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Shin, Hwang, Lee, Choi, Han, and Yu: Predictors of midpalatal suture expansion by miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion in young adults: A preliminary study
Original Article

The Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2019; 49(6): 360-371.

Published online: 26 November 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2019.49.6.360

Predictors of midpalatal suture expansion by miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion in young adults: A preliminary study

Hyerin Shina, Chung-Ju Hwanga, b, Kee-Joon Leea, b, Yoon Jeong Choia, b, Sang-Sun Hanc, Hyung Seog Yua, b

aDepartment of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

bInstitute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

cDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hyung Seog Yu. Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea. Tel +82-2-2228-3104, yumichael@yuhs.ac

Received 10 April 2019       Revised 24 July 2019       Accepted 26 July 2019

© 2019 The Korean Association of Orthodontists.

The Korean Association of Orthodontists

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective

We sought to determine the predictors of midpalatal suture expansion by miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) in young adults.

Methods

The following variables were selected as possible predictors: chronological age, palate length and depth, midpalatal suture maturation (MPSM) stage, midpalatal suture density (MPSD) ratio, the sella-nasion (SN)-mandibular plane (MP) angle as an indicator of the vertical skeletal pattern, and the point A-nasion-point B (ANB) angle for anteroposterior skeletal classification. For 31 patients (mean age, 22.52 years) who underwent MARPE treatment, palate length and depth, MPSM stage and MPSD ratio from the initial cone-beam computed tomography images, and the SN-MP angle and ANB angle from lateral cephalograms were assessed. The midpalatal suture opening ratio was calculated from the midpalatal suture opening width measured in periapical radiographs and the MARPE screw expansion. Statistical analyses of correlations were performed for the entire patient group of 31 subjects and subgroups categorized by sex, vertical skeletal pattern, and anteroposterior skeletal classification.

Results

In the entire patient group, the midpalatal suture opening ratio showed statistically significant negative correlations with age, palate length, and MPSM stage (r = −0.506, −0.494, and −0.746, respectively, all p < 0.01). In subgroup analyses, a strong negative correlation was observed with the palate depth in the skeletal Class II subgroup (r = −0.900, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The findings of this study indicated that age, palate length, and MPSM stage can be predictors of midpalatal suture expansion by MARPE in young adults.

Keywords: Adult treatment, Expansion, Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion, Predictors

INTRODUCTION

Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) is used in patients with maxillary constriction. It often shows adverse effects such as buccal tipping or bony dehiscence of the posterior teeth. Previous studies have reported that the success rates of MARPE in adults range from 84.2% to 86.96%.12 Although MARPE facilitates more efficient bone splitting than does conventional rapid palatal expansion (RPE),3 if it fails in a post-growth patient, the treatment plan has to be changed to a more invasive surgically assisted RPE. Therefore, identification of predictors of success/failure of MARPE in young adults is clinically meaningful. However, previous studies have focused on predictors of conventional RPE,45 post-MARPE stability,26 or stress and displacement of craniofacial sutures,378 and no study has focused on the predictors of MARPE in young adults.
Some previous studies indicated that an appliance-induced palatal bone split may be attributable to multiple factors rather than simply being caused by suture ossification.91011 Although chronological age was considered as a conventional RPE indicator,121314 this assumption remains controversial.15 In addition, given the physical phenomena involved in MARPE, palatal shape (length and depth) may also be a contributing factor. Although the MARPE appliance is not placed at the anterior palate, more expansion occurs in the anterior than in the posterior region due to the resistance of the sutures and posterior bones close to the palate, etc.78 Matsuyama et al.,16 through a finite element analysis, showed that palatal bone expansion decreased significantly with increased palate depth. Other factors that can be considered include the vertical skeletal pattern and anteroposterior skeletal classification. At higher sella-nasion (SN)-mandibular plane (MP) angles, the palate depth increased or the dental arch width decreased.1718 Furthermore, the dental arch widths of Class II and III malocclusion groups were significantly smaller than that of a Class I group.19 Therefore, the SN-MP angle, which indicates the vertical skeletal pattern, and the point A-nasion-point B (ANB) angle, which indicates the horizontal skeletal relationship, can be considered as factors that may affect midpalatal expansion in MARPE. Recently, the midpalatal suture maturation (MPSM) stage (stages A–E)20 and midpalatal suture density (MPSD) ratio21 were also proposed as predictors of conventional RPE response.
Taken together, under the premise that midpalatal suture expansion by MARPE is affected by multiple factors, the following factors should be considered as potential contributing variables: chronological age, palate length and depth, SN-MP angle, anteroposterior skeletal classification, MPSM stage, and MPSD ratio.
In general, skeletal expansion by MARPE is evaluated on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, because accurate evaluation of midpalatal suture expansion on radiographic images has been considered to be difficult due to image distortion and overlap of the midpalatal suture area with the vomer and nose.10 However, maxillary anterior periapical radiographs are still used for clinical evaluation of midpalatal suture expansion. This study evaluated midpalatal suture opening on periapical radiographs in which the magnification and distortion issues on radiographic images were minimized.
This study sought to determine the predictors of midpalatal suture expansion by MARPE in young adults by analyzing the correlations of the midpalatal suture opening ratio with potential variables, namely, age, palate length and depth, vertical skeletal pattern, anteroposterior skeletal classification, MPSM stage, and MPSD ratio.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design

This retrospective study included 31 adult patients (mean age, 22.52 ± 5.11 years) who had undergone MARPE at the Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University Dental Hospital between 2016 and 2017. The study protocol, including the use of existing periapical radiographic and CBCT images, was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University Dental Hospital (No. 2-2018-0030). The inclusion criteria were as follows: age greater than 18 years, good oral hygiene, and no general diseases or congenital cranial malformations. Patients with insufficient follow-up records were excluded. The corresponding patients' records of lateral cephalograms, CBCT images, and maxillary anterior periapical radiographic images before (T0) and after (T2) MARPE were acquired from the archives of the Department of Orthodontics, including periapical radiographic images (HELIODENT MD; Siemens, Munich, Germany) taken at 2- to 4-week intervals after commencing MARPE activation to confirm the midpalatal suture opening. T1 was defined as the time when the midpalatal suture opening was found for the first time in a periapical radiographic image. In addition, to verify the factors affecting the success or failure of midpalatal suture expansion by MARPE, this study also involved subjects who did not show confirmed skeletal expansion in the final periapical radiographic images. All acquired radiographic images were confirmed using an anterior Rinn XCP positioning instrument to ensure a constant-magnification image. CBCT (Alphard-3030; ASAHI Roentgen IND, Kyoto, Japan) images were captured for 17 seconds (settings: 8.0 mA and 80 kV; field of view: 200 × 179 mm2; and voxel size: 390 µm).
The hyrax-type MARPE appliance was placed at the palate with four miniscrews (diameter: 1.8 mm, length 7.0 mm, self-drilled type; ORLUS; Ortholution, Seoul, Korea) in holes connected with an expander base (Figure 1). MARPE was activated at the rate of 1 turn/day (0.2 mm/turn). If no opening was found despite periodic activation in periapical radiographic images, a slow turn (1 turn/2 days) was applied to obtain a camouflage dental effect.
For evaluation of midpalatal suture opening in the periapical radiographic images in this study, when midpalatal suture opening was verified in a radiographic image, the patient was classified into the “separation” group, otherwise the patient was classified into the “non-separation” group.
Subjects in the present study were further classified into subgroups by MPSM stage, sex, vertical skeletal pattern (SN-MP angle: low [< 27°], average [27–37°], or high [> 37°]),22 and anteroposterior skeletal classification (ANB angle: Class I [0–4°], Class II [> 4°], or Class III [< 0°]).22

Measurements

Table 1 shows the definitions of the measured variables. The midpalatal suture opening ratio was the ratio of midpalatal suture opening width measured in periapical radiographic images to the MARPE screw expansion width, converted from the number of turns recorded in a chart on every visit. The midpalatal suture opening width was obtained in periapical radiographic images at T0 and T1 in the separation group and at T2 in the non-separation group, and was defined as the change in the distance between the mesial cementoenamel junction points of both upper central incisors (Figure 2).
CBCT images were saved as digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) files, and measurements were made with InVivo5® software (ver. 5.4.5; Anatomage, San Jose, CA, USA). For re-orientation of CBCT images, a line that connected both the infraorbital lower margins in the frontal view as well as the Frankfort horizontal plane in the sagittal view were used (Figure 3).
The palate length and depth, MPSM stage, and the MPSD ratio were acquired in imported T0 CBCT images. The palate length was defined, in axial view, as the distance from the posterior border of the incisive foramen to the line formed by the coronal slice passing the posterior nasal spine in sagittal plane (Figure 4A and 4B). The measurement of U4 or U6 palate depths started from the line passing through both upper first premolar buccal tips or mesiobuccal furcations of the first molar in an axial plane (Figure 4C). In the coronal slice obtained at the baseline in Figure 4C, palate depth was the distance from the deepest palate point to the line connected with both palatal cementoenamel junctions of both upper premolars (Figure 4D) or first molars. If the line connecting two points, such as the buccal tips or furcations, was not located on a plane in an axial view, the line was forced to pass through the midpoints of straight lines that passed through the respective points.
The MPSM stages were determined based on the midpalatal suture morphology of both of maxillary and palatine bones, following the method proposed by Angelieri et al. (Figure 5).20 The MPSD ratio was evaluated by the grey scales in the midpalatal suture, the palatine process of the maxilla, and the soft palate, in accordance with the definition proposed by Grünheid et al.21 (Figure 6): the ratio of the difference in grey scales in the midpalatal suture and the soft palate to the difference of grey scales in the palatine process and soft palate.
On the initial lateral cephalograms, the SN-MP angle and ANB angle were digitized in V-Ceph 5.5 (Osstem, Seoul, Korea). The MP was defined from the menton to the inferior border of the angular area of the mandible.23 The basic characteristics of the subjects are provided in Table 2.

Statistical analysis

All measurements were repeated after 2 weeks to assess their reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient was > 0.9. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS (ver. 15.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Based on the results of a pilot study, the minimum sample size for determining correlations between the midpalatal suture opening ratio and variables was 24 in R software ver. 3.4.4 for 80% power using a two-sided significance level of 0.05. The normality of each subgroup was determined by the Shapiro–Wilk test. One-sample t-test or an independent-sample t-test was used to compare the means in the entire patient group and the subgroups. For the MPSM stage, an ordinal scale, nonparametric analysis was performed. The Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to compare the data in subgroups. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was performed depending on the data normality of each group or the characteristic of each variable. Lastly, a linear regression model was developed. For this, the ordinal scale, MPSM stage, was converted to dummy variables (dMPSM1 and dMPSM2). For stage C, dMPSM1 = 0 and dMPSM2 = 0; for stage D, dMPSM1 = 1 and dMPSM2 = 0; and for stage E, dMPSM1 = 0 and dMPSM2 = 1.

RESULTS

Table 3 shows the descriptive statistics of the measured variables in the separation and non-separation groups as well as in all subjects, including the mean differences between groups. Comparisons of the means of the variables in the entire patient group and the separation group did not show statistically significant differences (all p > 0.05). The median values of MPSM in the entire patient group and the separation group showed no difference (both medians = 3, 25th to 75th percentile = 3.00–4.00), unlike the findings for the non-separation group (median = 4, 25th to 75th percentile = 3.75–5.00). The Mann–Whitney U test between the separation and non-separation groups showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).
Table 4 shows that there were significant differences in the midpalatal suture opening ratio in relation to the MPSM stage and sex (all p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in relation to the vertical skeletal pattern and the anteroposterior skeletal classification (all p > 0.05). Tukey test using ranks of the midpalatal suture opening ratio showed statistically significant differences in the MPSM stage C and others. Additionally, MPSM stages A and B were not found in the subjects of this study.
The results of the correlation analyses between midpalatal suture opening ratio and variables in the entire patient group and subgroups are shown in Table 5. In the entire patient group, age, palate length, and MPSM stage showed statistically significant negative correlations with the midpalatal suture opening ratio (r = −0.506, −0.494, and −0.746, respectively, all p < 0.01; Figure 7), whereas age and MPSM stage showed significant negative correlations in the separation group (r = −0.507 and −0.765, respectively, both p < 0.01). In other subgroup analyses, only U4 palate depth showed a significant correlation in the skeletal Class II subgroup (r = −0.900, p < 0.05).
Based on the results of the correlation analysis in the entire patient group, age, palate length, and MPSM stage were selected as the primary predictors for the MARPE midpalatal suture opening ratio. Before linear regression modeling, the determinant coefficient, adjusted R2, and the significance were determined for the number of variables included to evaluate the explanatory power according to the number of variables considered (Table 6). As the number of variables increased, R2 increased. Age had the least explanatory power (0.201); the highest explanatory power (0.520) was obtained when all three variables were simultaneously included. Therefore, age, palate length, and MPSM stage were all included in the linear regression model for the midpalatal suture opening ratio:
Midpalatal suture opening ratio = −0.346 × age − 0.325 × palate length − 0.4 × dMPSM1
The characteristics of the non-separation subjects are shown in Table 7. In total, 15% of the subjects in their 20s and 50% of those in their 30s failed to achieve midpalatal suture opening. One subject with MPSM stage C was also included in this group.

DISCUSSION

This study premised that midpalatal suture opening was affected by multiple variables and identified age, palate length, and MPSM stage as predictors of midpalatal suture expansion by MARPE in young adults.
In general, as age increases, midpalatal suture interdigitation increases, with marked variations across individuals.92425 In addition, some studies have stated that the ossification of the midpalatal suture of each individual should be assessed by CBCT.2026 However, the results of the present study show that the age differed significantly across MPSM stages (Table 4), and age correlated significantly with the midpalatal suture opening ratio (Table 5). Furthermore, linear regression analysis indicated that the inclusion of age increased the explanatory power of the model (R2 = 0.424 excluding age; R2 = 0.520 including age). Therefore, it is reasonable that age should be considered as a contributing predictor of MARPE outcome in adults, even though it could not be a definitive factor in determining the maturity of the midpalatal suture, as Angelieri et al.20 described.
Persson and Thilander24 reported that midpalatal suture ossification progresses from the posterior to the anterior region. Therefore, in cases with a longer palate length, suture expansion in the anterior side will be clearly delayed. Furthermore, the result showing a statistically significant difference in the mean values of the palate length between the separation and non-separation groups supports our finding of palate length as a new predictor.
The MPSD ratio did not correlate significantly with the midpalatal suture opening ratio (Figure 7D), unlike the results reported by Grünheid et al.21 The differences between these studies may be due to the following factors. First, the MPSD ratio was determined by the difference in grey scale between the midpalatal suture and the palatal process (Figure 6). Unlike in the study by Grünheid et al.,21 which targeted growing patients (mean age, 7.9–16.6 years), this study targeted adults, in whom the grey scales of these two areas were not significantly different. Second, when the grey scale of the palatal process was measured using a 4- × 4-mm rectangle according to the method described by Grünheid et al.,21 the grey scale changed depending on the location of this rectangle. In contrast, the MPSM stage designation was highly reproducible in CBCT images, in agreement with another recent study.27
Matsuyama et al.16 reported that palate expansion was dependent on the palate depth, which was 4 or 8 mm higher, through finite element analysis, unlike the results of this study. However, the mean difference in palate depth between the separation and non-separation groups was less than 2 mm in their study.
In females and skeletal Class III subgroups listed in Table 5, the variables that showed significant correlations with the midpalatal suture opening ratio were similar to those identified in the entire patient group, perhaps because females and skeletal Class III patients accounted for 67.7% (21 of 31) and 58.1% (18 of 31) of the total patient population, respectively. Thus, the characteristics of small subgroups may have been masked in the entire patient group. In that sense, the strong correlation of U4 palate depth with the midpalatal suture opening ratio in the skeletal Class II subgroup has important meaning. Therefore, further studies with more samples in each anteroposterior skeletal classification subgroup will be necessary to re-evaluate the correlation between the midpalatal suture opening ratio and anteroposterior skeletal classification.
The explanatory power for the midpalatal suture opening ratio was the highest when age, palate length, and MPSM stage were all considered, as determined by the linear regression model. Furthermore, the explanatory power when including two variables was about two-fold greater than that obtained when considering only age. Thus, if the palate length can be measured accurately in lateral cephalograms, the possibility of midpalatal suture opening via MARPE can be easily predicted by using only age and palate length, without the evaluation of MPSM stage through CBCT images.
As shown in Table 7, a subject with MPSM stage C was included in the non-separation group in this study, even though a previous study described that stage C in postadolescents was a good prognostic factor.26 Overall, the results of the correlation and linear regression analysis demonstrated that the midpalatal suture opening is influenced by multiple factors.
This study had some unavoidable limitations. First, the present study considered only the midpalatal suture among facial and cranial sutures and limited the affected variables to those related to the palatal bone, even though previous studies have described that the midpalatal suture opening was affected by various factors related to the surrounding structures, including the pterygomaxillary suture, the sphenoid, and the zygomatic buttress.252829 In addition, for quantitative assessment of the midpalatal suture interdigitation, microcomputed tomography analysis has been considered to be more accurate than CBCT analysis.30 The evaluation of the MPSM stages in the present study can be considered as a qualitative and relative analysis method. Thus, the observed results should be interpreted with caution.
Second, the small samples of subgroups in this study limited the generalizability of the results. Therefore, further studies with more samples in each subgroup will be necessary to re-evaluate the correlation with the midpalatal suture opening ratio.

CONCLUSION

For MARPE in young adults, age, palate length, and MPSM, but not the MPSD ratio, showed significant negative correlations with the midpalatal suture opening ratio. Although the vertical skeletal pattern and anteroposterior skeletal classification did not show statistically significant correlations, these findings should be verified in a future study with a larger sample size. Based on the regression analysis results, we propose that age, palate length, and MPSM should be considered simultaneously as predictors of the success/failure of MARPE in young adults.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion appliance. A, Before expansion. B, After expansion.

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Figure 2

Midpalatal suture opening width in periapical radiographic images (A) at T0 and (B) at T1 in separation and at T2 in non-separation cases. The midpalatal suture opening width was defined as the difference in distance (a′–a) between the mesial cementoenamel junctions of both upper central incisors.

T0, Initial; T1, when the midpalatal suture opening was confirmed in a periapical radiograph; T2, immediately after miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion stopped.
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Figure 3

Re-orientation in InVivo5® software. A, In the coronal view, the horizontal line connected with both infraorbital lower borders. B, In the sagittal view, the Frankfort horizontal plane was used.

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Figure 4

Measurements of palate length and the maxillary first premolar (U4) palate depth. A, Baselines for palate length in a sagittal view: the horizontal line passing through incisive foramen and the vertical line passing through posterior nasal spine (PNS). B, The solid arrow indicates palate length, defined as a perpendicular length from the posterior border of incisive foramen to the horizontal line made by coronal plane through the PNS sagittally. C, In an axial view, the horizontal line passing through both U4 buccal tips. D, In a coronal slice including the horizontal line in C, a solid arrow indicates U4 palate depth, defined as the perpendicular length from the deepest point on the palate to the horizontal line connecting both palatal cementoenamel junction points of U4.

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Figure 5

Schematic images of midpalatal suture maturation stages by midpalatal suture morphology, in accordance with the results reported by Angelieri et al.20 Stage A shows a straight high-density line of a midpalatal suture with little interdigitation; stage B shows a scalloped high-density line of a suture; stage C shows two parallel, scalloped, high-density lines both in the maxillary and palatine bones; stage D is characterized by the fusion of the midpalatal suture in the palatine bone; and in stage E, the midpalatal suture is not seen even in the maxillary portion.

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Figure 6

Evaluations of grey scales for midpalatal suture density ratio. A, In the midpalatal suture. B, In the palatine process of the maxilla and soft palate, in accordance with the results reported by Grünheid et al.21

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Figure 7

Correlations between midpalatal suture opening ratio and age (A), palate length (B), MPSM stage (C), MPSD ratio (D), SN-MP angle (E), and ANB angle (F). Best-fit lines with correlation coefficients, r by Pearson correlation analysis and rs by Spearman correlation analysis (A–C, p < 0.01; D–F, p > 0.05).

MPSM, Midpalatal suture maturation; MPSD, midpalatal suture density; SN-MP, sella-nasion-mandibular plane; ANB, point A-nasion-point B.
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Table 1

Definitions of the measured variables

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CEJ, Cementoenamel junction; PNS, posterior nasal spine; SN-MP, sella-nasion-mandibular plane; ANB, point A-nasion-point B.

Table 2

Basic characteristics of the subjects (n = 31)

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Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (range) or number only.

MARPE, Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion; SN-MP, sella-nasion-mandibular plane; ANB, point A-nasion-point B; T0, initial; T1, when the midpalatal suture opening was confirmed in a periapical radiograph; T2, right after MARPE expansion stopped.

Table 3

Comparison of mean values among the entire patient group and the separation and non-separation groups

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An ordinal scale, midpalatal suture maturation stage, was excluded from this Table.

U4 and U6, The maxillary first premolar and molar respectively; SD, standard deviation.

Mean difference was analyzed by a sample t-test according to the normality of the data (*p < 0.01; **p < 0.001).

Table 4

Descriptive statistics of subgroups and comparison of the midpalatal suture opening ratio

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Min, Minimum; max, maximum; IQR, interquartile range; MPSM, midpalatal suture maturation; SN-MP, sella-nasion-mandibular plane; ANB, point A-nasion-point B.

Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis test was performed because the data were not normally distributed.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Refer to Figure 5 for definitions of MPSM stage.

Table 5

Correlations between midpalatal suture opening ratio and variables in the entire patient group and subgroups

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Vertical skeletal pattern by SN-MP angle: low, SN-MP < 27°; average, 27° ≤ SN-MP ≤ 37°; high, SN-MP > 37°.

Skeletal classification by ANB angle: Class I, 0° ≤ ANB ≤ 4°; Class II, ANB > 4°; Class III, ANB < 0°.

U4 and U6, The maxillary first premolar and molar respectively; SN-MP, sella-nasion-mandibular plane; ANB, point A-nasion-point B; MPSM, midpalatal suture maturation; MPSD, midpalatal suture density.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

†Pearson's correlation analysis was performed depending on the data normality, except for MPSM. For other subgroups, Spearman's rho, rs, was obtained by Spearman correlation analysis because the data were not normally distributed.

‡No statistical analysis was performed due to the small sample size.

§For MPSM, an ordinal scale, Spearman correlation analysis was performed.

Table 6

The determinant coefficient, R2 , values of midpalatal suture opening ratio corresponding to the number of independent variables

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MPSM, Midpalatal suture maturation.

Table 7

Characteristics of the subjects in the non-separation group (n = 6)

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Vertical skeletal pattern by the SN-MP angle: low, SN-MP < 27°; average, 27° ≤ SN-MP ≤ 37°; high, SN-MP > 37°.

Skeletal classification by ANB angle: Class I, 0° ≤ ANB ≤ 4°; Class II, ANB > 4°; Class III, ANB < 0°.

MPSM, Midpalatal suture maturation; SD, standard deviation; SN-MP, sella-nasion-mandibular plane; ANB, point A-nasion-point B.

Refer to Figure 5 for definitions of MPSM stage.

Notes

How to cite this article Shin H, Hwang CJ, Lee KJ, Choi YJ, Han SS, Yu HS. Predictors of midpalatal suture expansion by miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) in young adults: A preliminary study. Korean J Orthod 2019;49:360–371.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Hyerin Shin
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5317-6769

Hyung Seog Yu
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-5078

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