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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the impacts of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination-related health belief, attitudes toward HPV vaccination, and subjective norms on HPV vaccination intent targeting mothers of elementary school daughters.
Methods
The study use a correlative survey design. The subjects of the study were 121 mothers of elementary school daughters located in metropolitan city B. All subjects agreed to participate in the study. The data were collected from September 1 to October 18, 2018, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Independent t-test, ANOVA with a post hoc Scheffé test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression.
Results
Attitude toward HPV vaccination, subjective norms, vaccination plans for their children, and mother’s vaccination status were significant factors influencing HPV vaccination intention. These factors accounted for 72% of the HPV vaccination intention.
Conclusions
This study showed that factors affecting the intention of mothers of elementary school daughters to vaccinate against HPV were HPV vaccination attitudes, subjective norms, vaccination plans for their children, and mother’s vaccination status. The biggest influencing factor was HPV vaccination attitudes. Therefore, in order to encourage mothers of elementary school daughters to vaccinate against HPVs, national-level policies should be implemented to create a social atmosphere of positive attitudes toward HPV vaccinations that also emphasizes how easy it is to get vaccinated against HPV. Based on this, mothers of elementary school daughters should be encouraged to have them vaccinated against HPV, thus contributing to improving the HPV vaccination rates of elementary school girls.
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Table 1.
General Characteristics of Subjects and Their children (N=121)
| Characteristics | Categories | n(%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | <40 | 40 (33.0) |
| 40–44 | 63 (52.1) | |
| ≥45 | 18 (14.9) | |
| Marriage | Married | 119 (98.3) |
| Unmarried | 2 (1.7) | |
| Education | High school | 27 (22.3) |
| ≥University | 94 (77.7) | |
| Income (per month) (10,000 won) | <200 | 16 (15.2) |
| 200–229 | 32 (30.5) | |
| 300–399 | 23 (21.9) | |
| ≥400 | 34 (32.4) | |
| Religion | No | 63 (52.1) |
| Yes | 58 (47.9) | |
| Job | No | 27 (22.3) |
| Yes | 94 (77.7) | |
| Family history for cervical cancer | No | 113 (93.4) |
| Yes | 8 (6.6) | |
| Experience of Pap test† | No | 16 (13.2) |
| Yes | 105 (86.8) | |
| Regularity for the Pap test (n=105) | No | 27 (25.7) |
| Yes | 78 (74.3) | |
| Gynecological disease | No | 87 (71.9) |
| Yes | 34 (28.1) | |
| Recognition of HPV‡ | No | 7 (5.8) |
| Yes | 114 (94.2) | |
| Information routes for HPV§ (n=114) | TV, newspaper, internet | 56 (49.1) |
| Book, pamphlet | 12 (10.5) | |
| Family | 7 (6.1) | |
| Friend, acquaintance | 32 (28.1) | |
| Medical institution | 74 (64.9) | |
| Etc. | 2 (1.8) | |
| Aware of free vaccination for children | No | 21 (17.4) |
| Yes | 100 (82.6) | |
| Mother’s vaccination status | No | 91 (75.2) |
| Yes | 30 (24.8) | |
| No. of children | 1 | 18 (14.9) |
| 2 | 87 (71.9) | |
| ≥3 | 16 (13.2) | |
| Child’s grade | 1 | 23 (19.0) |
| 2 | 30 (24.8) | |
| 3 | 15 (12.4) | |
| 4 | 23 (19.0) | |
| 5 | 21 (17.4) | |
| 6 | 26 (21.5) | |
| Child’s vaccination status | No | 107 (88.4) |
| Yes | 14 (11.6) | |
| A vaccination plan for children (n=107) | No | 12 (11.2) |
| Yes | 95 (88.8) | |
| Reason for vaccination§ (n=14) | Recommendation of family | 1 (7.1) |
| Prevention of disease | 9 (64.3) | |
| Free vaccination | 6 (42.9) | |
| Reason for no vaccination§ (n=12) | Worry about side effects | 8 (66.7) |
| Unknown | 1 (8.3) | |
| Uncertainty in the effectiveness of vaccination | 5 (41.7) | |
| High price | 2 (16.7) | |
| Very young age | 1 (8.3) | |
| Additional information about vaccination§ | Related disease | 81 (66.9) |
| Effect | 70 (57.9) | |
| Cost | 29 (24.0) | |
| Target age&frequency | 45 (37.2) | |
| Others | 7 (5.8) | |
| Aware of proper age of vaccination for children (year) | ≤12 | 63 (52.1) |
| 13–15 | 44 (36.4) | |
| ≥16 | 14 (11.6) |
Table 2.
Differences in HPV Vaccination Intention by Subjects and Their Children’s General Characteristics (N=121)
| Characteristics | Categories | M±SD | t/F (p) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | <40 | 5.73±0.88 | .96 (.387) |
| 40–44 | 5.98±0.95 | ||
| ≥45 | 5.54±1.40 | ||
| Marriage | Married | 5.78±1.01 | −.07 (.943) |
| Unmarried | 5.83±0.71 | ||
| Education | High school | 5.72±1.08 | −.39 (.699) |
| ≥University | 5.80±0.99 | ||
| Income (per month) (10,000 won) | <200 | 5.65±1.16 | 1.56 (.204) |
| 200–229 | 6.02±0.98 | ||
| 300–399 | 5.42±0.94 | ||
| ≥400 | 5.70±1.10 | ||
| Religion | No | 5.65±1.03 | 1.51 (.134) |
| Yes | 5.93±0.97 | ||
| Job | No | 6.05±0.70 | −1.98 (.052) |
| Yes | 5.71±1.07 | ||
| Family history for cervical cancer | No | 5.77±1.02 | .51 (.610) |
| Yes | 5.96±0.68 | ||
| Experience of Pap test† | No | 5.52±1.10 | 1.12 (.265) |
| Yes | 5.82±0.99 | ||
| Regularity for the Pap test (n=105) | No | 5.32±1.08 | −.23 (.820) |
| Yes | 6.00±0.90 | ||
| Gynecological disease | No | 5.79±0.98 | −.05 (.957) |
| Yes | 5.77±1.08 | ||
| Recognition of HPV‡ | No | 6.00±0.69 | −.59 (.557) |
| Yes | 5.77±1.02 | ||
| Aware of free vaccination for children | No | 5.73±0.89 | .26 (.795) |
| Yes | 5.79±1.03 | ||
| Mother’s vaccination status | No | 5.61±1.07 | 4.79 (<.001) |
| Yes | 6.30±0.49 | ||
| No. of children | 1 | 5.87±0.89 | .14 (.871) |
| 2 | 5.78±1.03 | ||
| ≥3 | 5.69±1.04 | ||
| Child’s vaccination status | No | 5.77±1.03 | .30 (.768) |
| Yes | 5.86±0.79 | ||
| A vaccination plan for children (n=107) | No | 4.06±1.23 | 7.57 (<.001) |
| Yes | 5.99±0.77 | ||
| Aware of proper age of vaccination for children (year) | ≤12 | 5.84±0.99 | .35 (.709) |
| 13–15 | 5.68±1.03 | ||
| ≥16 | 5.86±1.04 |
Table 3.
Health Beliefs, Attitude, Subjective Norms and Vaccination Intention of Human Papillomavirus (N=121)
Table 4.
Relationships among Human Papillomavirus Vaccination related Health Beliefs, Attitude, Subjective Norms on Vaccination Intention (N=121)
Table 5.
Factor affecting on Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Intention (N=121)
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