Screening Instruments for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mini Review

Narim Lee; Youngeun Hong; Yeni Kim

doi:10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.3.192

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Lee, Hong, and Kim: Screening Instruments for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mini Review

Review Article

J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2019;58(3):192-201.

Published online: 14 January 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.3.192

Screening Instruments for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mini Review

Narim Lee, MS, Youngeun Hong, MS, Yeni Kim, MD, PhD

National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea

Address for correspondence Yeni Kim, MD, PhD National Center for Mental Health, 127 Yongmasan-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 04933, Korea Tel +82-2-2204-0138 Fax +82-2-2204-0355 E-mail yenikim@korea.kr

Received 27 June 2019 Revised 8 August 2019 Accepted 13 August 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Most screening instruments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been developed and evaluated in western countries. Therefore, difficulties are often experienced when using these instruments because of the cultural differences in the symptoms of ASD. This paper reviews the screening instruments for ASD used in South Korea and explores a new direction in the screening of ASD in South Korea. Among the many published screening instruments for ASD, the screening instruments with a validated Korean version were chosen and reviewed. A total of nine autism-screening instruments met the criteria for the inclusion criteria. Nine screening instruments were summarized and the direction for the Korean version of screening instruments was discussed. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2019;58(3):192-201

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, Autism screening instruments, Korean version, Review

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Table 1.

List of autism spectrum disorders screening instruments by age range

Criterion	Name of scales
Child	Autism Quotient-Child version (AQ-child), Autism Quotient-adolescent (AQ-adolescent),
	Australian Scale for Asperger's Syndrome (ASAS), Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS),
	Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST),
	Krug Asperger's Disorder Index (KADI), Marburger Beurtei-lungsskala zum Asperger-Syndrome (MBAS),
	Social and Communication Disorders Checklist (SCDC), Autism behavior Checklist (ABC),
	Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC), Autism Spectrum Disorder-Diagnosis for Child (ASD-DC),
	Baby and Infant Screen for Children with Autism Traits (BISCUIT), Checklist for Autsim in Toddlers (CHAT),
	Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (Q-CHAT),
	Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ), Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS),
	Developmental Behavior Checklist-Autism Screening Algorithm (DBC-ASA), Early Screening for Autistic Traits (ESAT),
	Fremdeurteilungsfragebogen fur tiefgreifende Entwicklungsstorungen (FBB-TES),
	Gilliam Asperger's Disorder Scale (GADS), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS),
	Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-II Primary Care Screener (PDDST-II-PCS),
	Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-II Stage 2-Developmental Clinic Screener (PDDST-II-DCS),
	Screening for Autism in Babies-II (SAB-II), Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT),
	Wing Subgroup Questionnaire (WSQ)
Adult	Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA), Autism Quotient (AQ), 10 item Autism Quotient (AQ-10),
	20 item Autism Quotient (AQ-20), Autism Quotient-short (AQ-S), ASD in Adults Screening Questionnaire (ASDASQ),
	Autism Symptom Self-Report for Adolescents and Adults (ASSERT),
	Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale (RAADS), Autism-checklist (ACL),
	Autism Spectrum Disorder-Diagnosis for Adults (ASD-DA),
	Diagnostic Behavioral Assessment for ASD-Revised (DiBAS-R)
Child to Adult	Asperger-Syndrome-Diagnostic-Interview (ASDI), Autism Mental Status Examination (AMSE),
	Empathy Quotient (EQ), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS),
	Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Mental Retardation Scale
	(PDD-MRS)

Table 2.

Summary of autism spectrum disorders screening instruments

Name of scale	Study	Age range	Number of items	Cutoff score	Sub-scales	Korean version
CHAT	Baron-Cohen et al.¹²⁾	18 month	14	∗ Negative response on all five items including pretend play and joint attention	∗ Rough-and-tumble play	Kim et al.¹³⁾
					∗ Social interest
					∗ Motor development
					∗ Social play
					∗ Pretend play
					∗ Protoimperative pointing; requesting
					∗ Protodeclarative pointing; indicating interest
					∗ Functional play
					∗ Joint attention
M-CHAT	Robins et al.⁸⁾	16-30 month	23	∗ Endorse two key items or any three items	∗ Sensory and motor function	Park et al.16)
					∗ Social interaction
					∗ Language and communication
					∗ Joint attention
M-CHAT-R/F	Robins et al.¹⁷⁾	16-30 month	20	∗ High risk: 8-20 point	∗ Sensory and motor function	∗ Korean version of M-CHATR/ F is offered by official website of M-CHAT(http://mchatscreen.com)18)
				∗ Medium risk: 3-7 point	∗ Social interaction
				∗ Low risk: 0-2 point	∗ Language and communication
				∗ Low risk: 0-2 point	∗ Joint attention
Q-CHAT	Allison et al.¹⁹⁾	16-30 month	25	∗ High risk: more than 33.5 point	∗ Joint attention	Park et al.²¹⁾
					∗ Pretend attention
					∗ Language development
					∗ Repetitive behaviors
					∗ Social communication
CARS	Schopler et al.²²⁾	2 years to adulthood	15	∗ High risk: 37-60 point	∗ No sub-scales	Shin and Kim²⁷⁾
				∗ Medium risk: 30-36.5 point
				∗ Low risk: less than 30 point
CARS-2	Schopler et al.²⁶⁾	2 years to adulthood	ST: 15	∗ CARS2-ST: same as CARS	∗ No sub-scales	Lee et al.²⁹⁾
CARS-2	Schopler et al.²⁶⁾	2 years to adulthood	HF: 15	∗ CARS2-HF: more than 28 point	∗ No sub-scales	Lee et al.²⁹⁾
GARS	Gilliam³⁰⁾	33 month to 2 years	56	∗ more than 90 standard score	∗ Stereotyped behaviors	Yoon³²⁾
					∗ Communication
					∗ Social interaction
GARS-2	Gilliam³³⁾	33 month to 22 years	42	∗ medium risk: 70-84 standard score	∗ Stereotyped behaviors	Jhin et al.³⁵⁾
				∗ High risk: more than 85 standard score	∗ Communication
				∗ High risk: more than 85 standard score	∗ Social interaction
SCQ	Berument et al.³⁶⁾	4 years to adulthood	40	∗ more than 15 point	∗ No sub-scales	Kim et al.³⁹⁾

CHAT : Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, M-CHAT : Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, M-CHAT-R/F : Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers revised with follow-up, Q-CHAT : Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, CARS : Childhood Autism Rating Scale, CARS-2 : Childhood Autism Rating Scale second edition, ST : Standard, HF : High function, CARS-2-ST : Childhood Autism Rating Scale second edition standard, CARS-2-HF : Childhood Autism Rating Scale second edition high function, GARS : Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, GARS-2 : Gilliam Autism Rating Scale second edition, SCQ : Social Communication Questionnaire

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