Key Points of the 2019 Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension

Kazuomi Kario

doi:10.4070/kcj.2019.0246

Journal List > Korean Circ J > v.49(12) > 1137162

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Kario: Key Points of the 2019 Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension

Review Article

Korean Circulation Journal 2019; 49(12): 1123-1135.

Published online: 21 October 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2019.0246

Key Points of the 2019 Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension

Kazuomi Kario, MD, PhD

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.

Correspondence to Kazuomi Kario, MD, PhD. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan. kkario@jichi.ac.jp

Received 30 July 2019 Accepted 9 August 2019

The Korean Society of Cardiology

(open-access, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The new 2019 Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) guidelines for the management of hypertension are now available; these update the previous guidelines published in 2014. The primary objective of the guideline is to provide all healthcare professionals with a standard management strategy and appropriate antihypertensive treatments to prevent hypertension-related target organ damage and cardiovascular events. The major changes in the new guideline relate to the definition of normal blood pressure (BP) and target BP. The terms ‘normal BP’ and ‘high normal BP’ used in the JSH 2014 guidelines are replaced with terms ‘high normal BP’ and ‘elevated BP,’ respectively. There was no change to the office BP diagnostic threshold for hypertension (140/90 mmHg). Recommended target office and home BP values for patients with hypertension aged <75 years and/or high-risk patients are <130/80 mmHg and <125/75 mmHg, respectively. Corresponding targets for elderly patients with hypertension (age≥75 years) are 140/90 and 135/85 mmHg, respectively. The goal is that these changes will contribute to reducing cardiovascular events, especially stroke and heart failure, in Japan. The dissemination of the JSH 2019 guidelines and implementation of a home BP-based approach by all general practitioners in Japan might be facilitated by digital hypertension management using health information technology.

Keywords: Hypertension, Evidence-based practice, Antihypertensive agents, Japan

INTRODUCTION

The Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) has published ‘The JSH Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in 2019,1) aiming for more effective prevention of hypertension-related organ damage and cardiovascular events for Japanese patients with hypertension.

The prevalence of hypertension in most Asian countries has been increasing because of social and Westernized lifestyle changes. The population in Japan is aging faster than anywhere else in the world. According to the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016,2) the prevalence of hypertension is 60% for men and 41% for women for those aged 40–74 years, and 74% for men and 77% for women in those aged ≥75 years. For most Asian populations, the risk of stroke is higher than that of coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypertension is one of the most widespread and powerful risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and age-related diseases such as vascular dementia, heart failure (HF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD),3)4)5) and its role in global health and that of the Japanese is of great interest. Furthermore, the public health concerns regarding these diseases are urgent matters that must be understood and addressed immediately.

The new JSH 2019 guidelines were prepared considering the current background and conditions for the aging population in Japan. Although there are some discrepancies between the JSH 2019 guidelines and those from other countries, the background and conditions in each country are different, and these need to be discussed and understood.

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION 2019 GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT

The JSH 2019 guidelines were compiled by 44 writing members and 74 document reviewers who were officials of the JSH and specialists in stroke, pregnancy-induced hypertension, endocrinology, dementia, dialysis, and medical economics. Systemic review members were recommended by the writing members, and 43 members were selected. In addition, 22 liaison members were selected based on recommendations from 22 affiliated societies, and evaluation was performed according to Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II criteria.6) Five advisors were chosen.

The JSH 2019 guidelines evaluated 17 clinical questions for systemic reviews and made recommendations based on evidence level and recommendation grade. If there was not enough evidence, 9 questions were evaluated and answers were determined from recent materials. Data on clinical questions and questions in the literature were collected by searching on PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and Ichushi-Web, based on publication dates up to the end of 2017. Final recommendations were determined after repeated rounds of voting by e-mail (the Delphi method).

BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

There is no change to the methods of measurement from the 2014 JSH guidelines. Recent studies reported that automated office blood pressure (AOBP) might be able to eliminate the white-coat effect.7) Therefore, AOBP was discussed and the possibility of its use was evaluated among the JSH 2019 guidelines team.

AOBP for blood pressure (BP) measurement was first recommended by Canadian hypertension guidelines in 2011.8) Data from the systolic BP intervention trial (SPRINT) study showed that achievement of strict systolic BP (SBP) control (<120 mmHg) based on AOBP measurement reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events and total mortality.9)10) However, recent studies reported discrepancies between AOBP and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM).11)12) A recent JSH working group conducted a comparison study of office BP, unattended AOBP, and home BP, and showed low correlations between these methods and a wide range of differences. This suggests that AOBP cannot be used as an alternative to home BP.13) Thus, the JSH 2019 guidelines did not recommended AOBP due to concerns about its clinical feasibility and the relationship between AOBP and home and ABPM. In addition, the JSH 2019 guidelines decided against recommendation of mercury sphygmomanometers because the manufacture and export/import of mercury sphygmomanometers will be prohibited from 2021 under the Minamata Convention on Mercury.14)

BLOOD PRESSURE CATEGORIES

Comparison of BP categories between the JSH 2014 and 2019 guidelines are shown in Table 1.1)15) The definition of ‘normal BP’ in adults was changed. The terms ‘optimal,’ ‘normal,’ and ‘high-normal BP’ in the 2014 guidelines were replaced with ‘normal,’ ‘high-normal,’ and ‘elevated BP’ in the 2019 guidelines. In addition, diastolic BP (DBP) cut-off values for high-normal and elevated BP were chosen as <80 and 80–90 mmHg, respectively. These changes were based on data from observational studies in Japan16)17)18) and Europe, or the United States (US),19) which showed that the incidence of CVD in individuals with office BP of 120–129/80–89 mmHg was higher than in those of with office BP of 120/80 mmHg.

Table 1

BP classification in adults based on the JSH 2014 and 2019 guidelines

JSH 2019 guidelines						JSH 2014 guidelines
Classification		Office BP (mmHg)		Home BP (mmHg)		Classification		Office BP (mmHg)
Classification		SBP	DBP	SBP	DBP	Classification		SBP	DBP
Normal BP		<120 and <80		<115 and <75		Optimal BP		<120 and <80
High-normal BP		120–129 and <80		115–124 and <75		Normal BP		120–129 and/or 80–84
Elevated BP		130–139 and/or 80–89		125–134 and/or 75–84		High–normal BP		130–139 and/or 85–89
Hypertension						Hypertension
	Grade I	140–159 and/or 90–99		135–144 and/or 85–89			Grade I	140–159 and/or 90–99
	Grade II	160–179 and/or 100–109		145–159 and/or 90–99			Grade II	160–179 and/or 100–109
	Grade III	≥180 and/or ≥110		≥160 and/or ≥110			Grade III	≥180 and/or ≥110
	(Isolated) Systolic	≥140 and <90		≥135 and <85			(Isolated) Systolic	≥140 and <90

Changes from 2014 to 2019 are shown in red. Source: Generated from Umemura et al.1) and Shimamoto et al.15)

BP = blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; GL = guideline; JSH = Japanese Society of Hypertension; SBP = systolic blood pressure.

In the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines,20) stage I hypertension was defined as BP 130–139/80–89 mmHg. Based on data from studies in Japanese patients21)22) it was decided to make no changes to stages of hypertension based on office and home BP values.

RISK STRATIFICATION FOR PROGNOSIS ASSESSMENT

Hypertension is a primary risk factor for CVD. Stroke mortality rates in Japan have markedly decreased over the past 50 years, but stroke-related mortality and morbidity are still more common than those due to acute myocardial infarction.23)24) In contrast, CVD risk recommendations in the European and US guidelines are based on the absolute risk of CAD in cohort studies.25)26) As shown in Figure 1, the risk of stroke and CVD in the JSH 2019 guidelines was assessed based on studies in Japanese patients. Recent Japanese cohort studies have indicated increased rates of CVD, CVD history and CVD risk factors, organ damage, and/or elevated BP (130–139/80–89 mmHg).27)28)29)30) The risk factors were male sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, CKD, and obesity. In addition, the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) as a comorbidity contributes greatly to the onset of stroke.31) The existence of AF as a related disease has been adopted by the JSH 2019 guidelines because AF contributes greatly to the onset of stroke.

Figure 1

Cerebro- and CVD risk stratification based on clinic BP based on the JSH 2014 and 2019 guidelines.

Changes from 2014 to 2019 are shown in red.

BP = blood pressure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; GL = guideline; JSH = Japanese Society of Hypertension.

^*The prognostic factors used for stratification are BP, age (≥65), sex (man), dyslipidemia, smoking, history of cardiovascular diseases (cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction), non-valvular atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus and CKD with proteinuria.

TARGET BLOOD PRESSURE

The target threshold in the JSH 2019 guidelines was lowered by 10 mmHg (Table 2). Briefly, target office and home SBP/DBP for adults aged <75 years are now <130/80 and <125/75 mmHg, respectively. Corresponding targets in those aged ≥75 years are 140/90 and 135/85 mmHg, respectively. In older patients with concomitant diseases, the target is <130/80 mmHg, if tolerated by the patient. The same target is also recommended in the presence of CAD. The updated target office BP for adults aged <75 years is based on new evidence from the SPRINT study,9) Cardio-Sis,32) Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3 (HOPE-3),33) and a systematic review/meta-analysis.34) In elderly patients aged ≥75 years who can visit outpatient clinics without any assistance, target office BP is <140/90 mmHg due to the risk of adverse events such as renal dysfunction when SBP is <130 mmHg.

Table 2

Target SBP and DBP in the JSH 2014 and 2019 guidelines

			Office SBP/DBP (mmHg)	Home SBP/DBP (mmHg)
JSH 2019 guidelines
	Adults younger than 75^*		<130/80	<125/75
		Patients with cerebrovascular disease (without bilateral carotid artery stenosis and cerebral main artery occlusion)
		Patients with coronary artery disease
		Patients with CKD (proteinuria positive)^†
		Diabetic patients
		Patients using antithrombotic drugs
	Older patients 75 and over^‡		<140/90	<135/85
		Patients with cerebrovascular disease (bilateral carotid artery stenosis or cerebral main artery occlusion present or unevaluated)
		Patients with CKD (proteinuria positive)^†
JSH 2014 guidelines
	Young, middle-aged, and early-phase elderly patients		<140/90	<135/85
	Late-phase elderly patients		<150/90	<145/85
	Late-phase elderly patients		(<140/90, if toleranted)	(<135/85, if toleranted)
	Diabetes patients		<130/80	<125/75
	Patients with CKD (with proteinuria)		<130/80	<125/75 (criterion)
	Patients with cerebrovascular disease		<140/90	<135/85 (criterion)
	Patients with coronary artery disease		<140/90	<135/85 (criterion)

Source: generated from Umemura et al.1) and Shimamoto et al.15)

CKD = chronic kidney disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; JSH = Japanese Society of Hypertension; SBP = systolic blood pressure.

^*Among treatment-naïve individuals with office blood pressure 130–139/80–89 mmHg, lifestyle modification is started or reinforced for low-risk or moderate-risk cases, and measures including start of antihypertensive treatment are taken for high-risk cases (if their blood pressure is not reduced by lifestyle modification lasting for approximately 1 month or longer) with a final target set at less than 130/80mmHg. If antihypertensive treatment has already been started and blood pressure is 130–139/80–89mmHg, lifestyle modification is reinforced for low-risk or moderate-risk cases and measures including reinforced antihypertensive treatment are taken for high-risk cases, with a final target set at less than 130/80 mmHg. ^†Proteinuria is judged as positive if protein level in random urine sample is 0.15 g/gCr or more. ^‡In case where the goal of antihypertensive treatment is usually set at less than 130/80 mmHg considering comorbidities or other factors, achieving the goal of less than 130/80 mmHg should be attempted even in older patients (aged 75 and over) if tolerable. Care needs to be taken of the risk for excessive hypotensive effects both during and after the process of achieving the goal of antihypertensive treatment. The judgment of excessive hypotensive effects should take into account the features of individual cases since it can vary depending on not only the achieved level of blood pressure but also the magnitude or rate of blood pressure reduction and the condition of individual cases.

The target home SBP/DBP was set by lowering values by 5 mmHg compared with office BP based on the results of Ohasama35) and HOMED-BP36) studies. From our recent prospective trial, the HONEST study,37)38)39)40) morning home SBP of <125 mmHg was associated with minimum CVD risk, as determined regression analysis, suggested that further reductions in BP might be beneficial.

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG SELECTION

Lifestyle modifications should be recommended at a BP threshold of 130/80 mmHg because these are important for preventing hypertension, before and after antihypertensive drug therapy, in individuals with high-normal BP or above.41) For high-risk patients with hypertension, antihypertensive treatment should be started early. Five classes of antihypertensive drugs, including calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, diuretics and β-blockers, have been shown to prevent the occurrence of CVD.28)42)43) Appropriate antihypertensive drugs should be selected considering compelling indications, contraindications, conditions that require the careful use of drugs, and the presence or absence of complications. The compelling indications for antihypertensive agents were updated in the JSH 2019 guidelines compared with the 2014 version (Table 3).1)15) Briefly, in HF patients with decreases left ventricular systolic function, low-dose ARB or ACE inhibitor, β-blocker or thiazide diuretic are recommended. In patients with CKD, and ARB or ACE inhibitor is recommended as first-line therapy rather than a CCB or thiazide diuretic.

Table 3

Conditions for which major antihypertensive drugs are indicated

	CCBs	ARBs/ACE inhibitors	Thiazide diuretics	β-blockers
Left ventricular hypertrophy	●	●
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF)		●^*	●	●^*
Tachycardia	●^‡			●
Angina pectoris	●			●^†
Post-myocardial infarction		●		●
Proteinuria/CKD with microalbuminuria	Delete from 2019	●	Delete from 2019

Changes from 2014 to 2019 are shown in red. Source: generated from Umemura et al.1) and Shimamoto et al.15)

ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; CCBs = calcium channel blockers; CKD = chronic kidney disease; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction.

^*Administration should be started at a low dose, and the dose should be gradually increased carefully; ^†Caution is needed in patients with coronary spastic angina; ^‡Non-dihydropyridine agents.

Contraindications and requirements for careful administration were also updated in the JSH 2019 guidelines (Table 4).1) New contraindications include bradycardia for CCBs, pregnancy for ARBs/ACE inhibitors, and asthma and severe bradycardia for β-blockers. New criteria for careful administration are obstructive pulmonary disease and peripheral arterial disease for β-blockers.

Table 4

Contraindications and conditions requiring careful drug administration

	Contraindications	Careful administration
CCBs	Bradycardia (Non-dihydropyridines)	Heart failure
ARB	Pregnancy	Renal artery stenosis^*
ARB	Pregnancy	Hyperkalemia
ACE inhibitors	Pregnancy	Renal artery stenosis^*
	Angioneurotic edema	Hyperkalemia
	Apheresis with a specific type of membrane/hemodialysis
Thiazide diuretics	Condition in which the body fluid levels of sodium and potassium are markedly decreased	Gout
		Pregnancy
		Impaired glucose tolerance
β-blocker	Asthma	Impaired glucose tolerance
	Severe bradycardia	Obstructive pulmonary disease
	Untreated pheochromocytoma	Peripheral arterial disease

Source: Umemura et al.1)

ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker.

^*As a rule, ARBs/ACE inhibitors are contraindicated for patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis.

PERSPECTIVES FOR ASIAN MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION

Asian characteristics

The diagnostic definition of hypertension in new ACC/AHA guideline had a large impact in other countries. However, the Japanese, Korean and European guidelines have not updated their definition (Table 5). The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines gave substantial weight to the SPRINT study findings.9) However, we felt that the evidence for the change was insufficient, and that more evidence is required in patients with BP 130–139/80–89 mmHg to inform future guidelines. In addition, not enough Asian patients were included in SPRINT study to make these data applicable to the specific local population. Given that the characteristics of Asian hypertensive patients are different to those of Westerners,44) Asian evidence is required on which to base Asia-focused guidelines.

Table 5

Classification of office BP levels and definition of hypertension in the Japanese, Korean, European, and United States guidelines

	JSH 2019	KSH 2018	ESC/ESH 2018	ACC/AHA 2017
<120/80	Normal	Normal	Optimal	Normal
120–129 and/or <80 (80–84)	High-normal	Elevated BP	Normal	Elevated BP
130–139 and/or 80–89 (85–89)	Elevated BP	Prehypertension	High-normal	Stage 1 hypertension
140–159 and/or 90–99	Grade 1 hypertension	Grade 1 hypertension	Grade 1 hypertension	Stage 2 hypertension
160–179 and/or 100–109	Grade 2 hypertension	Grade 2 hypertension	Grade 2 hypertension	Stage 2 hypertension
≥180 and/or ≥110	Grade 3 hypertension	Grade 2 hypertension	Grade 3 hypertension	Stage 2 hypertension

ACC = American College of Cardiology; AHA = American Heart Association; BP = blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; ESH = European Society of Hypertension; JSH = Japanese Society of Hypertension; KSH = Korean Society of Hypertension; SBP = systolic blood pressure.

To improve the management of hypertension and organ protection for “zero” CVD events in Asia, we have initiated the Hypertension Prevention and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Asia (HOPE Asia) Network, with 3 initiatives as follows: 1) To know the evidence up until now, 2) To achieve consensus, and 3) To conduct clinical studies on hypertension and its management.45)46)47)48)49)50)51)52)

Home blood pressure-guided approach

There is a growing body of evidence that home BP is a better predictor of CVD events than office BP.37)38)39)40)53)54) In particular, morning home BP is more important than evening home BP in determining CVD risk. A home BP monitoring (HBPM)-guided approach is an important recommendation, and use of this out-of-office BP monitoring (BPM) tool could be disseminated and facilitated using health information technology.55)56)

The Asia BP@Home study investigated the characteristics of hypertension and CVD using HBPM in Asian populations (NCT03096119).57)58) The Asia BP@Home is a prospective, multicenter, non-interventional study designed to collect home BP data in patients with hypertension. We enrolled 1,443 treated patients from 15 Asian specialist centers in 11 countries/regions between April 2017 and March 2018. The findings showed that home BP is relatively well-controlled at hypertension specialist centers in Asia. However, almost half of all patients remained uncontrolled for morning BP according to new guidelines, with significant country/regional differences.58) Strict home BP control should be beneficial in Asian populations. Therefore, the Asia BP@Home study findings are important to facilitate development of health policies focused on reducing cardiovascular complications in Asia. We hope the results of this study will contribute to future Asian guidelines.

New blood pressure monitoring technology

There has been ongoing research and development of various BPM devices over the last 10 years. Due to the fact that masked hypertension is associated with a similar or worse prognosis to sustained hypertension, the detection and management of masked hypertension are residual unmet needs.59)60)61) We have developed nocturnal HBPM, and J-HOP study data showed that uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension detected using nocturnal HBPM predicts risk for future CVD events independently of office, morning and evening home BP.62)63)

Wrist-type HBPM and wearable BPM devices are also being developed and studied, and have been shown to be of sufficient quality for use in clinical practice based on validation studies.64)65)66) These devices could be used to detect masked daytime and nocturnal hypertension without sleep disturbance. Hypoxia-trigger nocturnal BPM and beat-by-beat continuous BPM devices are still the subject of research.67)68)69)

BP variability, including morning BP surge and abnormal nocturnal BP dipping status, is a risk factor for CVD independently of 24-hour BP.70)71) As a result, we have developed ABPM technology equipped with an actigraph, thermometer and barometer to evaluate the BP variability response to physical activity, temperature, atmospheric pressure triggers.72)73)74) Using this technology, we can calculate the new indicators such as actisensitivity and thermosensitivity, etc, which could be detected using an information and communication technology (ICT)-based system that collects serial home and ambulatory BP data from individuals along with information on environmental factors such as room temperature, humidity, and pressure. It is well-known that there is significant seasonal variation of BP, especially morning BP, and CVD events.75)76) Actisensitivity is exaggerated in winter compared with summer,73) which may be a contributing factor to increased winter rates of CVD.

Other potential blood pressure-lowering therapies

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors reduce home and 24-hour ambulatory BP values in diabetic patients with nocturnal hypertension77)78) and an orexin receptor antagonist may modulate BP variability in hypertensive patients with insomnia.79) Renal denervation is also a promising treatment for the hypertensive patients to reduce 24-hour BP, including nocturnal and morning BP.80)81) Due to the fact that nocturnal and morning hypertension are more common in Asians than in the Westerners,82)83) these treatments might be particularly relevant for Asian patients with hypertension.

CONCLUSION

Several decades of review and guidelines in Japan, Korea, Europe, the US and elsewhere have contributed to clear improvements in CVD. However, there are many challenges and little evidence for personalized medicine. In the future, we believe that further progress and development of guidelines will be facilitated by the analysis of clinical big data, including real world data and individual serial data using the ICT platform to facilitate “anticipation medicine” for the management of hypertension.80)84)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

English language editing assistance was provided by Nicola Ryan, independent medical writer.

Notes

^{Conflict of Interest} Kazuomi Kario received research grant from A &D Co., Omron Helthcare Co., Roche Diagnostics K.K., MSD K.K., Astellas Pharma Inc., Otsuka Holdings Co., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Sanofi K.K., Shionogi & Co., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Teijin Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan Inc., Pfizer Japan Inc., Fukuda Denshi Co., Fukuda Lifetec Co., Fukuda Lifetec Kanto Co., Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Mylan Co., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., IQVIA Services Japan K.K. and honoraria from Omron Healthcare Co., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Terumo Co., Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Japan outside the submitted work.

References

1. Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019; 42:1235–1481.

2. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (JP). The national health and nutrition survey in Japan, 2016 [Internet]. Tokyo: The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare;2016. cited 2019 Jul 17. Available from: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou/dl/h28-houkoku.pdf.

3. Ito M, Ishimitsu T, Ichihara A, et al. JSH statement: Kyoto declaration on hypertension research in Asia. Hypertens Res. 2019; 42:759–760.

4. Park JB, Kario K, Wang JG. Systolic hypertension: an increasing clinical challenge in Asia. Hypertens Res. 2015; 38:227–236.

5. Cheng HM, Park S, Huang Q, et al. Vascular aging and hypertension: implications for the clinical application of central blood pressure. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 230:209–213.

6. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010; 182:E839–42.

7. Myers MG, Godwin M. Automated office blood pressure. Can J Cardiol. 2012; 28:341–346.

8. Myers MG. A short history of automated office blood pressure - 15 years to SPRINT. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016; 18:721–724.

9. SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:2103–2116.

10. Myers MG. Automated office blood pressure-incorporating SPRINT into clinical practice. Am J Hypertens. 2017; 30:8–11.

11. Seo J, Lee CJ, Oh J, Lee SH, Kang SM, Park S. Large discrepancy between unobserved automated office blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure in a high cardiovascular risk cohort. J Hypertens. 2019; 37:42–49.

12. Boonyasai RT, McCannon EL, Landavaso JE. Automated office-based blood pressure measurement: an overview and guidance for implementation in primary care. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2019; 21:29.

13. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Rakugi H, et al. Comparison of blood pressure values-self-measured at home, measured at an unattended office, and measured at a conventional attended office. Hypertens Res. 2019; 42:1726–1737.

14. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Hoshide S, et al. From mercury sphygmomanometer to electric device on blood pressure measurement: correspondence of Minamata Convention on Mercury. Hypertens Res. 2016; 39:179–182.

15. Shimamoto K, Ando K, Fujita T, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens Res. 2014; 37:253–390.

16. Kokubo Y, Kamide K, Okamura T, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease in a Japanese urban cohort: the Suita study. Hypertension. 2008; 52:652–659.

17. Ishikawa S, Kazuomi K, Kayaba K, et al. Linear relationship between blood pressure and stroke: the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007; 9:677–683.

18. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Yoshida S, et al. Stroke risk and antihypertensive drug treatment in the general population: the Japan arteriosclerosis longitudinal study. J Hypertens. 2009; 27:357–364.

19. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Levy D. Hypertension in adults across the age spectrum: current outcomes and control in the community. JAMA. 2005; 294:466–472.

20. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018; 71:e13–115.

21. Ueda K, Omae T, Hasuo Y, et al. Prognosis and outcome of elderly hypertensives in a Japanese community: results from a long-term prospective study. J Hypertens. 1988; 6:991–997.

22. Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Nagai K, et al. Prognosis of isolated systolic and isolated diastolic hypertension as assessed by self-measurement of blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160:3301–3306.

23. Ueshima H. Explanation for the Japanese paradox: prevention of increase in coronary heart disease and reduction in stroke. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2007; 14:278–286.

24. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (JP). Vital statistics of Japan 2017 [Internet]. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare;2017. cited 2019 Sep 27. Available from: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/database/db-hw/dl/81-1a2en.pdf.

25. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24:987–1003.

26. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016; 37:2315–2381.

27. NIPPON DATA80 Research Group. Risk assessment chart for death from cardiovascular disease based on a 19-year follow-up study of a Japanese representative population. Circ J. 2006; 70:1249–1255.

28. Nakamura K, Nakagawa H, Sakurai M, et al. Influence of smoking combined with another risk factor on the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke: pooled analysis of 10 Japanese cohort studies. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012; 33:480–491.

29. Kokubo Y, Okamura T, Watanabe M, et al. The combined impact of blood pressure category and glucose abnormality on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a Japanese urban cohort: the Suita study. Hypertens Res. 2010; 33:1238–1243.

30. Ninomiya T, Kubo M, Doi Y, et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome on the development of cardiovascular disease in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Stroke. 2007; 38:2063–2069.

31. Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: the Hisayama study. Stroke. 2000; 31:2616–2622.

32. Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F, et al. Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2009; 374:525–533.

33. Lonn EM, Bosch J, López-Jaramillo P, et al. Blood-pressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374:2009–2020.

34. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016; 387:957–967.

35. Yasui D, Asayama K, Ohkubo T, et al. Stroke risk in treated hypertension based on home blood pressure: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens. 2010; 23:508–514.

36. Noguchi Y, Asayama K, Staessen JA, et al. Predictive power of home blood pressure and clinic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes. J Hypertens. 2013; 31:1593–1602.

37. Kushiro T, Kario K, Saito I, et al. Increased cardiovascular risk of treated white coat and masked hypertension in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the HONEST study. Hypertens Res. 2017; 40:87–95.

38. Kario K, Saito I, Kushiro T, et al. Morning home blood pressure is a strong predictor of coronary artery disease: the HONEST study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67:1519–1527.

39. Kario K, Iwashita M, Okuda Y, et al. Morning home blood pressure and cardiovascular events in Japanese hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2018; 72:854–861.

40. Kario K. Global impact of 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology hypertension guidelines: a perspective from Japan. Circulation. 2018; 137:543–545.

41. Kario K, Saito I, Kushiro T, et al. Home blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in patients during antihypertensive therapy: primary results of HONEST, a large-scale prospective, real-world observational study. Hypertension. 2014; 64:989–996.

42. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018; 36:1953–2041.

43. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009; 338:b1665.

44. Kario K, Chen CH, Park S, et al. Consensus document on improving hypertension management in Asian patients, taking into account Asian characteristics. Hypertension. 2018; 71:375–382.

45. Cheng HM, Wu CL, Sung SH, et al. Prognostic utility of morning blood pressure surge for 20-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities: results of a community-based study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6:e007667.

46. Sogunuru GP, Kario K, Shin J, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure and blood pressure variability in Asia: evidence and statement from the HOPE Asia Network. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019; 21:324–334.

47. Kario K. HOPE Asia (Hypertension Cardiovascular Outcome Prevention and Evidence in Asia) Network. The HOPE Asia Network for “zero” cardiovascular events in Asia. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20:212–214.

48. Kario K, Park S, Buranakitjaroen P, et al. Guidance on home blood pressure monitoring: a statement of the HOPE Asia Network. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20:456–461.

49. Park S, Buranakitjaroen P, Chen CH, et al. Expert panel consensus recommendations for home blood pressure monitoring in Asia: the Hope Asia Network. J Hum Hypertens. 2018; 32:249–258.

50. Hoshide S, Cheng HM, Huang Q, et al. Role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for the management of hypertension in Asian populations. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017; 19:1240–1245.

51. Chia YC, Buranakitjaroen P, Chen CH, et al. Current status of home blood pressure monitoring in Asia: statement from the HOPE Asia Network. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017; 19:1192–1201.

52. Turana Y, Tengkawan J, Chia YC, et al. Hypertension and dementia: a comprehensive review from the HOPE Asia Network. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019; 21:1091–1098.

53. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens. 1998; 16:971–975.

54. Hoshide S, Yano Y, Mizuno H, Kanegae H, Kario K. Day-by-day variability of home blood pressure and incident cardiovascular disease in clinical practice: the J-HOP study (Japan morning surge-home blood pressure). Hypertension. 2018; 71:177–184.

55. Kario K, Shimbo D, Hoshide S, et al. Emergence of home blood pressure-guided management of hypertension based on global evidence. Hypertension. 2019; HYPERTENSIONAHA11912630.

56. Nishizawa M, Hoshide S, Okawara Y, Matsuo T, Kario K. Strict blood pressure control achieved using an ICT-based home blood pressure monitoring system in a catastrophically damaged area after a disaster. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017; 19:26–29.

57. Kario K, Tomitani N, Buranakitjaroen P, et al. Rationale and design for the Asia BP@Home study on home blood pressure control status in 12 Asian countries and regions. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20:33–38.

58. Kario K, Tomitani N, Buranakitjaroen P, et al. Home blood pressure control status in 2017–2018 for hypertension specialist centers in Asia: results of the Asia BP@Home study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20:1686–1695.

59. Banegas JR, Ruilope LM, de la Sierra A, et al. Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood-pressure measurements and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378:1509–1520.

60. Fujiwara T, Yano Y, Hoshide S, Kanegae H, Kario K. Association of cardiovascular outcomes with masked hypertension defined by home blood pressure monitoring in a Japanese general practice population. JAMA Cardiol. 2018; 3:583–590.

61. Kario K, Thijs L, Staessen JA. Blood pressure measurement and treatment decisions. Circ Res. 2019; 124:990–1008.

62. Kario K. Nocturnal hypertension: new technology and evidence. Hypertension. 2018; 71:997–1009.

63. Kario K, Kanegae H, Tomitani N, et al. Nighttime blood pressure measured by home blood pressure monitoring as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in general practice: the J-HOP nocturnal BP study. Hypertension. 2019; 73:1240–1248.

64. Kuwabara M, Harada K, Hishiki Y, Kario K. Validation of two watch-type wearable blood pressure monitors according to the ANSI/AAMI/ISO81060-2:2013 guidelines: Omron HEM-6410T-ZM and HEM-6410T-ZL. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019; 21:853–858.

65. Kuwabara M, Harada K, Hishiki Y, Kario K. Validation of a wrist-type home nocturnal blood pressure monitor in the sitting and supine position according to the ANSI/AAMI/ISO81060-2:2013 guidelines: Omron HEM-9600T. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019; 21:463–469.

66. Imai Y, Asayama K, Fujiwara S, et al. Development and evaluation of a home nocturnal blood pressure monitoring system using a wrist-cuff device. Blood Press Monit. 2018; 23:318–326.

67. Kario K. Evidence and perspectives on the 24-hour management of hypertension: hemodynamic biomarker-initiated ‘anticipation medicine’ for zero cardiovascular event. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016; 59:262–281.

68. Sasaki N, Nagai M, Mizuno H, Kuwabara M, Hoshide S, Kario K. Associations between characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea and nocturnal blood pressure surge. Hypertension. 2018; 72:1133–1140.

69. Kuwabara M, Tomitani N, Shiga T, Kario K. Polysomnography-derived sleep parameters as a determinant of nocturnal blood pressure profile in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20:1039–1048.

70. Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives. Hypertension. 2001; 38:852–857.

71. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation. 2003; 107:1401–1406.

72. Kario K, Hoshide S, Saito K, et al. Validation of the TM-2441 ambulatory blood pressure measurement device according to the ISO 81060-2: 2013 standard. Blood Press Monit. 2019; 24:38–41.

73. Kario K, Tomitani N, Kanegae H, et al. Development of a new ICT-based multisensor blood pressure monitoring system for use in hemodynamic biomarker-initiated anticipation medicine for cardiovascular disease: the national IMPACT program project. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017; 60:435–449.

74. Kario K, Tomitani N, Kanegae H, Yasui N, Nagai R, Harada H. The further development of out-of-office BP monitoring: Japan's ImPACT Program Project's achievements, impact, and direction. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019; 21:344–349.

75. Nishizawa M, Fujiwara T, Hoshide S, et al. Winter morning surge in blood pressure after the Great East Japan Earthquake. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019; 21:208–216.

76. Hanazawa T, Asayama K, Watabe D, et al. Association between amplitude of seasonal variation in self-measured home blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes: HOMED-BP (hypertension objective treatment based on measurement by electrical devices of blood pressure) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7:e008509.

77. Kario K, Okada K, Kato M, et al. 24-hour blood pressure-lowering effect of an SGLT-2 inhibitor in patients with diabetes and uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension: results from the randomized, placebo-controlled SACRA study. Circulation. 2019; 139:2089–2097.

78. Kario K, Hoshide S, Okawara Y, et al. Effect of canagliflozin on nocturnal home blood pressure in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the SHIFT-J study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20:1527–1535.

79. Kario K, Yamasaki K, Yagi K, et al. Effect of suvorexant on nighttime blood pressure in hypertensive patients with insomnia: the SUPER-1 study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019; 21:896–903.

80. Kario K, Bhatt DL, Brar S, Cohen SA, Fahy M, Bakris GL. Effect of catheter-based renal denervation on morning and nocturnal blood pressure: insights from SYMPLICITY HTN-3 and SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan. Hypertension. 2015; 66:1130–1137.

81. Kario K, Weber MA, Mahfoud F, et al. Changes in 24-hour patterns of blood pressure in hypertension following renal denervation therapy. Hypertension. 2019; HYPERTENSIONAHA11913081.

82. Li Y, Wang JG. Isolated nocturnal hypertension: a disease masked in the dark. Hypertension. 2013; 61:278–283.

83. Hoshide S, Kario K, de la Sierra A, et al. Ethnic differences in the degree of morning blood pressure surge and in its determinants between Japanese and European hypertensive subjects: data from the ARTEMIS study. Hypertension. 2015; 66:750–756.

84. Kario K, Böhm M, Mahfoud F, et al. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure reduction patterns after renal denervation in the SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED trial. Circulation. 2018; 138:1602–1604.

TOOLS

ORCID iDs: Kazuomi Kario
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4480
Similar articles