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Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to provide base data for designing education and counseling programs for child-raising by identifying the types, characteristics and predictors of parenting behaviors of married immigrant women.
Methods
We used a self-report questionnaire to survey 126 immigrant mothers of young children, who agreed to participate, and who could speak Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino, or English, at two children's hospitals and two multicultural support centers. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis, K-means clustering, χ 2 test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, Schéffe's test, and multinominal logistic regression.
Results
We identified three clusters of parenting behaviors: ‘affectionate acceptance group’ (38.9%), ‘active engaging group’ (26.2%), and ‘passive parenting group’ (34.9%). Passive parenting and affectionate acceptance groups were distinguished by the conversation time between couples (p=.028, OR=5.52), ideology of motherhood (p=.032, OR=4.33), and parenting stress between parent and child (p=.049, OR=0.22). Passive parenting was distinguished from active engaging group by support from spouses for participating in multicultural support centers or relevant programs (p=.011, OR=2.37), and ideology of motherhood (p=.001, OR=16.65). Ideology of motherhood was also the distinguishing factor between affectionate acceptance and active engaging groups (p=.041, OR=3.85).
Conclusion
Since immigrant women's parenting type depends on their ideology of motherhood, parenting stress, and spousal relationships in terms of communication and support to help their child-raising and socio-cultural adaptation, it is necessary to provide them with systematic education and support, as well as interventions across personal, family, and community levels.
References
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Table 1.
General Characteristics and Variables of the Participants (N=126)
Table 2.
Means and Standard Deviation of Three Parenting Behavior Types (N=126)
Table 3.
Differences in Variables by Parenting Behavior Types (N=126)
| Variables | Category | Cluster I† n (%) or M±SD n | Cluster II†† n (%) or M±SD | Cluster III§ n (%) or M±SD | D χ2 or F (p) | Schéffe (Cluster) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nationality | Vietnam | 38 (77.6) | 25 (75.7) | 28 (63.6) | 7.33 (.557) | |
| Philippines | 6 (12.3) | 6 (18.2) | 7 (15.9) | |||
| China | 3 (6.1) | 2 (6.1) | 7 (15.9) | |||
| Cambodia | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.6) | |||
| Indonesia | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Residence period (yr) | <1 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (2.3) | 6.75 (.534) | |
| 1~<3 | 13 (26.5) | 5 (15.3) | 6 (13.6) | |||
| 3~<5 | 12 (24.5) | 11 (33.3) | 12 (27.3) | |||
| 5~<6 | 8 (16.3) | 8 (24.2) | 7 (15.9) | |||
| ≥6 | 16 (32.7) | 8 (24.2) | 18 (40.9) | |||
| Education level (self) | Elementary school | 4 (8.1) | 1 (3.0) | 3 (6.8) | 3.92 (.713) | |
| Middle school | 17 (34.7) | 12 (36.4) | 20 (45.5) | |||
| High school | 21 (42.9) | 12 (36.4) | 13 (29.5) | |||
| College or higher | 7 (14.3) | 8 (24.2) | 8 (18.2) | |||
| Education level (spouse) | Elementary school | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.8) | 8.25 (.255) | |
| Middle school | 5 (10.2) | 7 (21.2) | 6 (13.6) | |||
| High school | 31 (63.3) | 18 (54.6) | 18 (40.9) | |||
| College or higher | 12 (24.5) | 8 (24.2) | 17 (38.7) | |||
| Occupation (self) | Employed | 18 (36.7) | 5 (15.2) | 14 (31.8) | 4.62 (.096) | |
| Unemployed | 31 (63.3) | 28 (84.8) | 30 (68.2) | |||
| Income (10,000 KRW/month) | <150 | 7 (14.3) | 3 (9.1) | 6 (13.7) | 7.02 (.309) | |
| 150~<200 | 6 (12.2) | 7 (21.2) | 10 (22.7) | |||
| ≥200 | 27 (55.1) | 13 (39.4) | 14 (31.8) | |||
| Unknown | 9 (18.4) | 10 (30.3) | 14 (31.8) | |||
| Spouse relationship | Satisfied | 32 (65.3) | 17 (51.5) | 24 (54.6) | 2.89 (.564) | |
| Moderate | 15 (30.6) | 13 (39.4) | 14 (31.8) | |||
| Unsatisfied | 2 (4.1) | 3 (9.1) | 6 (13.6) | |||
| Conversation time with spouse (hour) | <30 min | 5 (10.2) | 6 (18.2) | 15 (34.1) | 13.00 (.047) | |
| 30 min~<1 | 16 (32.7) | 7 (21.2) | 12 (27.3) | |||
| 1~<2 | 13 (26.5) | 5 (15.1) | 8 (18.1) | |||
| ≥2 | 15 (30.6) | 15 (45.5) | 9 (20.5) | |||
| Spousal support | Participation in the center | 4.10±0.95 | 4.39±0.97 | 3.57±1.23 | 6.15 (.003) | II>I, III |
| operation program | ||||||
| Exchange with Koreans | 4.27±0.84 | 4.39±0.90 | 3.80±1.00 | 4.87 (.009) | II>I, III | |
| Participation in migrant meetings | 4.06±1.02 | 4.15±1.28 | 3.77±1.06 | 1.32 (.272) | ||
| Multicultural acceptibility | Agree | 14 (28.6) | 9 (27.3) | 19 (43.2) | 2.97 (.268) | |
| Disagree | 35 (71.4) | 24 (72.7) | 25 (56.8) | |||
| Children’s temperament | Easy | 19 (38.8) | 15 (45.5) | 14 (31.8) | 2.68 (.636) | |
| Moderate | 27 (55.1) | 17 (51.5) | 29 (65.9) | |||
| Difficult | 3 (6.1) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (2.3) | |||
| Children’s health | Good | 21 (42.9) | 18 (54.6) | 22 (50.0) | 4.45 (.409) | |
| Moderate | 26 (53.0) | 14 (42.4) | 17 (38.6) | |||
| Poor | 2 (4.1) | 1 (3.0) | 5 (11.4) | |||
| Motherhood ideology | 3.35±0.45 | 3.51±0.40 | 3.20±0.36 | 5.58 (.005) | II>III | |
| Parenting stress | 1.91±0.38 | 2.03±0.44 | 2.30±0.44 | 9.99 (<.001) | III>I, II | |
| PD | 2.19±0.51 | 2.33±0.65 | 2.58±0.56 | 5.45 (.005) | III>I | |
| P-CDI | 1.47±0.35 | 1.53±0.44 | 1.88±0.55 | 8.98 (<.001) | III>I, II | |
| DC | 2.09±0.64 | 2.26±0.76 | 2.45±0.62 | 3.46 (.035) | III>I |
Table 4.
Influencing Factor of Parenting Behavior Types (N=126)
SE=Standard Error; OR=Odds Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; 1=Participation in the center operation program; 2=Exchange with Koreans; 3=Participation in migrant meetings; PD=Parental Distress; P-CDI=Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction; DC=Difficult Child.
†Affectionate acceptance group;††Active engaging group; §Passive parenting group.
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