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Abstract
Objectives
Knowledge of labor and mental health status of full-time homemakers is essential for the health and maintenance of our society. This study investigated the current states of mental health and related factors in full-time female homemakers, and the effect of the gap between socially evaluated (perceived)- and self-evaluated value of labor of full-time female homemakers on depression.
Methods
Participants were sequentially recruited from among community-dwelling full-time female homemakers, and assessed using structured questionnaires composed of general items as well as Korean versions of Beck Depression Inventory-II (K-BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (K-BAI), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (K-BHS). The willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach was used to measure perceived and self-evaluated values of labor of full-time homemakers.
Results
A total of 169 participants were enrolled. The analytical results showed that 45.2% of participants were positive when screened by BDI (mild to severe depression), 39.6% positive by K-BAI (anxiety), and 60.9% positive by K-BHS (hopelessness). Multiple regression analysis of significant factors related to depression were burden of nurturing (t=3.99, p<0.001), monthly income (t=−3.24, p<0.01), and relationship with husband (t=−3.03, p<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the gap between perceived- and self-WTP was a significant negative impact factor for depression level transition (K-BDI-II≥14) (p=0.025, odds ratio=0.995).
Conclusion
The results showed that full-time female homemakers are under relatively risky conditions and are associated with blind spots in the mental health perspective, suggesting that social support and a political approach are necessary for the maintenance of mental health of full-time female homemakers.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Distribution of severity on depression, anxiety, and hopelessness scales in study participants (n=168). The histograms in this figure indirectly show the seriousness and the current states of mental health of community-dwelling full-time female homemakers. 45.2% of all participants manifested mild-to-severe depression in the K-BDI-II scale. In particular, depression of moderate severity (24.4%) was relatively more than depression of mild severity (17.9%). In addition, the rates of anxiety in K-BAI scale and hopelessness in K-BHS scale were 39.6% and 60.9%, respectively. K-BDI-II : Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, K-BAI : Korean version of Beck Anxiety Inventory, K-BHS : Korean version of Beck Hopelessness Scale.
Table 2
The comparison of socio-demographic variables and score distribution on each scale between depressed level and nondepressed level
Variables are presented as mean±standard deviation. * : p<0.05, † : Tendency toward significant difference (0.05<p<0.1), ‡ : Visual Analogue Scale (range, 0-10) was adopted for evaluation, § : Unit ; 104 KRW. WTP : Willingness-to-pay, K-BDI-II : Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, K-BAI : Korean version of Beck Anxiety Inventory, K-BHS : Korean version of Beck Hopelessness Scale, RSES : Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, CI : Confidence interval
Table 3
The impact of variables on score of K-BDI-II in total participants (n=168)
In order to examine the impact of 7 variables on K-BDI-II scores, multiple regression analysis was performed. It was confirmed that there is no multi-collinearity between variables. Explanatory power of the model was 20%, which was significant (p<0.001). * : Significant association between the variable and K-BDI-II score. K-BDI-II : Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, SE : Standard error, CI : Confidence interval, WTP : Willingness-to-pay
Table 4
The impact of variables on whether participants are depressed (K-BDI-II≥14) in total participants (n=168)
In order to examine the impact of 7 variables on depression (K-BDI-II≥14), binary logistic regression analysis was performed. * : Significant association between the variable and whether participants are depressed (p<0.05), † : Tendency toward significance (0.05<p<0.1). K-BDI-II : Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, CI : Confidence interval, OR : Odds ratio, WTP : Willingness-to-pay
Table 5
The impact of WTP-gap and other variables on severity in participants of depression level (n=76)
In order to test the influence of 7 variables on the score of K-BDI-II, multiple regression analysis was performed for participants of depression level (K-BDI-II≥14). Explanatory power of the model was 13.6%, which was not significant (p=0.16). * : Significant association between the variable and K-BDI-II score, † : Tendency toward significance. K-BDI-II : Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, SE : Standard error, CI : Confidence interval, WTP : Willingness-to-pay
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the grant of Insan Research Fund for Psychiatry (2017).
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