Abstract
The issues raised by the ‘me too’ movement, which have been alarming members of Korean society since early 2018, are ‘unspeakable.’ In past instances of sexual violence, the silence of some victims indicated there was no crime and no harm. The societal approach that did not identify, name, or reveal the damage made the existence of ‘sexual violence’ possible. In the medical community, it is necessary for sexual violence victims who visit medical institutions to ensure the victim can “talk” to a health care provider. Medical practitioners need to have the knowledge, skills, and experiences to enable victims of sexual violence to engage in professional interventions at each stage of sexual violence treatment. During each stage, medical staff should base their treatment on an understanding of the specific situation of the sexual violence victim. In this review article, we introduce various phenomena associated with sexual violence that is aimed at minority groups, including technology-facilitated sexual violence.
Figures and Tables
References
1. humanrights.go.kr [homepage on the Internet]. Seoul: National Human Rights Commission of Korea;cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: https://www.humanrights.go.kr/site/program/dictionary/listDictionary?menuid=001003006.
2. Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Report of national research on the actual condition of sexual violence, 2016. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality and Family;2017.
3. Supreme Prosecutors' Office. Crime Analysis 2017. cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: https://www.spo.go.kr/site/spo/crimeAnalysis.do.
4. National Police Agency. Crime statistics, 2018. cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: https://www.police.go.kr/portal/main/contents.do?menuNo=200529.
5. Sedlak AJ, Broadhurst DD. Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect(NIS-3): final report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services;1996.
6. Shim YH. A study on sexual violence in Korea: a victimization survey of Seoul women. Korean Criminol Rev. 1990; 1:149–194.
7. Kim BN. Child sexual abuse - concept, pathophysiology, psychiatric sequelae, intervention -. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002; 13:47–66.
8. Song BK, Kim DK, Park HY, Hwang JW, Kwak YH. A multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of child abuse in Korea. Korean J Pediatr. 2009; 52:1207–1215.
9. Han JS, Cho SJ, Bae SM. Factors associated with disclosure of sexual abuse of children and adolescent victims. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015; 26:176–182.
10. Finkelhor D. Epidemiological factors in the clinical identification of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1993; 17:67–70.
11. Hong KE, Kang BG, Kwack YS. A survey of intrafamilial child sexual abuse by physician's reports. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998; 9:138–147.
12. Lee SK, Kwack YS. A clinical study on child sexual abuse. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994; 5:184–193.
13. Anderson J, Martin J, Mullen P, Romans S, Herbison P. Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse experiences in a community sample of women. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993; 32:911–919.
14. Korea Sexual Violence Relief Center. 2018 Counseling statistics of Korea Sexual Violence Relief Center. cited 2019 Sep. Available from: http://www.sisters.or.kr/load.asp?sub_p=board/board&b_code=7&page=1&f_cate=&idx=4848&board_md=view.
15. moe.go.kr [homepage on the Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Education;cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: https://www.moe.go.kr/newsearch/searchTst.jsp.
16. Mears DP, Mancini C, Gertz M, Bratton J. Sex crimes, children, and pornography: public views and public policy. Crime & Delinquency. 2008; 54:532–559.
17. index.go.kr [homepage on the Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=2776.
21. Gottfredson M, Hirshi T. A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press;1990.
22. Logue AW. Self-control: waiting until tomorrow for what you want today. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall;1995.
23. Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 1998; 1:237–244.
24. Shin YJ, Oh TS, Lee YJ, Song WY, Lee KS, Yoo EH. The psychosocial characteristics of juvenile sexual offenders: comparisons with juvenile nonsexual offenders. The Journal of Play Therapy. 2005; 9:39–52.
25. Park YS, Bae C, Seo HS. Actual condition of juvenile sexual delinquency and its counter-plan. J Korean Public Police Secur Stud. 2008; 5:131–163.
26. Choi EPH, Wong JYH, Fong DYT. An emerging risk factor of sexual abuse: the use of smartphone dating applications. Sex Abuse. 2018; 30:343–366.
27. Jeon B, Kim M. Effects of smart phone addiction on the sexual violence perpetration of elementary school boys and moderating effects of perception of crime deterrence. Soc Sci Res Rev. 2016; 32:257–276.
28. hotline.or.kr [homepage on the Internet]. Seoul: Korea Women's hot Line;cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: http://hotline.or.kr/board_statistics/28328.
29. Park S, Kim SH. Who are the victims and who are the perpetrators in dating violence? Sharing the role of victim and perpetrator. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2017; 20:732–774.
30. Park S, Kim SH. The power of family and community factors in predicting dating violence: a meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2018; 40:19–28.
31. Shen ACT, Chiu MYL, Gao J. Predictors of dating violence among Chinese adolescents: the role of gender-role beliefs and justification of violence. J Interpers Violence. 2012; 27:1066–1089.
32. Woo HJ, Jang SH, Kwon HI. A study on the overcoming experience of women suffering from dating violence. Korean J Woman Psychol. 2017; 22:315–335.
33. Park KE, You YG. A study on the psychological innerness in female victims of dating violence. Korean J Counsel Psychotherapy. 2017; 29:711–742.
34. mohw.go.kr [homepage on the Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=032901&CONT_SEQ=345972.
35. Harkins L, Beech AR. A review of the factors that can influence the effectiveness of sexual offender treatment: risk, need, responsivity, and process issues. Aggress Violent Behav. 2007; 12:615–627.
36. Lindsay WR, Law J, Quinn K, Smart N, Smith AH. A comparison of physical and sexual abuse: histories of sexual and non-sexual offenders with intellectual disability. Child Abuse Negl. 2001; 25:989–995.
37. Lee M, Yoon D, Lee H. Status and policy measures for supporting victims of sexual violence of children, adolescent, and disabled. Seoul: Korea Women's Development Institute;2015.
38. Moon H. Sexual violence damage experience of women with intellectual disabilities [dissertation]. Seoul: Ewha Womans University;2014.
39. Cho K. A study on the criminal law and the criminal procedure law about sexual violence against mentally retarded women [dissertation]. Seoul: Hankuk University of Foreign Studies;2006.
40. Sung WY, Lim HY. A study on the experiences of parents of women with intellectual disabilities who are sexually victimized. Korean J Qual Res Soc Welfare. 2019; 13:89–115.
41. lawissue.co.kr [homepage on the Internet]. Seoul: Lawissue;cited 2019 Oct 1. Available from: http://www.lawissue.co.kr/view.php?ud=23241.
42. Kim J. Sexual harassment and sexual violence in patients and guardians by medical persons. Med Soc. 2018; 9:52–68.
43. Public Human Rights Law Foundation Gonggam. Survey on the standards of sexual harassment prevention in the medical examination and treatment process. . Seoul: National Human Rights Commission of Korea;2014. p. 75.
44. Chang HY, Lim KY. Sexual boundary violation between psychiatrist and patient. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2018; 57:317–322.
45. Research Institute for Healthcare Policy. Regulations on sexual harassment and sexual assault in medical institutions. Seoul: Korean Medical Association;2018.
46. Jin KS, Kim S, Jeong YK, Song HJ, Song M. Attitudes towards sexual comments in group texting. Korean J Woman Psychol. 2017; 22:289–313.
47. Henry N, Powell A. Embodied harms: gender, shame, and technologyfacilitated sexual violence. Violence Against Women. 2015; 21:758–779.
48. Henry N, Powell A. Technology-facilitated sexual violence: a literature review of empirical research. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018; 19:195–208.
49. McGlynn C, Rackley E, Houghton R. Beyond ‘revenge porn’: the continuum of image-based sexual abuse. Fem Leg Stud. 2017; 25:25–46.
50. Kim H. Criminal justice policy on cyber-sex crimes, digital-sex crimes. Ewha J Gend Law. 2017; 9:27–57.
51. Jang D, Kim SO. A study on the punishment and control of online sexual violence crime. Seoul: Korean Institute of Criminology;2018.
52. Choung HU. Cause and prevention of secondary damage of sexual violence crime. Law Rev. 2018; 18:55–88.
53. Park H. The victim selection of sexual offender. Korean Criminol Rev. 2018; 29:119–148.
54. Smith DW, Letourneau EJ, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Best CL. Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: results from a national survey. Child Abuse Negl. 2000; 24:273–287.
55. Widom CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156:1223–1229.
56. Levin AP, Kleinman SB, Adler JS. DSM-5 and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2014; 42:146–158.
57. Tedeschi FK, Billick SB. Pediatric PTSD in the DSM-5 and the forensic interview of traumatized youth. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2017; 45:175–183.