Abstract
Purpose
Materials and Methods
Results
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Notes
Part of this study (results of neural correlates of EF at baseline) was presented as poster in the Cognitive Neuroscience Society held in San Francisco, USA, in 2017.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
Conceptualization: All authors.
Data curation: Hyung-Jun Yoon, Eun Hyun Seo, and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.
Formal analysis: Hyung-Jun Yoon and Eun Hyun Seo.
Funding acquisition: Eun Hyun Seo and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.
Methodology: Hyung-Jun Yoon and Eun Hyun Seo.
Supervision: Seung-Gon Kim, Sang Hoon Kim, and Sang Hag Park.
Writing—original draft: Hyung-Jun Yoon and Eun Hyun Seo.
Writing—review & editing: Hyung-Jun Yoon, Seung-Gon Kim, Sang Hoon Kim, IL Han Choo, Sang Hag Park, and Eun Hyun Seo.
References
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Fig. 1
Longitudinal Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes (CDR-SOB) score changes according to beta-amyloid positivity. The number of subjects at baseline was 230 and 268 for amnestic mild cognitive impairment with low Aβ burden (aMCI Aβ−) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment with high Aβ burden (aMCI Aβ+), respectively. The number of subjects at 1-year follow-up (FU) was 156 and 253 for aMCI Aβ− and aMCI Aβ+, respectively. The number of subjects at 5-year FU was 52 and 68 for aMCI Aβ− and aMCI Aβ+, respectively. *p<0.01; †p<0.001.
![ymj-60-935-g001](/upload/SynapseXML/0069ymj/thumb/ymj-60-935-g001.jpg)
Fig. 2
Brain areas with significant positive correlations between regional cerebral glucose metabolism and executive function in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) with low Aβ burden. Statistical parametric maps showing positive correlations between Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative executive function composite scores and regional cerebral glucose metabolism using a multiple regression model with age, sex, education, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype as covariates in aMCI with low Aβ burden. Significant regions have p<0.001 (uncorrected for multiple comparisons) with an extent threshold of greater than 50 contiguous voxels. The yellow-red color bar represents t-score.
![ymj-60-935-g002](/upload/SynapseXML/0069ymj/thumb/ymj-60-935-g002.jpg)
Fig. 3
Brain areas with significant positive correlations between regional cerebral glucose metabolism and executive function in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) with high Aβ burden. Statistical parametric maps showing positive correlations between Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative executive function composite scores and regional cerebral glucose metabolism using a multiple regression model with age, sex, education, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype as covariates in aMCI with high Aβ burden. Significant regions have p<0.001 (uncorrected for multiple comparisons) with an extent threshold of greater than 50 contiguous voxels. The yellow-red color bar represents t-score.
![ymj-60-935-g003](/upload/SynapseXML/0069ymj/thumb/ymj-60-935-g003.jpg)
Table 1
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants at Baseline
![ymj-60-935-i001](/upload/SynapseXML/0069ymj/thumb/ymj-60-935-i001.jpg)
aMCI Aβ−, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with low Aβ burden; aMCI Aβ+, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with high Aβ burden; APOE, apolipoprotein E; Aβ, florbetapir mean standard uptake value ratio of frontal, anterior cingulate, precuneus and parietal cortex relative to the cerebellum; CDR-SOB, Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes; FAQ, Functional Assessment Questionnaire; MMSE, Mini Mental Status Examination; ADNI-EF, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative composite score for executive function.
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) unless specified otherwise.
*p<0.05.
Table 2
Brain Regions Showing Significant Correlations between rCMglc and ADNI-EF
![ymj-60-935-i002](/upload/SynapseXML/0069ymj/thumb/ymj-60-935-i002.jpg)
rCMglc, regional cerebral glucose metabolism; ADNI-EF, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative composite score for executive function; BA, Brodmann area; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; aMCI Aβ−, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with low Aβ burden; aMCI Aβ+, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with high Aβ burden; Rt., right; Lt., left.
Table 3
Multiple Linear Regression of ACC, PCC, and PreCu Regions of Interest at Baseline on 1-Year Follow-Up CDR-SOB*
![ymj-60-935-i003](/upload/SynapseXML/0069ymj/thumb/ymj-60-935-i003.jpg)
ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PreCu, precuneus; CDR-SOB, Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes; aMCI Aβ−, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with low Aβ burden; aMCI Aβ+, amnestic mild cognitive impairment with high Aβ burden; APOE, apolipoprotein E; B, regression coefficient; SE (B), standard error of B; β, standardized regression coefficient.
*Age, education, ACC, and PCC were entered as continuous variables. APOE4 was coded as the number of epsilon 4 alleles (0, 1, or 2). Sex was coded as 0 and 1 for female and male, respectively; †R2=0.062, p=0.008; ‡R2= 0.108, p=0.005.