37 (.029)	G	40.66	<.001
	Control	3.30±0.57	3.27±0.53	3.08±0.50	−0.02±0.80	−1.73 (.982)	−0.21±0.82	−1.14 (.266)	T	6.35	.003
									G*T	4.10	.020
Interpersonal relations	Experimental	3.52±0.51	4.06±0.37	4.00±0.51	0.53±0.59	4.02 (.001)	0.47±0.50	4.17 (.001)	G	10.34	.003
	Control	3.51±0.42	3.59±0.31	3.48±0.49	0.08±0.51	0.68 (.500)	−0.02±0.65	−0.17 (.864)	T	6.87	.002
									G*T	5.16	.008
Positivity	Experimental	3.47±0.44	3.93±0.50	3.70±0.57	0.45±0.61	3.30 (.004)	0.22±0.71	1.40 (.177)	G	3.66	.063
	Control	3.31±0.64	3.69±0.49	3.48±0.41	0.38±0.82	2.03 (.057)	0.16±0.75	0.97 (.342)	T	7.42	<.001
									G*T	0.06	.946
Successful aging	Experimental	2.45±0.53	3.00±0.42	3.03±0.31	0.56±0.53	4.23 (<.001)	0.47±0.66	4.14 (.001)	G	52.99	<.001
	Control	2.24±0.43	2.27±0.21	2.29±0.39	0.02±0.50	0.24 (.813)	0.04±0.57	0.34 (.733)	T	7.62	.001
									G*T	5.86	.004
Physical adaptation	Experimental	2.22±0.71	3.00±0.51	2.98±0.47	0.77±0.68	5.00 (<.001)	0.75±0.87	3.86 (.001)	G	65.89	<.001
	Control	1.92±0.44	1.96±0.23	2.04±0.41	0.04±0.57	0.30 (.764)	0.12±0.63	0.85 (.406)	T	10.16	<.001
									G*T	6.67	.002
Psychological adaptation	Experimental	2.58±0.57	3.17±0.42	3.24±0.40	0.56±0.71	3.67 (.002)	0.65±0.64	4.55 (<.001)	) G	29.09	<.001
	Control	2.45±0.60	2.46±0.28	2.51±0.61	−0.00±0.66	0.03 (.997)	0.05±0.81	0.28 (.780)	T	5.88	.004
									G*T	4.84	.011
Adaptation to societal changes	Experimental	2.77±0.59	3.07±0.55	3.09±0.39	0.30±0.76	1.78 (.091)	0.32±0.72	1.99 (.061)	* G	21.95	<.001
	Control	2.57±0.54	2.57±0.46	2.49±0.51	0.00±0.75	0.36 (.971)	−0.08±0.75	−0.47 (.643)	T	0.95	.390
									G*T	1.56	.216
Adaptation to economic changes	Experimental	2.13±0.77	2.37±0.70	2.51±0.71	0.23±0.98	1.08 (.293)	0.37±1.25	1.33 (.198)	G	3.07	.088
	Control	2.07±0.69	2.18±0.47	2.11±0.66	0.10±0.80	0.57 (.576)	0.03±0.99	0.17 (.864)	T	1.01	.369
									G*T	0.58	.558

^* G*T=Group*Time; 1st posttest=immediately after the end of the 10th program; 2nd posttest=4 weeks after the program.

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