Journal List > J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc > v.58(4) > 1138963

Baek, Yun, Nam, Seo, Kwon, Lee, and Choi: Antenatal Depressive Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women

Abstract

Objectives

Maternal depression has a detrimental effect on baby growth. Recent reports suggest that depressive symptoms are more likely to occur during pregnancy than in the postpartum period. In Korea, there are relatively few studies of depression during pregnancy compared to those related to postpartum depression. The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with antenatal depression.

Methods

The study included 143 pregnant women who had completed the Korean version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (K-EPDS), the Korea-Marital Satisfaction Inventory's global distress scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2. Based on the K-EPDS scores, we divided the participants into two groups. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with antenatal depression.

Results

Thirty (21%) of the subjects were evaluated as being depressed, pregnant women. Pregnant women with high self-esteem and marital satisfaction were less likely to have depression. Similarly, those who are younger and those with an abortion history were more likely to have depression. Past psychiatric history and family history were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion

Dissatisfaction with marriage, low self-esteem, younger age, and abortion history were closely related to the presence of antenatal depression. The results of this study can be used as baseline data for the development of family-based education programs and early antenatal depression policies.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Maternal mental health promotion program of the Deodeok-gu Mental Health Welfare Center.

jkna-58-346-g001
Table 1

Sociodemographics and clinical characteristics of the participants

jkna-58-346-i001

Variables are presented as number (percentage) or mean (standard deviation). SD : Standard deviation, K-RSES : Korean Version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, CD-RISC-2 : Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2, K-MSI_GDS : Korean-Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Global Distress Scale

Table 2

Factors associated with antenatal depression

jkna-58-346-i002

The following factors were also included in the logistic regression analyses but not significantly associated with antenatal depression and therefore not presented in the table : unemployed, education, income, family psychiatric history, psychiatric history, unplanned pregnancy, duration of marriage, alcohol use during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy. *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01. OR : Odds ratio, CI : Confidence interval, K-RSES : Korean Version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, CD-RISC-2 : Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2, K-MSI_GDS : Korean-Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Global Distress Scale

Notes

Conflicts of Interest The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

References

1. American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition: DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychaitry Association;2013. p. 186–187.
2. O'Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013; 9:379–407.
3. Youn JH, Jeong IS. [Predictors of postpartum depression: prospective cohort study]. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013; 43:225–235.
crossref
4. Oddo-Sommerfeld S, Hain S, Louwen F, Schermelleh-Engel K. Longitudinal effects of dysfunctional perfectionism and avoidant personality style on postpartum mental disorders: pathways through antepartum depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2016; 191:280–288.
crossref
5. Lee AM, Lam SK, Sze Mun, Chong CSY, Chui HW, Fong DYT. Prevalence, course, and risk factors for antenatal anxiety and depression. Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 110:1102–1112.
crossref
6. Spinelli MG. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed antepartum women: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 1997; 154:1028–1030.
crossref
7. Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 106:1071–1083.
8. Cho HJ, Choi GY, Lee JJ, Lee IS, Park MI, Na JY, et al. Original reports : a study of predicting postpartum depression and the recovery factor from prepartum depression. Korean J Perinatol. 2004; 15:245–254.
9. Schatz DB, Hsiao MC, Liu CY. Antenatal depression in East Asia: a review of the literature. Psychiatry Investig. 2012; 9:111–118.
crossref
10. Field T. Prenatal depression risk factors, developmental effects and interventions: a review. J Pregnancy Child Health. 2017; 4:301.
crossref
11. Sheeba B, Nath A, Metgud CS, Krishna M, Venkatesh S, Vindhya J, et al. Prenatal depression and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in Bangalore: a hospital based prevalence study. Front Public Health. 2019; 7:108.
crossref
12. Kim SH. Factors associated with maternal attachment of breastfeeding mothers. Child Health Nurs Res. 2019; 25:65–73.
crossref
13. Koh M, Ahn S, Kim J, Park S. Pregnant women's antenatal depression and influencing factors. Korean J Women Health Nurs. 2019; 25:112–123.
crossref
14. Bonari L, Pinto N, Ahn E, Einarson A, Steiner M, Koren G. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49:726–735.
crossref
15. Hollins K. Consequences of antenatal mental health problems for child health and development. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 19:568–572.
crossref
16. Wolf AW, De Andraca I, Lozoff B. Maternal depression in three Latin American samples. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002; 37:169–176.
crossref
17. Leigh B, Milgrom J. Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress. BMC Psychiatry. 2008; 8:24.
crossref
18. Lee SY, Lim JY, Hong JP. Policy implications for promoting postpartum mental health. Sejong: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs;2017.
19. Ahn YJ. Introduction of pregnancy registry. Pubilc Health Weekly Report, PHWR. 2014; 7:953–957.
20. Kwon M. Antenatal depression and mother-fetal interaction. J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs. 2007; 13:416–426.
21. Kim YK, Hur JW, Kim KH, Oh KS, Shin YC. Clinical application of Korean version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2008; 47:36–44.
22. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987; 150:782–786.
23. Bae H, Choi S, Yu J, Lee J, Choi K. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (K-RSES) in adult. Mood Emot. 2014; 12:43–49.
24. Jon BJ. Self-esteem: a test of its measurability. Yonsei Nonchong. 1974; 11:107–130.
25. Snyder DK. Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI): administration booklet. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services;1979.
26. Kwon JH, Chae G. A validation study of the Korean Marital Satisfaction Inventory 2. Korean J Clin Psychol. 1999; 18:123–139.
27. Jeong HS, Kang I, Namgung E, Im JJ, Jeon Y, Son J, et al. Validation of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2 in firefighters and rescue workers. Compr Psychiatry. 2015; 59:123–128.
crossref
28. Gordon TE, Cardone IA, Kim JJ, Gordon SM, Silver RK. Universal perinatal depression screening in an Academic Medical Center. Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 107:342–347.
crossref
29. Alvarado R, Jadresic E, Guajardo V, Rojas G. First validation of a Spanish-translated version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for use in pregnant women. A Chilean study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015; 18:607–612.
crossref
30. Harris B, Huckle P, Thomas R, Johns S, Fung H. The use of rating scales to identify post-natal depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1989; 154:813–817.
crossref
31. Kwon JH. A test of a vulnerability-stress model of prepartum depression. Korean J Clin Psychol. 1996; 15:33–43.
32. Jesse DE, Walcott-McQuigg J, Mariella A, Swanson MS. Risks and protective factors associated with symptoms of depression in low-income African American and Caucasian women during pregnancy. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2005; 50:405–410.
crossref
33. Howard LM, Oram S, Galley H, Trevillion K, Feder G. Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS Med. 2013; 10:e1001452.
crossref
34. Pedersen W. Abortion and depression: a population-based longitudinal study of young women. Scand J Public Health. 2008; 36:424–428.
crossref
35. Klock SC, Chang G, Hiley A, Hill J. Psychological distress among women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Psychosomatics. 1997; 38:503–507.
crossref
36. Choi SK, Ahn SY, Shin JC, Jang DG. Original articles: a clinical study of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Korean J Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 52:1102–1108.
37. Ghaedrahmati M, Kazemi A, Kheirabadi G, Ebrahimi A, Bahrami M. Postpartum depression risk factors: a narrative review. J Educ Health Promot. 2017; 6:60.
38. Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Bilszta JL, Hayes B, Barnett B, Brooks J, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: a large prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2008; 108:147–157.
crossref
39. Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J. Prevalence rates and psychosocial characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and postpartum in Maltese women. J Affect Disord. 2004; 82:297–301.
crossref
40. Bunevicius R, Kusminskas L, Bunevicius A, Nadisauskiene RJ, Jureniene K, Pop VJ. Psychosocial risk factors for depression during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009; 88:599–605.
crossref
41. Daley AJ, Macarthur C, Winter H. The role of exercise in treating postpartum depression: a review of the literature. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2007; 52:56–62.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles