The Changes of Contraction Patterns in Trunk Muscles with Multidirectional Tilting Motion on the Dynamic Posturography

Songjun Kim; Meehee Won; Sunghoon Hur; Kyungjun An; Jongsam Lee

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2019.37.3.84

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Kim, Won, Hur, An, and Lee: The Changes of Contraction Patterns in Trunk Muscles with Multidirectional Tilting Motion on the Dynamic Posturography

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2019;37(3):84-93.

Published online: 20 January 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2019.37.3.84

The Changes of Contraction Patterns in Trunk Muscles with Multidirectional Tilting Motion on the Dynamic Posturography

Songjun Kim, Meehee Won, Sunghoon Hur, Kyungjun An, Jongsam Lee

Research Center for Exercise and Sport Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea

Correspondence: Jongsam Lee Research Center for Exercise and Sport Science, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang-eup, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea Tel: +82-53-850-6083, Fax: +82-53-850-6089, E-mail: jlee@daegu.ac.kr

^∗ This study was supported by the 2018 Daegu University Research Grants.

Received 17 April 2019 Revised 10 July 2019 Accepted 16 July 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of contraction patterns and the differences of activities in trunk muscles during dynamic balance (multidirectional tilting exercise).

Methods

Eight physically active male subjects participated in the study. Tilting exercises were included by four directions (i.e., forward, backward, left, and right side), and were undertaken at three different tilting degrees (i.e., 10º, 20º, and 30º). They performed two occasions of tilting exercise, separated by 6-week time interval. Surface electromyography system was used for record of any signals produced by muscles which normalized as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction.

Results

There were no statistically significant different interactive effects in any of muscles between two factors (time vs. degree). However, we identified significant main effects of degrees (among 10^o, 20^o, and 30^o) in muscle activations during maintaining with forward tilting (left and right longissimus, multifidus), backward tilting (left and right rectus abdominis, external oblique), left side tilting (right rectus abdominis, external oblique, longissimus, multifidus), right side tilting (left rectus abdominis, external oblique, longissimus, multifidus).

Conclusion

Findings from this study allow the multidirectional tilting exercise to be considered as suitable for ameliorate muscle balance by inducing co-contraction in trunk muscles.

Keywords: Contraction, Electromyogram, Pattern, Stabilization

References

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Fig. 1.

Location of attached surface electromyogram electrodes. (A) Rectus abdominis, external oblique. (B) Longissimus thoracis, multifidus.

Fig. 2.

(A) Forward, (B) backward, (C) left, and (D) right tilting motions.

Table 1.

Muscle names and locations of surface EMG electrodes attachment¹¹

Name of muscle	Attachment location of electrodes
Rectus abdominis	Three centimeters lateral from the umbilicus
External oblique	Halfway between the anterior and superior iliac spine, and inferior border of the rib cage at a slightly oblique angle running parallel with the underlying muscle fibers
Longissimus thoracis	Two centimeters lateral from the midline running through the T₉ spinal process parallel to the spine over muscle mass longissimus thoracis
Multifidus	Two centimeters lateral from the midline running through the L₅ spinal process

EMG: electromyogram.

Table 2.

The effect of forward tilting motion on trunk muscles EMG activation

Degree	Muscle	Left			Right			p-value (left/right)
Degree	Muscle	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Degree	Time	Degree×time
0°	RA	5.00±2.78	4.25±2.26	4.62±2.47	6.25±3.62	5.63±2.67	5.94±3.09	0.975/0.982	0.438/0.367	0.99/0.994
	EO	10.00±6.67	8.50±5.93∗	9.25±6.15	9.75±6.92	8.38±5.50	9.06±6.08	0.786/0.671	0.401/0.909	0.996/0.845
	LT	10.00±3.38	8.75±3.65	9.38±3.46	9.13±2.42	9.00±3.59	9.06±2.95	0.000/0.000	0.372/0.618	0.96/0.973
	MF	12.25±6.27	11.88±5.00	13.56±5.75	14.63±5.07	12.38±3.29	13.50±4.29	0.012/0.000	0.257/0.367	0.859/0.994
10°	RA	4.50±2.07	4.13±2.23	4.31 ±2.09	5.87±2.64	5.37±2.72	5.63±2.60
	EO	7.63±5.48	7.00±5.13+	7.31 ±5.13	7.25±5.65	7.63±5.78	7.44±5.53
	LT	19.75±8.31^†	19.13±11.09^†	19.44±9.47^†	18.75±5.28^†	1 7.63±7.11	18.19±6.08^†
	MF	23.88± 13.65	22.88± 10.18^†	23.38±11.64	19.50±4.84	18.68±4.75	19.06±4.65^†
20°	RA	4.50±2.07	4.13±2.23	4.31 ±2.09	6.00±2.78	5.50±2.83	5.75±2.72
	EO	8.38±5.45	7.13±5.19	7.75±5.18	7.63±5.63	7.25±5.31	7.44±5.29
	LT	36.38±32.77	22.75±10.35^§	24.13±10.58^§	23.38±6.23^§	20.88±8.29^§	22.13±7.20^§
	MF	36.38±32.77	26.88±11.37^†	31.63±24.20^†	25.88±6.47^§\|\|	23.88±6.58	24.88±6.39^§,\|\|
30°	RA	4.50±4.63	4.25±2.12	4.38±2.03	6.50±3.02	5.50±2.67∗	6.00±2.80
	EO	9.00±5.93	7.63±4.93	8.31 ±5.31	5.75±2.87	7.75±5.09	6.75±4.12
	LT	31.63±10.32^§¶	31.63±10.32^§,∗∗	29.63±11.69^†,\|\|	26.88±9.91^§,\|\|	26.63±14.31 ^§,\|\|	26.75±11.89^§
	MF	51.13±57.01	35.88±19.35^§,\|\|	43.50±41.88^†,\|\|	34.38±8.67^§,¶††	32.75±14.08	33.56±11.33^§¶‡‡
Main effect (time)	RA	4.63±2.17	4.19±2.10	4.41 ±2.13	6.16±2.90	5.50±2.59	5.82±2.74
	EO	8.75±5.68	7.56±5.08	8.16±5.38	7.59±5.40	7.75±5.17	7.67±5.25
	LT	21.72±11.48	19.56± 12.22	20.64±11.82	19.53±9.19	18.53±10.87	19.03±9.99
	MF	31.66±34.87	24.38±14.81	28.02±26.83	23.59±9.70	21.91± 10.94	22.75±10.29

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

EMG: electromyography, RA: rectus abdominis, EO: external oblique, LT: longissimus thoracis, MF: multifidus.

Significant difference with pre at the same motion degree (∗p<0.05); significant difference with 0° at the same time point (^† p<0.05, ^‡p<0.01, §p<0.001); significant difference with 10^o at the same time point (^||p<0.05, ∗∗p<0.01, ^¶p<0.001); significant difference with 20^o at the same time point (^‡‡p<0.01, ^††p<0.001).

Table 3.

The effect of backward tilting motion on trunk muscles EMG activation

Degree	Muscle	Left			Right			p-value (left/right)
Degree	Muscle	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Degree	Time	Degree×time
0°	RA	5.00±2.78	4.25±2.25	4.63±2.47	6.25±3.62	5.63±2.67	5.94±3.09	0.000/0.000	0.062/0.026	0.739/0.619
	EO	10.00±6.68	8.50±5.93∗	9.25±6.15	9.75±6.92	8.38±5.50	9.06±6.08	0.000/0.000	0.14/0.103	0.736/0.603
	LT	10.00±3.38	8.75±3.65	9.38±3.46	9.13±2.42	9.00±3.59	9.06±2.95	0.662/0.02	0.126/0.096	0.683/0.663
	MF	15.25±6.27	11.88±5.00	13.56±5.75	14.63±5.07	12.38±3.29	13.50±4.29	0.03/0.045	0.027/0.012	0.355/0.44
10°	RA	34.25±21.32^†	21.63±9.88∗^,‡	27.94±17.33^†	43.50±26.54^†	26.00± 12.17∗	34.753±21.90^†
	EO	40.25±28.80	28.50±19.38^∗,‡	34.38±24.48	40.63±21.53	32.38±23.46^†	36.50±22.16^‡
	LT	9.00±5.45	7.75±3.92	8.38±4.63	6.75±2.05^†	6.38±1.92^†	6.56±1.93^†
	MF	6.88±2.59	5.63±2.33^∗§	6.25±2.46^†	8.13±4.49	5.63±2.26^§	6.88±3.67^†
20°	RA	61.13±22.76^†,\|\|	48.00±18.41^§’¶	54.56±21.12^§’¶	74.63±27.50^§\|\|	55.75±23.98^§’∗∗	65.19±21.76^§’∗∗
	EO	59.63±39.27	46.75±27.42^†	53.19±33.39^†	61.88±33.22^§	51.00±32.12^§	56.44±32.06^§
	LT	11.75± 10.38	8.00±3.89	9.88±7.81	8.13±1.46	6.63±1.69^†	7.38±1.71^†
	MF	16.50±19.70	6.13±2.23^§	11.31±14.57	15.38±15.96	6.00±2.27^§	10.69±12.03
30°	RA	72.75±34.81^§,¶	61.00±24.60^§¶	66.88±29.74^§¶	98.50±48.87^§,¶	73.13±37.01^∗’§,¶	85.81±43.88^§,¶,††
	EO	84.13±86.56§	52.38±30.0^§’∗∗	68.25±64.70^§,\|\|	88.25±54.96^§,\|\|	59.25±29.63^{∗,§.∗∗}	73.75±45.21 ^§,∗∗
	LT	16.50±22.19	8.25±3.37	12.38± 15.91	8.38±2.26	6.63±1.60^∗†	7.50±2.10
	MF	8.38±3.02	5.75±1.67^∗’§	7.06±2.72	10.13±7.62	6.13±2.48^§	8.13±5.85T
Main effect (time)	RA	43.28±34.65	33.72±27.26	38.50±31.30	55.72±45.90	40.13±34.31∗	47.92±26.76
	EO	48.50±54.75	34.03±27.76	41.27±43.67	50.13±43.61	37.75±30.94	43.94±38.02
	LT	11.81±12.38	8.19±3.55	10.00±9.22	8.09±2.16	7.16±2.48	7.63±2.35
	MF	11.75± 10.87	7.34±3.96∗	9.55±8.42	12.06±9.51	7.53±3.78∗	9.80±7.53

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

EMG: electromyography, RA: rectus abdominis, EO: external oblique, LT: longissimus thoracis, MF: multifidus.

Significant difference with pre at the same motion degree (∗p<0.05); significant difference with 0° at the same time point (^†p<0.05, ^‡p<0.01, ^§p<0.001); significant difference with 10° at the same time point (^||p<0.05, ∗∗p<0.01, ^¶p<0.001); significant difference with 20° at the same time point (^††p<0.05).

Table 4.

The effect of left side tilting motion on trunk muscles EMG activation

Degree	Muscle	Left			Right			p-value (left/right)
Degree	Muscle	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Degree	Time	Degree×time
0°	RA	5.00±2.78	4.25±2.25	4.63±2.47	6.25±3.62	5.63±2.67	5.94±3.09	0.684/0.6	0.088/0.213	0.797/0.656
	EO	10.00±6.68	8.50±5.93∗	9.25±6.15	9.75±6.92	8.38±5.50	9.06±6.08	0.4/0.000	0.829/0.722	0.992/0.1
	LT	10.00±3.38	8.75±3.65	9.38±3.46	9.13±2.42	9.00±3.59	9.06±2.95	0.2/0.000	0.148/0.026	0.783/0.619
	MF	15.25±6.27	11.88±5.00	1 3.56±5.75	14.63±5.07	12.38±3.29	13.50±4.29	0.162/0.000	0.069/0.13	0.546/0.742
10°	RA	4.88±2.64	4.25±2.12	4.56±2.34	8.75±5.85	7.63±4.24	8.19±4.97
	EO	8.25±5.65	7.00±5.21∗	7.63±5.29	30.13±15.32^†	28.13±17.46^‡	29.13± 15.90^†
	LT	7.88±4.12	7.50±3.70^†	7.69±3.79	8.25±2.87	7.63±2.45	7.94±2.59
	MF	7.63±1.20	6.13±2.17^§	6.88±2.16^‡	8.13±2.30^§	8.13±3.48	8.13±2.85^†
20°	RA	6.13±4.36	4.25±2.12	5.19±3.45	12.00±7.23^†	9.63±5.58^§	10.81 ±6.36^†
	EO	8.88±5.96	8.38±6.16	8.63±5.86	43.75±18.93^§	41.88±26.02^§	42.81±22.00^§,\|\|
	LT	13.00±14.27	7.63±4.03^‡	10.31± 10.50	10.38±3.62	8.25±3.33	9.31 ±3.53
	MF	16.25±22.64	6.75±2.60^†	11.50±16.32	12.13±3.09	10.75±4.68	11.44±3.90
30°	RA	7.25±6.45	4.50±2.45	5.88±4.92	15.38±8.90^§,¶	12.25±5.52^§’¶	13.81 ±7.33^§’∗∗
	EO	10.25±5.92	8.50±5.53	9.38±5.61	65.13±24.82^§\|\| ^¶	63.13±31.99^§,\|\|¶	64.13±27.68^§,¶
	LT	8.38±4.81	7.50±3.70^†	7.94±4.17	11.50±4.21^‡,∗∗	9.50±3.70^∗,∗∗	10.50±3.97
	MF	9.88±3.27	8.00±3.59^‡	8.94±3.45	18.50±6.21^¶	14.88±7.38∗∗	16.69±6.85^¶
Main effect (time)	RA	5.81 ±4.24	4.31±2.13	5.06±3.41	10.59±7.25	8.78±5.08	9.69±6.27
	EO	9.34±5.82	8.09±5.47	8.72±5.64	37.19±26.52	35.38±29.51	36.28±27.85
	LT	9.81 ±7.86	7.84±3.63	8.83±6.15	9.81±3.42	8.59±3.22	9.20±3.35
	MF	12.25± 11.89	8.19±4.04	10.22±9.04	13.34±5.71	11.53±5.35	12.44±5.56

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

EMG: electromyography, RA: rectus abdominis, EO: external oblique, LT: longissimus thoracis, MF: multifidus.

Significant difference with pre at the same motion degree (∗p<0.05); significant difference with 0° at the same time point (^†p<0.05, ^‡p<0.01, ^§p<0.001); significant difference with 10° at the same time point (∗∗p<0.01, ^¶p<0.001); significant difference with 20 degree at the same time point (^||p<0.01).

Table 5.

The effect of right side tilting motion on trunk muscles EMG activation

Degree	Muscle	Left			Right			p-value (left/right)
Degree	Muscle	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Pre	Post	Main effect (°)	Degree	Time	Degree×time
0°	RA	5.00±2.78	4.25±2.25	4.63±2.47	6.25±3.62	5.63±2.67	5.94±3.09	0.007/0.914	0.055/0.254	0.702/0.988
	EO	10.00±6.68	8.50±5.93∗	9.25±6.15	9.75±6.92	8.38±5.50	9.06±6.08	0.000/0.614	0.187/0.325	0.909/0.933
	LT	10.00±3.38	8.75±3.65	9.38±3.46	9.13±2.42	9.00±3.59	9.06±2.95	0.066/0.006	0.73/0.539	0.89/0.996
	MF	15.25±6.27	11.88±5.00	13.56±5.75	14.63±5.07	12.38±3.29	13.50±4.29	0.007/0.001	0.704/0.153	0.861/0.969
10°	RA	7.25±5.20	5.50±3.25	6.38±4.29	6.25±3.15	5.38±2.72	5.81 ±2.88
	EO	26.75±14.50	21.75± 11.70 ^†	24.25±12.98^†	7.75±5.55	7.00±4.72	7.38±4.99
	LT	8.38±2.67	9.13±4.73	8.75±3.73	7.00±2.14^‡	6.50±1.77^§	6.75±1.91^†
	MF	9.63±3.54^†	10.13±6.20	9.88±4.88^‡	7.13±2.70^§	6.38±2.33	6.75±2.46^‡
20°	RA	9.63±6.30^†	7.00±4.31^§	8.31±5.39^†	6.50±3.12	5.75±2.92∗	6.1 3±2.94
	EO	43.25±19.88^§,\|\|	32.38±18.37^‡	37.81±9.33^‡	8.13±5.36	7.25±4.83	7.69±4.94
	LT	10.75±5.50	11.00±5.63	10.88±5.38	6.75±1.98^‡	6.38±1.77^§	6.56±1.82^§
	MF	13.75±3.92	13.88±9.25	13.81 ±6.86^§	8.50±4.87^†	6.88±2.53	7.69±3.84^§
30°	RA	13.38±8.60^‡,\|\|	8.50±5.13^‡,¶	10.94±7.29^§	7.25±3.73^†,∗∗	5.88±3.09∗	6.56±3.39
	EO	55.13±37.41^¶	45.75±25.59^‡,\|\|	50.44±31.34^‡,∗∗	11.75±10.51∗∗	8.38±5.97	10.06±8.44
	LT	13.63±5.73^‡,\|\|	12.25±5.09^§.¶	12.94±5.28^†,∗∗	6.88±1.96^‡	6.50±1.5^§	6.69±1.70^§
	MF	19.13±5.08^\|\|,††	19.13±1 3.20	19.1 3±9.66^†	10.63±8.31	8.63±4.31	9.63±6.48^§
Main effect (time)	RA	8.81±6.59	6.31 ±4.04	7.56±5.57	6.56±3.27	5.66±2.72	6.11±3.02
	EO	33.78±27.61	27.09±21.37	30.44±24.72	9.34±7.20	7.75±5.06	8.55±6.22
	LT	10.69±4.71	10.28±4.81	10.48±4.73	7.44±2.26	7.09±2.47	7.27±2.35
	MF	14.44±5.74	13.75±9.20	14.09±7.62	10.22±6.06	8.56±3.88	9.39±5. 11

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

EMG: electromyography, RA: rectus abdominis, EO: external oblique, LT: longissimus thoracis, MF: multifidus.

Significant difference with pre at the same motion degree (∗p<0.05); significant difference with 0° at the same time point (^†p<0.05, ^§p<0.01, ^‡p<0.001); significant difference with 10° at the same time point (∗∗p<0.05, ^¶p<0.01, ^||p<0.001); significant difference with 20° at the same time point (^††p<0.05).

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