PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
Intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS) is a major cause of ischemic stroke, which may occur even under the best medical management.23) It is estimated that ICAS causes approximately 5–10% of ischemic strokes in the United States and 33–67% of ischemic strokes in Asia.26) Recently, a rapid emergence of atherosclerosis in Asia was reported in relation to coronary artery disease,27) which may additionally be associated with the high prevalence of ICAS-induced stroke.
Several mechanisms have been proposed with regard to ICAS-related ischemic events: in situ thrombotic occlusion, hypoperfusion, artery-to-artery embolism, and atheromatous-plaque-extension over small arteries.4)16)18) ICAS is usually caused by primary atherosclerosis, although embolism can occasionally lead to severe stenosis.5) Other sources of ICAS include vascular inflammation, infections of the central nervous system, radiation, arterial dissection, and Moyamoya disease.14)
Aggressive medical management for symptomatic ICAS is assumed to be more effective than percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting.6) Medical management with the administration of lipid-lowering agents has been recommended by several large studies.6)8)
Although there is no general consensus on the treatment of asymptomatic ICAS, aggressive management seems to be required in such cases as well. However, in spite of the exploration of different treatment options, the prognosis of asymptomatic ICAS has not been thoroughly investigated to date. The prognosis of asymptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery is reported to follow a benign long-term course with a low risk of ipsilateral stroke in medically-treated Caucasian patients.15) However, an Asian study has reported that asymptomatic ICAS by itself was an independent risk factor of stroke.19)
Thus far, the association between the regression of ICAS and the administration of lipid-lowering agents has been reported by few studies. However, there have been no studies comparing a regressed ICAS group with a static or progressive group after the administration of rosuvastatin. In this study, we compared patients with regressed ICAS to those with unchanged or progressed ICAS after medical treatment, and investigated the related factors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design
This study was performed based on a review of the patient's medical charts and the study design was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of KCHIRB-M-2018-101. The requirement of informed consent was waived by the IRB. Before including subjects in the study, asymptomatic ICAS was defined as the absence of ischemic events in the territory supplied by the stenosed artery. Patients who had experienced symptomatic ischemic events including transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the stenosed artery or cerebral infarction in the ipsilateral area, which were proven by imaging analysis, were excluded. Asymptomatic ICAS was detected in patients who had not experienced a stroke, including those who had visited our institution for a regular medical checkup or were complaining of a headache. The diagnosis of asymptomatic ICAS was confirmed with computed tomography angiography (CTA), following which the patients were administered 20mg of rosuvastatin per day. Subsequently, each patient underwent a series of follow-up CTAs. All cases of ICAS took antiplatelet agent (aspirin or clopidogrel) for prevention of infarction.
Clinical information
A history of diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, smoking, dyslipidemia, and family history of cerebrovascular events was recorded. Laboratory tests were performed to assess the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides. All the patients received optimal medical management with aggressive control of the risk factors, including appropriate use of antiplatelet, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic drugs.
Evaluation of stenosis
The degree of stenosis was calculated using the method of the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study:
percent stenosis = [(1− (Dstenosis/Dnormal)) × 100.21)
The regression was determined by two experienced neurovascular surgeons based on the difference between the initial and final follow-up stenosis measurements. Stenosis was measured on MIP images of CTA. The stenosis percentage was obtained using the length of the most severe stenosis as Dstenosis and the normal length on the proximal portion of stenosis as Dnormal.
Statistics
The Fisher's exact test or the Chi-squaretest were used to compare associations between the categorical variables. The lipid profile was analyzed with median cutoffs. The Student's t-test was used to compare continuous variables between the two groups. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic analysis included variables with p-values of 0.05 or less in the univariate analysis. The statistical analyses were performed with the IBM Social Sciences Statistical Package 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
Cases
Out of the 116,251 patients who visited the department of Neurosurgery at Kwangju Christian Hospital from August 2009 to December 2017, 6991 patients were examined with CTA. A total of 74 asymptomatic patients with hyperlipidemia were examined with CTA before the administration of 20mg rosuvastatin per day. Finally, 23 patients who did not undergo CTA during the follow-up examination were excluded and 48 patients with asymptomatic ICAS were included in the study.
Patients with an initial stenosis percentage of more than 30% were considered to be affected with ICAS. The regressed group included 30 patients with a value of stenosis difference higher than 15%, the stationary group included 12 patients with a stenosis-difference value within 10%, and the progressed group included 6 patients with a stenosis-difference value below zero. The stationary and progressed groups included fewer patients than the regressed group and the variance of the stenosis-difference values between the stationary and progressed groups was narrow. The difference between the groups was assessed using the value of the stenosis difference, which was calculated by subtracting the final stenosis value from the initial stenosis value. Due to the narrow stenosis difference between the groups, a three-group analysis was deemed in appropriate, therefore, the stationary group and the progressed group were combined into the stationary/progressed group for the ease of statistical analysis.
Baseline characteristics
The demographic data of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The mean age was 65.28 ± 13.25 years in the stationary/progressed group and 60.2 ± 11.25 years in the regressed group. There were 11 men (61.1%) in the stationary/progressed group and 16 men (53.3%) in the regressed group. The patients were being treated for underlying diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease. To prevent cerebral infarction, 11 patients (22.9%) were taking aspirin and 37 patients (77.1%) were taking clopidogrel according to the patient's drug resistance test results. Cilostazol was not administered on any patient. The administration of antiplatelet and antihypertensive drugs, which are considered to influence stenosis, were controlled. The most common site of ICAS was M1 (36 patients, 72.9%). The other sites were P2 (4, 8.4%), P1 (3, 6.3%), A2 (3, 6.3%), M2 (2, 4.2%), and A1 (1, 2.1%). There were more right-side M1 lesions (27, 56.3%) than left-side M1 lesions (9, 18.8%).
Stenosis change and ischemic events
The initial stenosis was 43.36 ±15.39% in the stationary/progressed group and 53.42 ± 16.58% in the regressed group. The final follow-up stenosis was 45.60 ± 10.05% in the stationary/progressed group and 24.33 ± 16.17% in the regressed group (Table 2). The differences between the groups were not statistically significant; however, the difference between the initial and final follow-up stenosis value was statistically significant between the two groups (p < 0.001, Table 2). The representative images of M1 stenosis of a 60-year-old male patient from the regressed group who was administered 20mg/day of rosuvastatin for 46 months are shown in Fig. 1. In the stationary/progressed group, ischemic stroke or TIA in the territory of asymptomatic ICAS developed in 2 patients during the follow-up period. One patient, a 75-year-old woman with, hypertension and right M1 stenosis, developed cerebral infarction in the right parietal area that was, detected at 6 months of follow-up. Another patient, a 74-year-old woman with, hypertension and left P1 stenosis, developed a cerebral infarction in the left thalamus that was, detected at 42 months of follow-up. However, in the regressed group, no ischemic event was observed during the follow-up period.
Dyslipidemia analyses
All the described differences between the initial and final measurements were calculated by subtracting the final value from the initial value. Among the variables of dyslipidemia, the differences in total cholesterol (p=0.031) and LDL (p=0.031) between the initial and final measurements were higher in the regressed group than in the stationary/progressed group in the univariate analysis (Table 3). The multivariate analysis of significant variables including Δ total cholesterol and Δ LDL, which showed statistical significance, revealed higher Δ LDL (p=0.035) in the regressed group. The odds ratio was 3.9, which signified that patients with an increased difference between the initial and final LDL values were 3.9 times more likely to be in the regressed group (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
We conducted this study to evaluate whether asymptomatic ICAS regressed or remained unchanged/progressed after the administration of rosuvastatin while considering the associated factors of ICAS.
Our major finding was that rosuvastatin had better lipid-lowering effects in terms of total cholesterol and particularly LDL in patients with regressed ICAS. Moreover, 2 patients of the stationary/progressed group developed ischemic events in the stenosed vascular territory, while no such events were observed in the regressed group.
Antiplatelet agents aspirin and clopidogrel, which are not known to not have any particular effect on vasodilation, were used for the patients in this study. Other antiplatelet agents, such as cilostazol, which stabilize endothelial cells and inhibit proliferation of vascular smooth-muscle cells causing vasodilation, were not used.24) Therefore, the effects of other antiplatelet drugs on the vascular-structure modification may be excluded.
Statins are known to have stabilizing effects on vascular endothelial cells and can be used to slow the progression of and even regress atherosclerosis.7) The beneficial effect of statins on the regression of carotid intima media thickness has been widely demonstrated.3)9)12) It was reported that statin treatment in patients with carotid stenosis decreased the neutrophil activation and related vulnerability by reducing the systemic activation of the receptor activator of the NF-KB ligand-osteoprotegerin system.17)
Statins can be administered to patients with hyperlipidemia starting at dosages of 5–10 mg/day. The adverse effects of high doses of statins include liver toxicity, rhabdomyolysis, and impaired glucose tolerance that leads to diabetes.10) Thus, the administration of statins should be done cautiously. In this study, 20 mg/day of rosuvastatin was administered and no adverse effects were observed, which meant that it could be used to treat asymptomatic ICAS.
Studies on the effect of rosuvastatin on the coronary and carotid arteries have made quantitative assessments of atherosclerosis using angiography or ultrasonography.7)25) The ORION study, which examined the effects of rosuvastatin administration on carotid artery stenosis, showed that the rosuvastatin-administration groups (5mg/day vs. 40–80mg/day) showed no difference on the carotid-plaque volume. However, patients who had a lipid-rich necrotic core in the carotid plaque at the baseline showed decreased carotid-plaque volume (41%) after administration of rosuvastatin.25)
CTA is a widely used imaging modality, employed to visualize the arterial lumen. It is a minimally-invasive technique that uses radiation and intravenous radiocontrast material. CTA provides similar or higher accuracy for the detection of ICAS as compared to magnetic resonance angiography, except in the region of the skull base, and reportedly has higher acquisition speed and lower distortion due to motion artifacts.2)22) Since CTA cannot depict the lipid component in the stenotic lesions of the intracranial arteries, it was difficult for us to determine the association between the laboratory results and the imaging data of the quantitative lipid-content change in the stenotic lesions in this study.
The general risk factors associated with asymptomatic ICAS are hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, age, male sex, and ethnicity (Asians and Africans)1). Risk factors associated with the severity of ICAS include diabetes, smoking, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia.1) However, two distinctive characteristics of ICAS are: atherosclerosis produced by cholesterol deposition and inflammation and sclerosis secondary to endothelial dysfunction, both of which cause arterial stiffness.11) Therefore, the risk factors of intracranial atheromatous plaque and plaque-negative stenosis are different.20)
A study on symptomatic ICAS patients who had a history of ischemic events found that sex is a major predictor of ICAS regression.23) Another study reported that asymptomatic ICAS showed a lower rate of progression than symptomatic ICAS.13) This study also suggested that a low fasting glucose level and the use of angiotensin receptor blockers were associated with a favorable course of asymptomatic ICAS. In this study, we found that the differences between the initial and final values of total cholesterol and LDL were associated with ICAS regression. This finding indicates that the patients in whom the medication shows favorable lipid-lowering effects may have a better modulation capability of the ICAS lesion structure by modulating the atherosclerotic plaque in the lipid-laden area of the vessel.
This study has several limitations. The study included a small number of the patients from a single center. Although significant stenosis is defined as more than 50% arterial blockage, in this study, the sample was based on 30% blockage because of the small sample size. Moreover, the association between other clinical information of the patients and features of the stenotic lesion, especially the lesion's lipid component, was not investigated. Although CTA is an appropriate imaging modality to detect ICAS and is less affected by motion artifacts, the degree of stenosis and the quantification of the intracranial vascular lipid components, especially in small vessels, are difficult to investigate using this method. Further studies with larger sample sizes on a multicenter scale using a modality capable of ICAS-component quantification are required.
CONCLUSION
We evaluated the factors associated with ICAS regression after the administration of high-dose rosuvastatin. The differences between the initial and final measured values of total cholesterol and LDL were statistically significantly associated with the regression of ICAS. Our findings support the notion that rosuvastatin had better lipid-lowering effects in patients whose stenotic vessels were regressed.
XML Download